Artificial Intelligence
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04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 1
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
BY
DR. A. F. ADEKOYARoom No: COLNAS B321
Department of Computer Science
College of Natural Sciences
University of Agriculture, Abeokuta
04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 2
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Course Contents:1. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
2. Overview of Artificial Intelligence Techniques/Tools
3. Descriptive Logic
4. Artificial Neural Network
5. Fuzzy Logic
6. Genetic Algorithm
7. Knowledge Representation, Expert Systems and Pattern Recognition
8. Natural Language Processing
04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 3
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
References:1. Data Mining: Concepts, Models, Methods, and Algorithms by Mehmed
Kantardzic John Wiley & Sons ISBN:0471228524 © 2003
2. Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems for Engineers by C.S. Krishnamoorthy; S. Rajeev CRC Press, CRC Press LLC ISBN: 0849391253 1996
3. C++ Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic by Valluru B. Rao M&T Books, IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. ISBN: 1558515526 1995
4. Mathematics for Computingby R. Callan, Letts Educational, London.ISBN 1-85805-375-7 1998
5. Artificial Intelligence: A Guide to Intelligent Systemsby Michael Negnevitsky, Addison Wesley Pearson EducationISBN
04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 4
Assessments1. Attendance 5%2. Assignments 10%3. Mid-Semester Exams 15%4. Semester Examination 70%
Note: Deadlines for submission of assignments are not negotiable
and must be strictly complied with. Copying of assignments is forbidden and would attract zero
mark. There would be one or two impromptu CAT(s). 75% Attendance is required before a student would be
allowed to sit for the semester examination.
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 5
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Overview:
Computers have been extensively used to expedite or automate many complex and sometimes dangerous tasks. The history of the use of computers in problems solving parallels the developments in computer hardware and software technology.
The emergence of improved paradigms such as evolutionary, soft, parallel and distributed computing, backed up by appropriate software environments, has virtually transformed the direction of research in computer usage. This has resulted in the transformation of computers from large numerical computing machines to aids to engineers at every stage of problem solving.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 6
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
A key task in problem solving especially with computers at different stages of execution is decision making.
Decision making requires processing of symbolic information in handling of facts and inference using domain knowledge. Inference is nothing but search through the knowledge base using the facts.
The intensive research carried out in the area of AI in the last six decades resulted in the emergence of a number of useful techniques which can be used for solving many complex problems.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 7
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence is synonymous with human (animal) ability to store and recall fact (cognitive), solve a given problem based on known fact and relevant theorem (psychomotor).
This ability is inherent and innate, trainable and can be developed.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the ability of an electronic device (computer) to accomplish any tasks that ordinary would have been handled by human.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 8
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
AI models the richness and dynamisms of human brain and its analytic and memory capability.
Artificial Intelligence focus on
(i) the use of computers to process symbols,
(ii) the need for new languages, and
(iii) the role of computers for theorem proving instead of focusing on hardware that simulated intelligence.
(J. McCarthy, M. Minsky, N. Rochester and C. Shanon 1956)
04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 9
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Major Categories of AI
1. Symbolic
Based on logic and uses of sequences of rules. Symbolic programs are good in modeling how human think, act and accomplish tasks.
2. Connectionist
Based on network of neurons in the brain. Brittle and good for machine learning and pattern recognition.
3. Evolutionary
Based on genetics evolution theory in biology.
04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 10
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Purpose of AI
1. Technological
2. Psychological
3. Economic
Home Task
Do a critic of Alan Turing and
John Searle views of AI
04/08/23
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Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 11
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Logic
• Proposition Logic
• Predicate Logic
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CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Logic
Proposition Logic
A propositional logic is a logical statement whose truth value can be evaluated as either TRUE or FALSE.
Where T denotes TRUE
And F denotes FALSE
Propositional logic is of two types, namely
• Simple Propositional Logic
• Complex or Compound Propositional Logic.
04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 13
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Logic
Simple Propositional Logic
A simple propositional logic refers to single logical statement whose truth value can be verified or evaluated.
e.g. UNAAB is a university.
Complex or Compound Propositional Logic
A complex propositional logic refers to logical statements which are combinations of two or more simple propositional logic statements with the use of connectors (connectives) such as disjunction, conjunction etc.
e.g. UNAAB is a university and it is located in Abeokuta.
