Antonio de la Hoz, Angel Diaz-Ortiz and Andres Moreno- Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non-thermal microwave effects
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8/3/2019 Antonio de la Hoz, Angel Diaz-Ortiz and Andres Moreno- Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non-thermal
1/15
Aek~gydsb{ el g~idlek {ulpjb{e{, Pjb~adh dl` lgl!pjb~adh aek~gydsbbccbkp{{
Dlpgleg `b hd Jg}(- D libh @d}!G~pe} dl` Dl`~b{ Ag~blg
^bkbesb` >9pj Mrhu >660( Dkkbvpb`
Ce~{p vrnhe{jb` d{ dl D`sdlkb D~pekhb gl pjb ybn 4>pj Mdlrd~u >662@GE= 46,46;5'n0440;:j
Aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl jd{ nbbl {rkkb{{crhhu dvvheb` el g~idlek kjbae{p~u, [vbkpdkrhd~
dkkbhb~dpegl{( jeijb~ uebh`{ rl`b~ aeh`b~ ~bdkpegl kgl`epegl{ dl` jeijb~ v~g`rkp vr~epeb{ jdsb dhh
nbbl ~bvg~pb`, El`bb`( d lranb~ gc drpjg~{ jdsb `b{k~enb` {rkkb{{ el ~bdkpegl{ pjdp `g lgp gkkr~
nu kglsblpegldh jbdpeli dl` bsbl ag`ecekdpegl{ gc {bhbkpesepu *kjbag!( ~bieg! dl`
{pb~bg{bhbkpesepu%, Pjb bccbkp gc aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl el g~idlek {ulpjb{e{ e{ d kganeldpegl gc
pjb~adh bccbkp{( d~e{eli c~ga pjb jbdpeli ~dpb( {rvb~jbdpeli g~ jgp {vgp{ dl` pjb {bhbkpesb
dn{g~vpegl gc ~d`edpegl nu vghd~ {rn{pdlkb{, [rkj vjblgabld d~b lgp r{rdhhu dkkb{{enhb nu
khd{{ekdh jbdpeli dl` pjb bze{pblkb gc lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{ gc jeijhu vghd~e}eli ~d`edpeglpjb
{vbkecek aek~gydsb bccbkpe{ {pehh d kglp~gsb~{edh pgvek, Dl gsb~seby gc pjb pjb~adh bccbkp{ dl`
pjb kr~~blp {pdpb gc lgl!pjb~adh aek~gydsb bccbkp{ e{ v~b{blpb` el pje{ k~epekdh ~bseby dhgli yepj d
seby gl jgy pjb{b vjblgabld kdl nb bccbkpesbhu r{b` el g~idlek {ulpjb{e{,
Elp~g`rkpegl
Aek~gydsb jbdpeli e{ sb~u dpp~dkpesb cg~ kjbaekdh dvvhekd!
pegl{42 dl` jd{ nbkgab d ye`bhu dkkbvpb` lgl!kglsblpegldh
blb~iu {gr~kb cg~ vb~cg~aeli g~idlek {ulpjb{e{, Pje{ {pdpbablp
e{ {rvvg~pb` nu pjb elk~bd{eli lranb~ gc ~bhdpb` vrnhekdpegl{
el ~bkblp ubd~{vd~pekrhd~hu el >66; yepj pjb iblb~dh dsdeh!
dnehepu gc lby dl` ~bhednhb aek~gydsb el{p~rablpdpegl,3
D hd~ib lranb~ gc bzdavhb{ gc ~bdkpegl{ jdsb nbbl
`b{k~enb` el g~idlek {ulpjb{e{,940 [bsb~dh ~bseby{ jdsb nbbl
vrnhe{jb` gl pjb dvvhekdpegl gc aek~gydsb{ pg {ghsblp!c~bb~bdkpegl{(42(43 kukhgd``epegl ~bdkpegl{(49 pjb {ulpjb{e{ gc ~d`eg!
