Artificial intelligence

ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE (AI)

Sunawar

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S.K.Ahsan

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Applications of AI (Artificial Intelligence)

Types Of AI (Artificial Intelligence)

History

Introduction

Merits & Demerits

Fields/Applications/Robots

Languages of AI (Artificial Intelligence)

Contents

Mr.Khan

Future of AI (Artificial Intelligence)

S.K.Ahsan

Introduction

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sanINTRODUCTION OF (ai)

(Webopedia)

What Is AI??

Definition

“The branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans.”

What Is AI??

Definition:

“Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that deals with intelligent behavior, learning, and adaptation in machines”

( Wikipedia )

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History

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HISTROY OF (AI) The original story, published by Mary Shelley, in 1818, describes the attempt of a true scientist , Victor , to create life.

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History of A.I ?

Joseph Faber's Amazing Talking Machine (1830-40's).

A speech synthesizer variously known as the Euphonia and the Amazing Talking Machine. By pumping air with the bellows ... and manipulating a series of plates, chambers, and other apparatus (including an artificial tongue ... ),

The operator could make it speak any European language

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In the 1940s and 50s, a handful of scientists from a variety of fields began to discuss the possibility of creating an artificial brain.

The field of artificial intelligence research was founded as an academic discipline in 1956.

The birth of AI 1943−1956

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The IBM 702: a computer used by the first generation of AI researchers

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UPHONIA

(THE TALKING MACHINE)

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The Roots

History of A.I ?

1834 Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine

Ada writes of the engine, “The Analytical

Engine can do whatever we

know how to order it to perform.”

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The Roots of Modern Technology1642 Pascal built an adding machine

1694 Leibnitz reckoning machine

Pascaline

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In 1950 Alan Turing published a landmark paper in which he speculated about the possibility of creating machines

with true intelligence.

 Alan Turing

Turing's test 1950

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In 1951, using the Ferranti Mark 1 machine of the University of Manchester, 

Christopher Strachey wrote a checkers program and Dietrich Prinz wrote one for chess.

Chess Game

Game AI 1951

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The Dartmouth Conference of 1956was organized by  John McCarthy and two senior scientists:

In1956 Dartmouth conference was the moment that AI gained its name,

mission, first success and major players, and is the birth of AI.

Dartmouth Conference 1956:

John McCarthy

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The years after the Dartmouth conference were an era of discovery, of sprinting across new ground.

The programs that were developed during this time were solving algebra word problems, proving theorems in geometry and learning to speak English

The golden years 1956−1974

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In the 70s, AI was subject to financial setbacks.

AI researchers had failed to appreciate the difficulty of the problems they faced.

Problem;Limited computer power: There was not enough memory or processing speed. 

The first AI winter 1974−1980

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In the 1980s a form of AI program called "expert systems" was adopted by corporations around the world and knowledge became the focus of mainstream AI research.

In those same years, the Japanese government aggressively funded AI with its fifth generation computer project.

 Once again, AI had achieved success.

BOOM 1980–1987

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The first indication of a change in weather was the sudden collapse of the market for specialized AI hardware in 1987.

Desktop computers from Apple and IBM had been gaining speed and power.

in 1987 they became more powerful than the more expensive Lisp machines made by Symbolics .

Bust:2nd AI winter 1987−1993

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The field of AI, now more than a half a century old, finally achieved some of its oldest goals.

It began to be used successfully throughout the technology industry.

 For Ray Kurzweil, the issue is computer power and, using Moore's Law, he predicts that machines with human-level intelligence will appear by 2029

AI 1993−present

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THE ADVENT OF THE COMPUTER

1945 ENIAC

“The first electronic digital computer”

History of A.I ?

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1997 to Today1997 – First official Rob-Cup soccer match

Picture from 2003 competition

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Types of AI

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TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

There are two general types

Weak AI

Strong AI

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WEAK AIWeak AI refers to AI that only

simulates human thoughts and actions

Actions, decisions and ideas are programmed into it

All the current forms of AI are weak AI.

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STRONG AIStrong AI refers to AI that matches or

exceeds human intelligence

Also called “True AI”, as they are truly intelligent

Example: The robots from the movies transformers, matrix, terminator, I-robot, etc.

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Fields/Applications

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PhilosophyArtificial

Intelligence

ComputerScience

Linguistics

Psychology

BiologyMathematics

TransformersThese robots can

convert themselves into cars I-Robot

This robot works like humans

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sanPractical Applications Of A.I ?

Handwriting Recognition Expert Systems Optical Character

Recognition Neural Networks Machine Translation Speech Recognition Computer Algebra Systems Machine Vision

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HANDWRITING RECOGNITION

Handwriting recognition is the ability of a computer to receive and interpret intelligible handwritten input from sources such as paper documents, photographs, touch-screens and other devices. The image of the written text may be sensed "off line" from a piece of paper by optical scanning Alternatively, the movements of the pen tip may be sensed "on line", for example by a pen-based computer screen surface

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An expert system is software that uses a knowledge base of human expertise for problem solving, or clarify uncertainties where normally one or more human experts would need to be consulted

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OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION

Optical character recognition, usually abbreviated to OCR, is the mechanical or electronic translation of scanned images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine-encoded text. It is widely used to convert books and documents into electronic files, to computerize a record-keeping system in an office, or to publish the text on a website.

