Transcript
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PART 1 (Theory)PART 1 (Theory)
Fire & its ComponentsFire & its Components
Fire ExtinguishmentFire Extinguishment
Breathing ApparatusBreathing Apparatus
Portable ExtinguishersPortable Extinguishers
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PART 2 (Practical Exercise)PART 2 (Practical Exercise)
Breathing ApparatusBreathing Apparatus
Mobile Fire Fighting Mobile Fire Fighting EquipmentEquipment
Hose HandlingHose Handling
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R – escueR – escue
E – xposureE – xposure
C – ontainmentC – ontainment
E – xtinguishmentE – xtinguishment
O – verhaulO – verhaul
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Remember, Firemanship is ....
• Knowledge of fire behavior and strategy.
• Skill in handling tools and equipment.
• Judgment of fire conditions.
• Speed of attack and control
• Teamwork at all times.
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FIRE - FIRE - is a rapid oxidation with the evolution of is a rapid oxidation with the evolution of heat and lightheat and light
COMBUSTION - COMBUSTION - is a self-sustaining chemical is a self-sustaining chemical reaction yielding energy or products that reaction yielding energy or products that cause further reactions of the same kind.cause further reactions of the same kind.
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The components of fire tetrahedronThe components of fire tetrahedron
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Oxidizing Agent (oxygen)Oxidizing Agent (oxygen)Those materials that yield oxygen or otherThose materials that yield oxygen or other
Oxidizing gases during the course of a chemical Oxidizing gases during the course of a chemical reaction.reaction.
FuelFuelThe material or substance being oxidized orThe material or substance being oxidized or
Burned in the combustion process.Burned in the combustion process.
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HeatHeatHeat is the energy component of the fire Heat is the energy component of the fire
tetrahedron. When heat comes into contact with tetrahedron. When heat comes into contact with a fuel, the energy support the combustion a fuel, the energy support the combustion reaction.reaction.
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HEATHEATCommon Sources of HeatCommon Sources of Heat
Chemical Energy
Electrical Energy
Mechanical Energy
Nuclear Energy
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Solid FuelsSolid Fuels Liquid FuelsLiquid Fuels Gaseous FuelsGaseous Fuels
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Solid FuelsSolid Fuels
When heated to a certain temperature will When heated to a certain temperature will produce combustible vapor. The actual produce combustible vapor. The actual position also affect the way it burns.position also affect the way it burns.
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Liquid Liquid FuelsFuels
Flammable gases Flammable gases are generated by are generated by vaporization.vaporization.
Heat
Paint
Flammable Vapor
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Gaseous FuelsGaseous Fuels
The most dangerous of The most dangerous of all fuel types because all fuel types because they are already in the they are already in the natural state required natural state required for ignition.for ignition.
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PROPERTIES OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
Flammability Limits
OxygenFuel
Too Lean Flammable Range Too Rich
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Flash PointFlash PointThe minimum temperature to which a liquid fuel The minimum temperature to which a liquid fuel
gives off sufficient vapor that can be ignited gives off sufficient vapor that can be ignited momentarily by a flame.momentarily by a flame.
Fire PointFire PointThe minimum temperature to which a liquid fuel The minimum temperature to which a liquid fuel
gives off sufficient vapor to support continuous gives off sufficient vapor to support continuous combustion.combustion.
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Auto Ignition TemperatureAuto Ignition Temperature
The minimum temperature at which a liquid The minimum temperature at which a liquid fuel will ignite without the presence of a pilot fuel will ignite without the presence of a pilot flame or spark.flame or spark.
Flammability LimitFlammability Limit
A flammable gas or vapor will only form in A flammable gas or vapor will only form in atmosphere if the flammable vapor and oxygen in atmosphere if the flammable vapor and oxygen in air lies within certain limits. These limits are air lies within certain limits. These limits are referred to us the lower and upper flammable or referred to us the lower and upper flammable or explosive limits.explosive limits.
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SELF SUSTAINED CHEMICAL REACTIONSELF SUSTAINED CHEMICAL REACTION
Combustion is a complex reaction that Combustion is a complex reaction that requires a fuel, an oxidizer, and heat requires a fuel, an oxidizer, and heat energy to come together in a very specific energy to come together in a very specific way. Fire can only continue when enough way. Fire can only continue when enough heat is produced to cause the continued heat is produced to cause the continued development of flammable vapors or development of flammable vapors or gases.gases.
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Class A Fires
Fires that involves ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and many plastics.
wood cloth paper rubber plastics
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Class B Fires
Fires that involves flammable and combustible liquids and gases.