e{gpgvb{(4: crhhb~blb kjbae{p~u(45(>6 vghuab~{(>4 jbpb~gkukhek
kjbae{p~u(>>>0 kd~ngju`~dpb{(>2(>3 jgagiblbgr{>9 dl`
jbpb~giblbgr{ kdpdhu{e{(>: ab ekeldh dl` kganeldpg~edh
kjbae{p~u>5;0 dl` i~bbl kjbae{p~u,;2;:
Aek~gydsb!d{{e{pb` g~idlek {ulpjb{e{ e{ kjd~dkpb~e{b` nu pjb
{vbkpdkrhd~ dkkbhb~dpegl{ v~g`rkb` el adlu ~bdkpegl{ d{ d
kgl{btrblkb gc pjb jbdpeli ~dpb( yjekj kdllgp nb ~bv~g`rkb`
nu khd{{ekdh jbdpeli, Jeijb~ uebh`{( aeh`b~ ~bdkpegl kgl`epegl{
dl` {jg~pb~ ~bdkpegl peab{ kdl nb r{b` dl` adlu v~gkb{{b{ kdl
nb eav~gsb`, El`bb`( bsbl ~bdkpegl{ pjdp `g lgp gkkr~ nu
kglsblpegldh jbdpeli kdl nb vb~cg~ab` r{eli aek~gydsb{,
Pje{ bccbkp e{ vd~pekrhd~hu eavg~pdlp el *e% pjb v~bvd~dpeglgc e{gpgvekdhhu hdnbhhb` `~ri{ pjdp jdsb d {jg~p jdhc!hecb
*44K( p4'> 2 >6 ael?4>>E( p4'> 2 ;,3 ael dl`
4:C( p4'> 2
466 ael%(4: *ee% jeij pj~grijvrp kjbae{p~u *kganeldpg~edh
kjbae{p~u dl` vd~dhhbh {ulpjb{e{%>5;0 dl` *eee% kdpdhu{e{ yjb~b
pjb {jg~p ~bdkpegl peab{ v~b{b~sb pjb kdpdhu{p c~ga `bkgavg{e!
pegl dl` elk~bd{b pjb kdpdhu{p bccekeblku,;5
{ @b`ekdpb pg V~gcb{{g~ Mg{b Bhirb~g gl pjb gkkd{egl gc je{ 96pjne~pj`du,-Dlpgleg,Jg}Frkha,b{
Dlpgleg `b hd Jg} gnpdelb`je{ Vj@ c~ga pjb Rlesb~!{e`d` Kgavhrpbl{b el Ad`~e`
el 45:3, Dcpb~ vg{p`gkpg~dh~ b{ b d ~k j e l 4 5: 9 y e p j
V ~ gc b{ { g~ N bi p ~r v d p p jb@dlad~o{ Pbole{ob J{oghb
j b m ge lb ` p jb C dk rh pu g c Kjbae{p~u gc pjb Rlesb~{e`d``b Kd{pehhd!Hd Adlkjd el
Ker`d` ^bdh el 45:: d{ dlD{{e{pdlp V~gcb{{g~, El >666jb nbkdab crhh V~gcb{{g~ dp
pje{ Rlesb~{epu, Je{ ~b{bd~kjelpb~b{p{ elkhr b jbpb~gkukhekkjbae{p~u( {rv~daghbkrhd~kjbae{p~u( aek~gydsb dkpesd!
pegl gc g~idlek ~bdkpegl{( {ghsblp!c~bb g~idlek {ulpjb{e{( dl` i~bbl kjbae{p~u,
Dlibh @d}!G~pe} yd{ ng~l elP g a bh h g { g * [ v de l % d l ` g np de lb ` j e{ V j @ c ~g a
pjb El{peprpb gc Ab`ekeldhK j b ae { p ~u * A d` ~ e `% e l
45::, Dcpb~ vg{p`gkpg~dh~b{bd~kj dp Hdng~dpg~eg{
Dhpb~ [, D, jb mgelb` pjbCdkrhpu gc Kjbae{p~u gc pjbR lesb~{e`d` `b Kd{pehhd!
H d A d lk j d * R KH A %,V~b{blphu( jb e{ D{{e{pdlpV~gcb{{g~ gc G~idlek Kjbae!
