Basic Fire Fighting Training

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PART 1 (Theory)PART 1 (Theory)

Fire & its ComponentsFire & its Components

Fire ExtinguishmentFire Extinguishment

Breathing ApparatusBreathing Apparatus

Portable ExtinguishersPortable Extinguishers

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PART 2 (Practical Exercise)PART 2 (Practical Exercise)

Breathing ApparatusBreathing Apparatus

Mobile Fire Fighting Mobile Fire Fighting EquipmentEquipment

Hose HandlingHose Handling

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R – escueR – escue

E – xposureE – xposure

C – ontainmentC – ontainment

E – xtinguishmentE – xtinguishment

O – verhaulO – verhaul

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Remember, Firemanship is ....

• Knowledge of fire behavior and strategy.

• Skill in handling tools and equipment.

• Judgment of fire conditions.

• Speed of attack and control

• Teamwork at all times.

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FIRE - FIRE - is a rapid oxidation with the evolution of is a rapid oxidation with the evolution of heat and lightheat and light

COMBUSTION - COMBUSTION - is a self-sustaining chemical is a self-sustaining chemical reaction yielding energy or products that reaction yielding energy or products that cause further reactions of the same kind.cause further reactions of the same kind.

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The components of fire tetrahedronThe components of fire tetrahedron

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Oxidizing Agent (oxygen)Oxidizing Agent (oxygen)Those materials that yield oxygen or otherThose materials that yield oxygen or other

Oxidizing gases during the course of a chemical Oxidizing gases during the course of a chemical reaction.reaction.

FuelFuelThe material or substance being oxidized orThe material or substance being oxidized or

Burned in the combustion process.Burned in the combustion process.

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HeatHeatHeat is the energy component of the fire Heat is the energy component of the fire

tetrahedron. When heat comes into contact with tetrahedron. When heat comes into contact with a fuel, the energy support the combustion a fuel, the energy support the combustion reaction.reaction.

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HEATHEATCommon Sources of HeatCommon Sources of Heat

Chemical Energy

Electrical Energy

Mechanical Energy

Nuclear Energy

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Solid FuelsSolid Fuels Liquid FuelsLiquid Fuels Gaseous FuelsGaseous Fuels

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Solid FuelsSolid Fuels

When heated to a certain temperature will When heated to a certain temperature will produce combustible vapor. The actual produce combustible vapor. The actual position also affect the way it burns.position also affect the way it burns.

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Liquid Liquid FuelsFuels

Flammable gases Flammable gases are generated by are generated by vaporization.vaporization.

Heat

Paint

Flammable Vapor

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Gaseous FuelsGaseous Fuels

The most dangerous of The most dangerous of all fuel types because all fuel types because they are already in the they are already in the natural state required natural state required for ignition.for ignition.

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PROPERTIES OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

Flammability Limits

OxygenFuel

Too Lean Flammable Range Too Rich

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Flash PointFlash PointThe minimum temperature to which a liquid fuel The minimum temperature to which a liquid fuel

gives off sufficient vapor that can be ignited gives off sufficient vapor that can be ignited momentarily by a flame.momentarily by a flame.

Fire PointFire PointThe minimum temperature to which a liquid fuel The minimum temperature to which a liquid fuel

gives off sufficient vapor to support continuous gives off sufficient vapor to support continuous combustion.combustion.

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Auto Ignition TemperatureAuto Ignition Temperature

The minimum temperature at which a liquid The minimum temperature at which a liquid fuel will ignite without the presence of a pilot fuel will ignite without the presence of a pilot flame or spark.flame or spark.

Flammability LimitFlammability Limit

A flammable gas or vapor will only form in A flammable gas or vapor will only form in atmosphere if the flammable vapor and oxygen in atmosphere if the flammable vapor and oxygen in air lies within certain limits. These limits are air lies within certain limits. These limits are referred to us the lower and upper flammable or referred to us the lower and upper flammable or explosive limits.explosive limits.

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SELF SUSTAINED CHEMICAL REACTIONSELF SUSTAINED CHEMICAL REACTION

Combustion is a complex reaction that Combustion is a complex reaction that requires a fuel, an oxidizer, and heat requires a fuel, an oxidizer, and heat energy to come together in a very specific energy to come together in a very specific way. Fire can only continue when enough way. Fire can only continue when enough heat is produced to cause the continued heat is produced to cause the continued development of flammable vapors or development of flammable vapors or gases.gases.

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Class A Fires

Fires that involves ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and many plastics.

wood cloth paper rubber plastics

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Class B Fires

Fires that involves flammable and combustible liquids and gases.

