AP Review Terrestrial & Aquatic Ecosystems and Biodiversity
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AP Review Terrestrial & Aquatic Ecosystems and Biodiversity
Food WebsProducerPrimary ConsumerSecondary ConsumerTertiary ConsumerDecomposers/ detrivores
10% rule (possible calculation question)
Indicator SpeciesKeystone SpeciesFoundation SpeciesK-strategistR-strategist
A: Represents the biotic potential of the species
B: Shows how the population overshoots the carrying capacity
C: Represents the logistic growth
D: Represents linear growth
E: Carrying capacity- the maximum number of individuals that can be supported by a particular ecosystem.
Human Impacts on the Hydrologic CycleWithdrawal
◦Water cannot recharge at same rate (Ogallala Aquifer)
◦Salinization (Aral Sea)Increased Flooding
◦Urbanization “concrete jungle”Deforestation
◦More runoff
CyclesCarbonNitrogenSulfurPhosphorus
Which does not have an atmospheric component to it’s cycle?
Carbon Cycle
Human Impacts on the Carbon CycleIncrease of CO2 into the
atmosphere by burning fossil fuels
Clear cutting
Nitrogen Cycle
Human Impacts on the Nitrogen CycleAgriculture
◦Increased Nitrogen from fertilizers◦Increased Nitrogen from animal
waste
◦Air Pollution NO2
Sulfur Cycle
Human Impacts on the Sulfur cycleMining!!!
Phosphorus Cycle
Human Impacts on the Phosphorus CycleRemove Phosphorus from the
Earth (fertilizer production)Add Phosphorus to the water
(fertilizer runoff)Reduce tropical forest
phosphorus by clear cutting
BiodiversityTypes of Biodiversity
◦Genetic Diversity◦Species Diversity
Natural selectionAdaptationsEvolution
ExtinctionMass Extinctions causes
◦Climate change◦Major events such as volcanoes or
asteroids◦Humans!!
Steps to ExtinctionRareThreatenedEndangered Extinct (local, ecological &
global)
Ways that Humans contribute to extinctionsHabitat DestructionInvasive SpeciesPollutionPopulationOverharvestingClimate Change
Invasive SpeciesZebra MusselsCane Toads
BiomesTropical RainforestDecidious ForestConiferous ForestTaiga (Boreal) ForestSavannahTundraDesert
Chaparral (temperate grassland)These are coastal areas. Winters are mild & wet, w/ summers being long, hot, & dry.
Chaparral
Chaparral has a moderate climate but its dense thickets of spiny shrubs are subject to periodic fires. Figure 5-18
Lentic zones
Loetic Zones
Aquifers
Human Impacts on AquifersWithdrawing too much water –
doesn’t allow adequate rechargeBuilding cities over recharge
areas
Fig. 14-13a, p. 317
Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland
Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people
Large losses of water through evaporation
Provides water for drinking Downstream
cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt
Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing
Risk of failure and devastating downstream flooding
Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower)
Downstream flooding is reduced
Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted
The Colorado RiverSo many diversions, water often
does not reach the ocean
WetlandsSwamps, marshes, peat bogs, prairie
potholes
Filter and degrade pollutants.Reduce flooding and erosion by absorbing
slowly releasing overflows.Help replenish stream flows during dry
periods.Help recharge ground aquifers.Provide economic resources and
recreation.
Tragedy of the CommonsOver-use of public landsOften seen with fishing, but can
apply to grazing, hunting and other public uses of land
This is a HUGE concept on the test◦Many previous multiple choices◦A few FRQs have been on this
Measurements of BiodiversitySpecies DiversitySpecies EvennessSpecies Richness
Higher species diversity leads to higher sustainability of an ecosystem
LawsEndangered Species Act
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