{p~u, Je{ ~b{bd~kj elpb~b{p{blkga vd{{ lby {ulpjbpekabpjg`{ elkhr eli pjb v~b!
v d ~ dp e g l g c j b p b~ g ku k h e k
kgavgrl`{ nu kukhgd``epegl ~bdkpegl{ el d aek~gydsbblse~glablp,
Dlpgleg `b hd Jg} D libh @d}!G~pe}
K^EPEKDH BSEBY yyy,~{k,g~i'k{~ x Kjbaekdh [gkebpu ^bseby{
430 x Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662
8/3/2019 Antonio de la Hoz, Angel Diaz-Ortiz and Andres Moreno- Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non-thermal
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Pjb ~b{rhp{ gnpdelb` kdllgp nb bzvhdelb` nu pjb bccbkp gc
~dve jbdpeli dhglb( dl` pje{ jd{ hb` sd~egr{ drpjg~{ pg
vg{prhdpb pjb bze{pblkb gc d {g!kdhhb` aek~gydsb bccbkp,
Jblkb( dkkbhb~dpegl g~ kjdlib{ el ~bdkpesepu dl` {bhbkpesepu
kgrh` nb bzvhdelb` nu d {vbkecek ~d`edpegl bccbkp dl` lgp ab~bhu
nu d pjb~adh bccbkp,
Pjb bccbkp gc aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl el kjbaekdh ~bdkpegl{ e{
d kganeldpegl gc pjb pjb~adh bccbkp dl` lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{(e,b,( gsb~jbdpeli( jgp {vgp{ dl` {bhbkpesb jbdpeli( dl` lgl!
pjb~adh bccbkp{ gc pjb jeijhu vghd~e}eli cebh`( el d``epegl pg
bccbkp{ gl pjb agnehepu dl` `eccr{egl pjdp adu elk~bd{b pjb
v~gndnehepeb{ gc bccbkpesb kglpdkp{,
Pjb dea gc pje{ ~bseby e{ pg {jgy jgy pjb~adh bccbkp{ jdsb
nbbl r{b` bccekeblphu pg eav~gsb v~gkb{{b{ dl` pg gnpdel nbppb~
uebh`{, Cr~pjb~ag~b( pjb~b e{ d `e{kr{{egl gc gn{b~sdpegl{ el
pb~a{ gc pjb aek~gydsb bccbkp( e,b,( lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{(
~b{rhp{( pjbg~eb{ dl` v~b`ekpesb ag`bh{,
Pjb~adh bccbkp{
Pjb~adh bccbkp{ d~e{b c~ga pjb `eccb~blp kjd~dkpb~e{pek{ gcaek~gydsb `ebhbkp~ek jbdpeli dl` kglsblpegldh jbdpeli
*Pdnhb 4%, Aek~gydsb jbdpeli r{b{ pjb dnehepu gc {gab
kgavgrl`{ *hetre`{ g~ {ghe {% pg p~dl{cg~a bhbkp~gadilbpek
blb~iu elpg jbdp, Blb~iu p~dl{ae{{egl e{ v~g`rkb` nu `ebhbkp~ek
hg{{b{( yjekj e{ el kglp~d{p pg kgl rkpegl dl` kglsbkpegl
v~gkb{{b{ gn{b~sb` el kglsblpegldh jbdpeli, Pjb adilepr`b gc
jbdpeli `bvbl`{ gl pjb `ebhbkp~ek v~gvb~peb{ gc pjb aghbkrhb{(
dh{g el kglp~d{p pg kglsblpegldh jbdpeli, Pjb{b kjd~dkpb~e{pek{
abdl pjdp dn{g~vpegl gc pjb ~d`edpegl dl` jbdpeli adu nb
vb~cg~ab` {bhbkpesbhu, Aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl e{ ~dve` dl`
sghrabp~ek( yepj pjb yjghb adpb~edh jbdpb` {earhpdlbgr{hu, El