Gases Oil Motor spirit Paints
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Class C Fires
Fires involving energized electrical equipment
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Class D Fires
Fires that involves metals
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Class KClass K
Class K is for fires in Class K is for fires in unsaturated cooking oils unsaturated cooking oils in well insulated cooking in well insulated cooking appliances in appliances in commercial kitchens.commercial kitchens.
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• Removing HeatRemoving Heat• Removing FuelRemoving Fuel• Reducing OxygenReducing Oxygen WILL
• Inhibit Chemical Chain Reaction
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Oxygen exclusion (smothering)Oxygen exclusion (smothering)
The oxygen content can be The oxygen content can be reduced by flooding an area reduced by flooding an area with an inert gas, which with an inert gas, which displaces the oxygen and displaces the oxygen and disrupts the combustion disrupts the combustion process.process.
Heat
Fuel O2
ChemicalChain
Reaction
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Temperature ReductionTemperature Reduction
(Quenching/Cooling)(Quenching/Cooling)
Reducing the temperature of the fuel to a point Reducing the temperature of the fuel to a point where it does not produce sufficient vapor to burn.where it does not produce sufficient vapor to burn.
Heat
Fuel O2
ChemicalChemicalChainChain
ReactionReaction
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Fuel removal (Starvation)Fuel removal (Starvation)
The fuel source may be removed by stopping the The fuel source may be removed by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by removing solid flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by removing solid fuel in the path of fire.fuel in the path of fire.
Heat
Fuel O2
ChemicalChemicalChainChain
ReactionReaction
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Chemical flame inhibitionChemical flame inhibition
(Breaking of chemical chain reaction)(Breaking of chemical chain reaction)
Extinguishing agents such as dry chemicals interrupt the combustion reaction and stop flaming.
Heat
Fuel O2
ChemicalChain
Reaction
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• Water
• Foam
• Carbon Dioxide
• Dry Chemicals
• Philex
• FM-200
• Wet Chemicals
• Halogenated Hydrocarbons
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The P.A.S.S. Method
Pull the pin.
Aim the hose or nozzle.
Squeeze the lever.
Sweep the agent.
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WATERWATER
The direct effect is to cool down the unburned The direct effect is to cool down the unburned product, stop the evolution of vapor and starve the product, stop the evolution of vapor and starve the flame gradually until complete extinguishment.flame gradually until complete extinguishment.
USAGE:USAGE:
Cooling/QuenchingCooling/Quenching Displacing spillsDisplacing spills
Handling cloudsHandling clouds Making FoamMaking Foam
Protecting personnelProtecting personnel
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DRY POWDER/CHEMICALDRY POWDER/CHEMICAL
Finely divided powder acts with a chain-breaking Finely divided powder acts with a chain-breaking reaction by inhibiting the oxidation process within reaction by inhibiting the oxidation process within the flame itselfthe flame itself
USAGE:USAGE:
Ordinary combustiblesOrdinary combustibles
Small spill firesSmall spill fires
Jetting fuel fireJetting fuel fire
Fuel fireFuel fire
Class C firesClass C fires
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DRY POWDER/CHEMICALDRY POWDER/CHEMICAL
CLASSES:CLASSES:
Class BC powderClass BC powder
sodium bicarbonates (baking soda)sodium bicarbonates (baking soda)
potassium bicarbonates (purple K)potassium bicarbonates (purple K)
potassium carbonate (Monnex)potassium carbonate (Monnex)
Class D (for metals)Class D (for metals)
ternary eutectic chloride (TEC)ternary eutectic chloride (TEC)
flarex (complex)flarex (complex)
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CARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE
Brings the fuel/air mixture in the fire area below Brings the fuel/air mixture in the fire area below the lower flammable limit.the lower flammable limit.
The air and therefore, the oxygen concentration is The air and therefore, the oxygen concentration is reduced to such a level that the fire cannot sustain reduced to such a level that the fire cannot sustain itself.itself.