Gases Oil Motor spirit Paints

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Class C Fires

Fires involving energized electrical equipment

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Class D Fires

Fires that involves metals

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Class KClass K

Class K is for fires in Class K is for fires in unsaturated cooking oils unsaturated cooking oils in well insulated cooking in well insulated cooking appliances in appliances in commercial kitchens.commercial kitchens.

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• Removing HeatRemoving Heat• Removing FuelRemoving Fuel• Reducing OxygenReducing Oxygen WILL

• Inhibit Chemical Chain Reaction

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Oxygen exclusion (smothering)Oxygen exclusion (smothering)

The oxygen content can be The oxygen content can be reduced by flooding an area reduced by flooding an area with an inert gas, which with an inert gas, which displaces the oxygen and displaces the oxygen and disrupts the combustion disrupts the combustion process.process.

Heat

Fuel O2

ChemicalChain

Reaction

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Temperature ReductionTemperature Reduction

(Quenching/Cooling)(Quenching/Cooling)

Reducing the temperature of the fuel to a point Reducing the temperature of the fuel to a point where it does not produce sufficient vapor to burn.where it does not produce sufficient vapor to burn.

Heat

Fuel O2

ChemicalChemicalChainChain

ReactionReaction

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Fuel removal (Starvation)Fuel removal (Starvation)

The fuel source may be removed by stopping the The fuel source may be removed by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by removing solid flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by removing solid fuel in the path of fire.fuel in the path of fire.

Heat

Fuel O2

ChemicalChemicalChainChain

ReactionReaction

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Chemical flame inhibitionChemical flame inhibition

(Breaking of chemical chain reaction)(Breaking of chemical chain reaction)

Extinguishing agents such as dry chemicals interrupt the combustion reaction and stop flaming.

Heat

Fuel O2

ChemicalChain

Reaction

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• Water

• Foam

• Carbon Dioxide

• Dry Chemicals

• Philex

• FM-200

• Wet Chemicals

• Halogenated Hydrocarbons

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The P.A.S.S. Method

Pull the pin.

Aim the hose or nozzle.

Squeeze the lever.

Sweep the agent.

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WATERWATER

The direct effect is to cool down the unburned The direct effect is to cool down the unburned product, stop the evolution of vapor and starve the product, stop the evolution of vapor and starve the flame gradually until complete extinguishment.flame gradually until complete extinguishment.

USAGE:USAGE:

Cooling/QuenchingCooling/Quenching Displacing spillsDisplacing spills

Handling cloudsHandling clouds Making FoamMaking Foam

Protecting personnelProtecting personnel

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DRY POWDER/CHEMICALDRY POWDER/CHEMICAL

Finely divided powder acts with a chain-breaking Finely divided powder acts with a chain-breaking reaction by inhibiting the oxidation process within reaction by inhibiting the oxidation process within the flame itselfthe flame itself

USAGE:USAGE:

Ordinary combustiblesOrdinary combustibles

Small spill firesSmall spill fires

Jetting fuel fireJetting fuel fire

Fuel fireFuel fire

Class C firesClass C fires

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DRY POWDER/CHEMICALDRY POWDER/CHEMICAL

CLASSES:CLASSES:

Class BC powderClass BC powder

sodium bicarbonates (baking soda)sodium bicarbonates (baking soda)

potassium bicarbonates (purple K)potassium bicarbonates (purple K)

potassium carbonate (Monnex)potassium carbonate (Monnex)

Class D (for metals)Class D (for metals)

ternary eutectic chloride (TEC)ternary eutectic chloride (TEC)

flarex (complex)flarex (complex)

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CARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE

Brings the fuel/air mixture in the fire area below Brings the fuel/air mixture in the fire area below the lower flammable limit.the lower flammable limit.

The air and therefore, the oxygen concentration is The air and therefore, the oxygen concentration is reduced to such a level that the fire cannot sustain reduced to such a level that the fire cannot sustain itself.itself.