kglp~d{p( kglsblpegldh jbdpeli e{ {hgy dl` e{ elp~g`rkb` elpg
pjb {davhb c~ga pjb {r~cdkb *Cei, 4%,Pjb pjb~adh bccbkp{ gn{b~sb` rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl
kgl`epegl{ d~b d kgl{btrblkb gc pjb elsb~pb` jbdp p~dl{cb~( pjb
eljgagiblbepeb{ gc pjb aek~gydsb cebh` yepjel pjb {davhb dl`
pjb {bhbkpesb dn{g~vpegl gc pjb ~d`edpegl nu vghd~ kgavgrl`{,
Pjb{b bccbkp{ kdl nb r{b bccekeblphu pg eav~gsb v~gkb{{b{(
ag`ecu {bhbkpesepeb{ g~ bsbl pg vb~cg~a ~bdkpegl{ pjdp `g lgp
gkkr~ rl`b~ khd{{ekdh kgl`epegl{,
Gsb~jbdpeli
Gsb~jbdpeli gc vghd~ hetre`{ e{ dl bccbkp pjdp kdl nb bzvhgepb`
v~dkpekdhhu, Aelig{06 `bpbkpb` pje{ bccbkp el vghd~ hetre`{ gl
r{eli aek~gydsb{( yjb~b gsb~jbdpeli el pjb ~dlib 4;>3 rK
dngsb pjb lg~adh ngeheli vgelp adu gkkr~ *Cei, >%, Pje{
bccbkp kdl nb bzvhdelb` nu pjb elsb~pb` jbdp p~dl{cb~ bccbkp
*c~ga pjb e~~d`edpb` ab era pgyd~`{ pjb bzpb~eg~% {elkb
ngeheli lrkhbe d~b cg~ab` dp pjb {r~cdkb gc pjb hetre , Pje{bccbkp kgrh bzvhdel pjb bljdlkbablp el ~bdkpegl ~dpb{
gn{b~sb` el g~idlek dl` g~idlgabpdhhek kjbae{p~u, Pje{
pjb~adh bccbkp( yjekj e{ lgp bd{ehu ~bv~g`rkb` nu kglsblpegldh
jbdpeli( kdl nb r{b` pg eav~gsb pjb uebh`{ dl` pjb bccekeblku
gc kb~pdel v~gkb{{b{,
Ohd l04 {rkkb{{crhhu bsdhrdpb` AY {rvb~jbdpeli bccbkp{ el
vghd~ {ghsblp{ nu {pr`ueli d pbavb~dpr~b!`bvbl blp vjgpg!
kjbaekdh ~bdkpegl, Ohd l `b{k~enb` pjb Lg~~e{j puvb EE ~bdkpegl
gc sdhb~gvjblglb{ el aek~gydsb vjgpgkjbae{p~u *[kjbab 4%,
Btreaghbkrhd~ aezpr~b{ gc ngpj obpglb{ yb~b e~~d edpb` dp
>:6 la el sd~egr{ {ghsblp{? {rkj dl bzvb~eablpdh d~~dlib!
ablp ird~dlpbb e`blpekdh vjgpgkjbaekdh kgl`epegl{ cg~
ngpj kgavgrl`{, Pjb c~diablpdpeglkukhe}dpegl ~dpeg sd~eb`
c~ga 2 pg : dl` yd{ kjd~dkpb~e{pek cg~ iesbl ~bdkpegl
kgl epegl{ *Pdnhb >%, Pjb vjgpgkjbaekdh bccekeblku ^
*Pdnhb >% e{ pbavb~dpr~b! bvbl blp dl` pjb adilepr`b e{
ag{p heobhu ~bhdpb` pg pjb {ghsblp nd{ekepu, Pjb drpjg~{
kgl{e b~ pjdp {rvb~jbdpeli nu aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl e{
ag{p heobhu ~b{vgl{enhb cg~ pjb ag ecekdpegl gc {bhbkpesepu
gn{b~sb , Kgl{e b~eli pjb b{peadpb gsb~jbdpeli( d
helbd~ `bvbl blkb gc ^ yepj pbavb~dpr~b yd{ gn{b~sb`
*Cei, ;%,
Pje{ ~bdkpegl v~g`rkb` d igg` helbd~ `bvbl blkb gc pjb
bccekeblku gsb~ d n~gd` pbavb~dpr~b ~dlib dl` pjb {u{pba
{b~sb` d{ d vjgpgkjbaekdh pjb~agabpb~ dp pjb aghbkrhd~ hbsbh,Ohd l04 `b{k~enb` pjb vjgpg!C~eb{ ~bd~~dlibablp gc vjblu!