General Characteristics of COGeneral Characteristics of CO22
Provides its own pressure for discharge Non-Provides its own pressure for discharge Non-reactive to most substances Emerges as reactive to most substances Emerges as a gas which can penetrate all parts of fire area a gas which can penetrate all parts of fire area Non-conductor of Non-conductor of electricity (Best for Class C fires)electricity (Best for Class C fires)
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FOAMFOAM
EXTINGUISHMENT TRIANGLEEXTINGUISHMENT TRIANGLE
1.1. Water content (heat)Water content (heat)smothering and cooling the fuelsmothering and cooling the fuel
2.2. Blanket Effect (fuel)Blanket Effect (fuel)forms a floating blanket on the liquid forms a floating blanket on the liquid
surfacesurface
3.3. Bubbles FormationBubbles Formationaverts formation of combustible mixture of averts formation of combustible mixture of
vapor and airvapor and air
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• CONDUCTIONCONDUCTION
• CONVECTIONCONVECTION
• RADIATIONRADIATION
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ConductionConduction
Conduction is the point-to-point transmission of Conduction is the point-to-point transmission of heat energy.heat energy.
HEATHEAT
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ConvectionConvection
Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the movement of heated fluids.movement of heated fluids.
HE
AT
HE
AT
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RadiationRadiation
Radiation is the transmission of heat energy Radiation is the transmission of heat energy through electromagnetic wave.through electromagnetic wave.
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OxidationOxidation
RustingRusting
Self-Heating
Self-Heating
Flammable
Flammable
Liquid Fire
Liquid FireExplosionExplosion
Very Slow
Very Slow
(months)(months)
HoursHours
SecondsSeconds
RapidRapid
Combustion maybe very slow or very rapid.Combustion maybe very slow or very rapid.
4343Heat SourceHeat Source
Fuel (wood)Fuel (wood)
Vapor producedVapor produced
Vapor broken downVapor broken down
Air and fuel mixAir and fuel mix
LightLight HeatHeat
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HeatHeatenergy in transitenergy in transit
An indicator of heat and is a measure of the An indicator of heat and is a measure of the warmth or coldness of an object based on warmth or coldness of an object based on standard arbitrary unit.standard arbitrary unit.
HE
AT
HE
AT
TemperatureTemperature
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Atmospheric conditionAtmospheric condition
flammable vapor coming out from the fuel is invisible.flammable vapor coming out from the fuel is invisible.Incipient StageIncipient Stage
10% of the flammable vapor from the fuel is visible.10% of the flammable vapor from the fuel is visible.Smoldering StageSmoldering Stage
flammable vapors are ignited and self propagating.flammable vapors are ignited and self propagating.Flaming StageFlaming Stage
Generates sufficient heat to warm the air immediately Generates sufficient heat to warm the air immediately around the fire.around the fire.
Heat StageHeat Stage
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Confined SpaceConfined Space
Incipient StageIncipient StageFull-blown Full-blown
StageStageBurn-out Burn-out
PhasePhase
FlashoverFlashover
IgnitionIgnition
GrowthGrowth
Fully Fully Developed Developed
FireFire DecayDecay
TimeTime
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Atmospheric condition
Incipient Stage
Fuel (wood)
Fuel (wood)
Smoldering Stage Flaming
Stage
Heat Stage
Fuel (wood) Fuel (wood)
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Confined SpaceConfined Space
Ignition – Ignition – describes the period when the four elements of fire describes the period when the four elements of fire tetrahedron come together and combustion begins.tetrahedron come together and combustion begins.
Growth – Growth – fire plume begins to form above the burning fuel.fire plume begins to form above the burning fuel.
Flashover – Flashover – transition between the growth and fully developed fire.transition between the growth and fully developed fire.
Fully developed – Fully developed – all the combustible materials in the confined all the combustible materials in the confined space are involved in fire.space are involved in fire.
Decay – Decay – the rate of heat releases begins to decline.the rate of heat releases begins to decline.
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Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
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1. Cylinder2. Back Pack3. Low pressure warning device4. Lung Demand Valve(LDV)5. Full Face Mask
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Carbon FiberCarbon Fiber Plastic FiberPlastic Fiber
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Example: for 4 liter/300 bar cylinderExample: for 4 liter/300 bar cylinder
Total air capacityTotal air capacity = Cylinder capacity = Cylinder capacity x Cylinder pressurex Cylinder pressure
= = 44 xx 300300
== 1200 liters of air1200 liters of air
Total duration ofTotal duration of = Total air capacity / = Total air capacity / Average consumptionAverage consumption
cylindercylinder = = 1200 / 1200 / 4040
= = 30 mins30 mins
Working DurationWorking Duration = Total duration - Safety factor= Total duration - Safety factor
== 30 mins - 10 mins30 mins - 10 mins
== 20 mins20 mins
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(Audible Alarm) 50 bar
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Lung Demand Valve (LDV)
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Donning (SCBA)
DoffingDoffing
Pre-DonningPre-Donning
DonningDonning
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