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Speech recognition (also known as automatic speech recognition or computer speech recognition) converts spoken words to text. The term "voice recognition" is sometimes used to refer to recognition systems that must be trained to a particular speaker—as is the case for most desktop recognition software. Recognizing the speaker can simplify the task of translating speech

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ROBOTICS

Robotics is a branch of science and engineering dealing with the study of robots. It is involved with a robot's design, manufacture, application, and structural disposition. Robotics is related to electronics, mechanics, and software

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Space ExplorationHealthcareDomesticMilitary defenseManufacturingRecreational/ Social Use

AgricultureOther intelligent machines

Applications of AI :( ROBOTS )

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700,000 robots were in the industrial world in 1995 and over 500,000 were used in Japan. About 120,000 in Western Europe and 60,000 in the United States and many were doing tasks too dangerous or unpleasant for humans!!!!!

Applications of AI :( ROBOTS )

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Space Exploration Two important devices exist which are proven space robots

Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)Remote Manipulator System (RMS)

Applications of AI :( ROBOTS )

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sanApplications of AI

(ROBOTS):This picture shows a Historic Space Handshake between Shuttle and Space Station

(Robots - Image Courtesy of CSA)

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HealthcareRobots are used sometimes for

operations. A human could never drill a hole exactly one 100th of a inch wide and long.

e.g. Tug robot (delivery robot),

RoboDoc

Applications of AI(ROBOTS):

Robotic Wheelchair can facilitate patient locomotion

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(ROBOTS):

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Applications of AI(ROBOTS):

Domestic UseThese robots perform domestic chores and perform simple tasks like grass cutting, vacuum cleaning, plant watering, etc.e.g. Scooba, Robomower

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Applications of AI(ROBOTS):

Military DefenseThe U.S. military is

currently using robots to diffuse bombs and to transport goods in danger zones. These vehicles (AGVs) use sensors and coordinates to guide themselves through streets and rough terrain to supply ammunition and food stuff to soldiers.

e.g. iRobot Packbot, Transbotics

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(ROBOTS):

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Applications of AI(ROBOTS):

Manufacturing

Probably the industry which uses robots the most. Robots are useful in repetitive tasks and also work for longer durations without breaks.e.g. Robots in car production assembly line

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AgricultureRobots can do the work that took a dozen harvesters to do at the same time. Robots are used for harvesting, reaping and sowing purposes. They are sometimes called, ‘Agrobots’.

Applications of AI(ROBOTS):

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Recreational/ Social Use

These robots are built for purely recreational purposes. They provide company and are most life-like.e.g. Asimo (the humanoid robot), Aibo (the widely popular robotic dog)

Applications of AI(ROBOTS):

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sanApplications of AI

(ROBOTS):

Puzzle Solving machine

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sanAdvantages of ROBOTS :

Business Benefits:

Robots have the ability to consistently produce high-quality products and to precisely perform tasks

Since they never tire and can work nonstop without breaks, robots are able to produce more quality goods or execute commands quicker than their human counterparts

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sanAdvantages of ROBOTS :

Employee Benefits: Robots can do the work that no one else wants to do—the mundane, dangerous, and repetitive jobs

Common Misconception about Robots:Introducing robots into a work environment does not necessarily mean the elimination of jobs. With the addition of robots comes the need for highly-skilled, human workers

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sanPractical Applications Of A.I ?

A.I.

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Languages of AI

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Listed below are some of the languages specifically designed to develop (AI) application.

LISP PROLOG MERCURY APPLOGJAVA , C , C++ , PYTHON , PERL also can used.

LANGUAGES USE IN (AI)

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sanLISP-( LISPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE)

LISP is second oldest high level Programming language .

Invented by John McCarthy in 1958 and the first implemented by Steve Russell on IBM 704 computer.

Number dialects have existed over LISP history.

e.g : Common LISP Scheme

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sanPROLOG-(PROGRAMMING IN LOGIC)

PROLOG is a logic programming language which was invented in 1972 by Alain.

PROLOG was one of the first logic programming language, and remains among the most popular such languages today.

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Merits/Demerits

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MERITS DEMERITS

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MERITS Delegance: routine operations can be

delegated to a computer, freeing up more time for humans (eg setup wizard)

Confimation: having an ai check your work as you go along (eg spellcheck)

Isolation: have a computer simulate a human interaction in order to test something(eg fire safety simulations)

Emulation: provide a virtual second user for a system(eg game ai.)

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DEMERITS Proficiency: an ai has only the real world

experience of the specialists who created it Predictability: an ai will only ever cerate new

permutations of known states, completely new behavior will never arise (learn the ai's tactics, and it'll never pull anything new on you)

Redundancy: if a system becomes too proficient, it may render humans obsolete (casino security).

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Future of AI

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FUTURE OF AI

Gradual Change

-Despite the rapid advance of technology, the advent of strong AI will be a gradual process

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FUTURE OF AI Jobs/Work -Even now we have robots taking over jobs.

-Right now Japan uses about 320 robots of all sorts per 10,000 employees, while Germany uses 148 industrial robots per 10,000 employees, Italy 116, Sweden 99 and between 50 and 80 each in United States.

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• Will AI rule the world ? if machines can replicate human

intelligence , it might be able to rule the world.

But. The question remain …………….......... Can Artificial Intelligence match the

human Intelligence.??

FUTURE OF (AI)

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Why???????

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WHY AI? AI can have two purposes.

First is to use the power of computers to augment human thinking. Robotics and expert systems are major branches of that.

The other is to use a computer's artificial intelligence to understand how humans think.

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