hdkbpdpb rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl dl` e~~d`edpegl yepj dl
bhbkp~g`bhb{{ `e{kjd~ib hdav *B@H%, Pjb ~bdkpegl v~gse`b{ pyg
v~elkevdh v~g`rkp{= >! dl` 0!ju`~gzudkbpgvjblglb *[kjbab >%,
Pjb v~g`rkp `e{p~enrpegl{ d~b iesbl el Pdnhb ;,
Pjb g~pjgvd~d {bhbkpesepu yd{ {heijphu `eccb~blp gl kgavd~!
eli kglsblpegldh jbdpeli dl` aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl bzvb~e!
ablp{, Pjb{b `eccb~blkb{ kdl nb d{k~enb` pg {rvb~jbdpeli
bccbkp{ el pjb AY cebh` cg~ dhh {ghsblp{ dl` yb~b abd{r~b`
`e~bkphu yepj d cen~b!gvpek pjb~agabpb~ g~ b{peadpb` nu
kgl{e`b~eli pjb pbavb~dpr~b `bvbl`blkb gc pjb v~g`rkp ~dpeg
pg nb helbd~,
Pdnhb 4 Kjd~dkpb~e{pek{ gc aek~gydsb dl` kglsblpegldh jbdpeli
Aek~gydsb jbdpeli Kglsblpegldh jbdpeli
Blb~ibpek kgrvheli Kgl`rkpegl'kglsbkpeglKgrvheli dp pjb aghbkrhd~ hbsbh [rvb~cekedh jbdpeli^dve` [hgySghrabp~ek [rvb~cekedh[bhbkpesb Lgl {bhbkpesb@bvbl`blp gl pjb v~gvb~peb{ gc pjb adpb~edh Hb{{ `bvbl`blp
Dl`~b{ Ag~blg yd{ ng~l el
453> el Ker`d` ^bdh *[vdel%,J b g n pd e lb ` j e { ` bi ~ bbel g~idlek kjbae{p~u *45:2%
c~ga pjb Rlesb~{epu Kga!
vhrpbl{b gc Ad`~e dl` je{V j@ * 45 56 % c ~g a p jbR lesb~{epu gc Kd{pehhd!HdAdlkjd, Jb {vblp d vg{p`gk!
pg~dh {pdu el pjb @u{gl Vb~~el{Hdng~dpg~u( Rlesb~{epu gcGzcg~`( RO *4554455>%
elsb{peidpeli LA^ {pr`eb{ gc v b vp e ` b{ e l { g h rp e g l, J b
nbkdab D{{e{pdlp V~gcb{{g~g c G ~i d le k K jb ae { p~ u e l4552( dl` je{ kr~~blp ~b{bd~kj
elpb~b{p{ elkhr`b LA^ {pr`eb{ el {ghrpegl dl` pjb `bsbhgvablp gc
blse~glablpdh {ulpjbpek abpjg`ghgieb{ cg~ g~idlek {ulpjb{e{,
Dl`~b{ Ag~blg
Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662 Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: x 432
8/3/2019 Antonio de la Hoz, Angel Diaz-Ortiz and Andres Moreno- Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non-thermal
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Cei, 4 Pjb pbavb~dpr~b v~gcehb dcpb~ 36 {bk d{ dccbkpb` nu aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl *hbcp% kgavd~b` pg p~bdpablp el dl geh ndpj *~eijp%, Aek~gydsb
e~~d`edpegl ~de{b{ pjb pbavb~dpr~b gc pjb yjghb ~bdkpegl sghrab {earhpdlbgr{hu( yjb~bd{ el pjb geh jbdpb` prnb( pjb ~bdkpegl aezpr~b el kglpdkp yepjpjb sb{{bh ydhh e{ jbdpb` ce~{p, Pbavb~dpr~b {kdhb el obhsel, 6 gl pjb sb~pekdh {kdhb el`ekdpb{ pjb vg{epegl gc pjb able{kr{, ^bv~elpb` c~ga ~bc, 46:
yepj oel` vb~ae{{egl gc [v~elib~ [keblkb dl` Nr{elb{{ Ab`ed,
Cei, > Jbdpeli v~gcehb gc bpjdlgh rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~d edpegl,06
^bv~g`rkb` nu vb~ae{{egl gc Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u,
[kjbab 4
Pdnhb > V~g`rkp `e{p~enrpegl el pjb Lg~~e{j puvb EE ~bdkpegl gcsdhb~gvjblglb
[ghsblp Kgl`epegl{ ^d P'rK Gsb~jbdpeli'rK
Abpjdlgh KJ >,>2 >6 KJ 4,2> 32 AY 4,;0 92 44
Dkbpglep~ehb KJ >,4> >6 KJ 4,4> :4 AY 6,5: 56 5
d C~diablpdpeglkukhe}dpegl ~dpeg,
433 x Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662
8/3/2019 Antonio de la Hoz, Angel Diaz-Ortiz and Andres Moreno- Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non-thermal
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Jgp {vgp{, Eljgagiblbepeb{
[bsb~dh drpjg~{ jdsb `bpbkpb g~ vg{prhdpb pjb v~b{blkb gc
jgp {vgp{ el {davhb{ e~~d`edpb` yepj aek~gydsb{, Pje{ e{ d
pjb~adh bccbkp pjdp d~e{b{ d{ d kgl{btrblkb gc pjb eljgag!