04/08/23
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Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 14
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Logic
Truth Tables
Truth tables are used for stating precise logic values for logic
statements. The number of rows in a truth table is 2n, where n is the number of simple propositions in the logical statements.
Each of the propositions are given labels such as A, B, C etc.
e.g. UNAAB is a university A
e.g. UNAAB is a university and it is located in Abeokuta.
comprises UNAAB is a university A
UNAAB is located in Abeokuta B
04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 15
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Logic
Logic Connectives
Logic uses names and symbols to represent the connectives as illustrated in this table.
Symbol Connectives Logic Name
., Conjunction AND
+, Disjunction OR
Negation NOT
Implication Implies
Equivalence Double implication
Exclusive OR
EX-OR
04/08/23
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CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AND Truth Tablee.g. UNAAB is a university and it is located in Abeokuta.
comprises UNAAB is a university A UNAAB is located in Abeokuta B
Connective: AND, ., A B A AND B A B A . B
T T T T T
T F F F F
F T F F F
F F F F F
Rules of AND
1. The output is TRUE when all the inputs are TRUE.
2. The output is FALSE if any or all the inputs are FALSE
04/08/23
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Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 17
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
OR Truth Tablee.g. Either UNAAB is a university or is a polytechnic.
comprises UNAAB is a university A UNAAB is a polytechnic B
Connective: OR, +,
A B A OR B A B A + B
T T T T T
T F T T T
F T T T T
F F F F F
Rules of OR
1. The output is TRUE when at least one or all the inputs are TRUE.
2. The output is FALSE if all the inputs are FALSE
04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 18
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
NOT Truth Table
e.g. UNAAB is a university A UNAAB is not a university A
Connective: NOT, -,
A NOT A A
- A
T F F F
F T T T
Rules of OR
The output is a negation of the input.
i.e. when the
• Input is TRUE, the output is FALSE.
• Input is FALSE, the output is TRUE.
04/08/23
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Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 19
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
IMPLICATION Truth Tablee.g. IF UNAAB is a university THEN it is an higher institution. comprises UNAAB is a university A
UNAAB is an higher institution B
Connective: Implies, -,
A B A Implies B A B
T T T T
T F F F
F T T T
F F T T
Rules of Implication
1. The output is TRUE when at least one or all the inputs are TRUE.
2. The output is FALSE if all the input are FALSE
04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 20
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
EQUIVALENCE Truth Tablee.g. A university degree is equivalent to a polytechnic diploma
Connective: Equivalence, ↔
A B A ↔ B
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Rules of Equivalence
1. The output is TRUE when all the inputs are TRUE.
2. The output is TRUE when all the inputs are FALSE.
3. The output is FALSE if any of the input is FALSE
Exercise: Using a truth table, prove that (A ↔B) ↔((A ↔B)^(B→A))
04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 21
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
EXCLUSIVE-OR Truth Tablee.g. A university degree is equivalent to a polytechnic diploma
Connective: EX-OR,
A B A B
T T F
T F T
F T T
F F F
Rules of Equivalence
1. The output is TRUE
when either at least an input is TRUE or FALSE.
2. The output is FALSE if
either all the inputs are TRUE or all the inputs are FALSE
04/08/23
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Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 22
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
TAUTOLOGYAn expression with a truth value T irrespective of the truth values of the constituent atoms.
A B A ^ B→A
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F T
CONTRADICTION An expression with a truth value F irrespective of the truth values of the constituent atoms.
TAUTOLOGY AND CONTRADICTION
A B A ^ B→A
T T F
T F F
F T F
F F F
04/08/23
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CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ARGUMENT AND VALIDITY
Argument: An argument present a conclusion as following logically from a set of assumptions.
e.g. If we say “John’s keys are in the car or hung up in the office. John’s keys are not in the car. Then John’s keys are hung up in the office.”
We can always write this argument in a clear and precise formal expression, such as:
John’s keys are in the car or hung up in the office P
John’s keys are in the car ¬ P Therefore, John’s keys are hung up in the office Q
We can express the argument in a more formal formi. P νQ Assumptionsii. ¬ Piii, Q Conclusion
}Logically, it is written as
PνQ
¬P
Q
04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 24
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ARGUMENT AND VALIDITY
Validity of an argument: If we express the argument in the form [ A
04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 25
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
04/08/23
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria. www.unaab.edu.ng 26
CSC 427: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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