General Characteristics of COGeneral Characteristics of CO22

Provides its own pressure for discharge Non-Provides its own pressure for discharge Non-reactive to most substances Emerges as reactive to most substances Emerges as a gas which can penetrate all parts of fire area a gas which can penetrate all parts of fire area Non-conductor of Non-conductor of electricity (Best for Class C fires)electricity (Best for Class C fires)

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FOAMFOAM

EXTINGUISHMENT TRIANGLEEXTINGUISHMENT TRIANGLE

1.1. Water content (heat)Water content (heat)smothering and cooling the fuelsmothering and cooling the fuel

2.2. Blanket Effect (fuel)Blanket Effect (fuel)forms a floating blanket on the liquid forms a floating blanket on the liquid

surfacesurface

3.3. Bubbles FormationBubbles Formationaverts formation of combustible mixture of averts formation of combustible mixture of

vapor and airvapor and air

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• CONDUCTIONCONDUCTION

• CONVECTIONCONVECTION

• RADIATIONRADIATION

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ConductionConduction

Conduction is the point-to-point transmission of Conduction is the point-to-point transmission of heat energy.heat energy.

HEATHEAT

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ConvectionConvection

Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the movement of heated fluids.movement of heated fluids.

HE

AT

HE

AT

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RadiationRadiation

Radiation is the transmission of heat energy Radiation is the transmission of heat energy through electromagnetic wave.through electromagnetic wave.

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OxidationOxidation

RustingRusting

Self-Heating

Self-Heating

Flammable

Flammable

Liquid Fire

Liquid FireExplosionExplosion

Very Slow

Very Slow

(months)(months)

HoursHours

SecondsSeconds

RapidRapid

Combustion maybe very slow or very rapid.Combustion maybe very slow or very rapid.

4343Heat SourceHeat Source

Fuel (wood)Fuel (wood)

Vapor producedVapor produced

Vapor broken downVapor broken down

Air and fuel mixAir and fuel mix

LightLight HeatHeat

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HeatHeatenergy in transitenergy in transit

An indicator of heat and is a measure of the An indicator of heat and is a measure of the warmth or coldness of an object based on warmth or coldness of an object based on standard arbitrary unit.standard arbitrary unit.

HE

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HE

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TemperatureTemperature

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Atmospheric conditionAtmospheric condition

flammable vapor coming out from the fuel is invisible.flammable vapor coming out from the fuel is invisible.Incipient StageIncipient Stage

10% of the flammable vapor from the fuel is visible.10% of the flammable vapor from the fuel is visible.Smoldering StageSmoldering Stage

flammable vapors are ignited and self propagating.flammable vapors are ignited and self propagating.Flaming StageFlaming Stage

Generates sufficient heat to warm the air immediately Generates sufficient heat to warm the air immediately around the fire.around the fire.

Heat StageHeat Stage

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Confined SpaceConfined Space

Incipient StageIncipient StageFull-blown Full-blown

StageStageBurn-out Burn-out

PhasePhase

FlashoverFlashover

IgnitionIgnition

GrowthGrowth

Fully Fully Developed Developed

FireFire DecayDecay

TimeTime

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Atmospheric condition

Incipient Stage

Fuel (wood)

Fuel (wood)

Smoldering Stage Flaming

Stage

Heat Stage

Fuel (wood) Fuel (wood)

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Confined SpaceConfined Space

Ignition – Ignition – describes the period when the four elements of fire describes the period when the four elements of fire tetrahedron come together and combustion begins.tetrahedron come together and combustion begins.

Growth – Growth – fire plume begins to form above the burning fuel.fire plume begins to form above the burning fuel.

Flashover – Flashover – transition between the growth and fully developed fire.transition between the growth and fully developed fire.

Fully developed – Fully developed – all the combustible materials in the confined all the combustible materials in the confined space are involved in fire.space are involved in fire.

Decay – Decay – the rate of heat releases begins to decline.the rate of heat releases begins to decline.

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Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus

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1. Cylinder2. Back Pack3. Low pressure warning device4. Lung Demand Valve(LDV)5. Full Face Mask

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Carbon FiberCarbon Fiber Plastic FiberPlastic Fiber

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Example: for 4 liter/300 bar cylinderExample: for 4 liter/300 bar cylinder

Total air capacityTotal air capacity = Cylinder capacity = Cylinder capacity x Cylinder pressurex Cylinder pressure

= = 44 xx 300300

== 1200 liters of air1200 liters of air

Total duration ofTotal duration of = Total air capacity / = Total air capacity / Average consumptionAverage consumption

cylindercylinder = = 1200 / 1200 / 4040

= = 30 mins30 mins

Working DurationWorking Duration = Total duration - Safety factor= Total duration - Safety factor

== 30 mins - 10 mins30 mins - 10 mins

== 20 mins20 mins

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(Audible Alarm) 50 bar

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Lung Demand Valve (LDV)

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Donning (SCBA)

DoffingDoffing

Pre-DonningPre-Donning

DonningDonning

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