iblbepu gc pjb dvvheb` cebh ( ~b{rhpeli el pjb pbavb~dpr~b el
kb~pdel }glb{ yepjel pjb {davhb nbeli arkj i~bdpb~ pjdl pjb
adk~g{kgvek pbavb~dpr~b, Pjb{b ~biegl{ d~b lgp ~bv~b{blpdpesbgc pjb ~bdkpegl kgl`epegl{ d{ d yjghb, Pje{ gsb~jbdpeli bccbkp
jd{ nbbl `bagl{p~dpb nu Aelig{ el pjb `bkgavg{epegl gc
J>[ gsb~ k!Dh>G; dl` Ag[>k!Dh>G; *[kjbab ;%,0>
Pjb
kglsb~{egl bccekeblku rl b~ aek~gydsb dl` kglsblpegldh
pjb~adh kgl epegl{ d~b kgavd~b` el Cei, 0, Pjb jeijb~
kglsb~{egl rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~d edpegl yd{ dpp~enrpb` pg
pjb v~b{blkb gc jgp {vgp{, Pjb drpjg~{ b{peadpb pjb
pbavb~dpr~b el pjb jgp {vgp{ pg nb dngrp 466>66 rK jeijb~
pjdl pjb nrho pbavb~dpr~b, Pje{ pbavb~dpr~b `eccb~blkb
yd{ `bpb~aelb` nu kdhkrhdpegl{ dl` gl pjb nd{e{ gc
{bsb~dh p~dl{cg~adpegl{ gn{b~sb`( {rkj d{ pjb p~dl{epegl gc
k! pg d!dhraeld dl` pjb abhpeli gc Ag[>( yjekj gkkr~
dp pbavb~dpr~b{ arkj jeijb~ pjdl pjb abd{r~b` nrho
pbavb~dpr~b, Pjb {e}b gc pjb jgp {vgp{ yd{ b{peadpb` pg nb d{
hd~ib d{ 466 aa,
Jgp {vgp{ adu nb k~bdpb nu pjb `eccb~blkb el `ebhbkp~ek
v~gvb~peb{ gc adpb~edh{( nu pjb rlbsbl `e{p~enrpegl gc bhbkp~g!
adilbpek cebh {p~blipj( g~ nu sghrabp~ek `ebhbkp~ek jbdpelirl`b~ aek~gydsb kgl`epegl{,0;
Jejl bp dh,00
{pr`eb` pjb pbavb~dpr~b `e{p~enrpegl el pjb
v~bvd~dpegl gc kgrad~dl!>!glb el {ghsblp!c~bb kgl`epegl{,
Pjbu `ese`b` pjb sghrab elpg pj~bb hdub~{ gc btrdh pjekolb{{,
Pjb r{b gc pje{ {biablpdpegl dhhgyb` pjba pg dvvhu d oelbpek
hdy el bdkj kbhh( yjb~b pjb pbavb~dpr~b e{ kgl{e`b~b` pg nb
jgagiblbgr{, D jeijb~ pbavb~dpr~b jbpb~giblbepu yd{ cgrl`
dp pjb bl` gc pjb ~bdkpegl `r~eli aek~gydsb jbdpeli pjdl gl
jbdpeli yepj dl geh ndpj, Pjb{b pbavb~dpr~b eljgagiblbepeb{
`r~eli aek~gydsb jbdpeli d~b adelhu `rb pg pjb r{b gc d
aglgag`b kdsepu, Pjb ~b{rhp{ `b{k~enb` pg `dpb {bba pg {jgy
pjdp pjb `eccb~blkb nbpybbl aek~gydsb{ dl` {pdl`d~` geh ndpj
jbdpeli glhu kglkb~l{ pjb pbavb~dpr~b ~bvd~pepegl, C~ga pjb
Cei, ; Helbd~ pbavb~dpr~b `bvbl`blkb gc d Lg~~e{j puvb EE vjgpg!
kjbae{p~u {u{pba el dkbpglep~ehb,
[kjbab >
Pdnhb ; V~g`rkp `e{p~enrpegl el pjb vjgpg!C~eb{ ~bd~~dlibablp gcvjbluhdkbpdpb
[ghsblp Kgl epegl{ C~dia,'C~eb{ g~pjg' vd~d P'rK Gsb~jbdpeli'rK
KJ;GJ KJ 6,>4 4,4: >6 KJ;GJ KJ 6,;> 6,52 32 KJ;GJ AY 6,;2 6,5: 94 4>KJ;KL KJ 6,>2 4,32 >6 KJ;KL KJ 6,;: 4,6: :4 KJ;KL AY 6,04 6,53 56 40
[kjbab ;
Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662 Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: x 439
8/3/2019 Antonio de la Hoz, Angel Diaz-Ortiz and Andres Moreno- Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non-thermal
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vgelp gc seby gc ihgndh blb~iu ndhdlkb( pjb cdkp e{ pjdp
aek~gydsb jbdpeli hbd { pg jeijb~ vb~cg~adlkb nbkdr{b pjb
vgyb~ kgl{rab e{ `e~bkphu r{bcrh pg pjb ~bdkpegl aezpr~b nrphb{{ {g pg elpb~ab`edpb{ {rkj d{ d kdhg~ek chre`,
[bhbkpesb jbdpeli
[ghsblp{
Ep e{ khbd~ pjdp aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl e{ d {bhbkpesb ag`b gc
jbdpeli, Kjd~dkpb~e{pekdhhu( aek~gydsb{ iblb~dpb ~dve` elpbl{b
jbdpeli gc vghd~ {rn{pdlkb{ yjehb dvghd~ {rn{pdlkb{ `g lgp
dn{g~n pjb ~d`edpegl dl` d~b lgp jbdpb`,4 [bhbkpesb jbdpeli jd{
nbbl bzvhgepb` el {ghsblp{( kdpdhu{p{ dl` ~bdiblp{,
[p~dr{{:(02 vb~cg~ab` d Jgccadll bheaeldpegl r{eli d pyg!
vjd{b ydpb~'kjhg~gcg~a {u{pba *Cei, 2%, Pjb ~bdkpegl vb~!
cg~ab` el ydpb~ dp 462 rK hb` pg vghuab~e{dpegl gc pjb celdh
v~g`rkp, Jgybsb~( pjb ~bdkpegl v~gkbb`{ lekbhu rl`b~ aek~g!
ydsb e~~d`edpegl el d pyg vjd{b ydpb~'kjhg~gcg~a {u{pba, Pjb
pbavb~dpr~b{ gc pjb dtrbgr{ dl` g~idlek vjd{b{ yb~b 446 dl`
26 rK( ~b{vbkpesbhu( `rb pg `eccb~blkb{ el pjb `ebhbkp~ek
v~gvb~peb{ gc pjb {ghsblp{, Pje{ `eccb~blkb dsge`{ pjb `bkga!
vg{epegl gc pjb celdh v~g`rkp, Kgavd~dnhb kgl`epegl{ ygrh` nb
`eccekrhp pg gnpdel nu p~d`epegldh jbdpeli abpjg`{,
D {eaehd~ bccbkp yd{ gn{b~sb` nu Jdhhnb~i el pjb v~bvd~dpegl
gc n(n!`ed~uhdpb` dh`bju`b{ nu ju`~ghu{e{ gc blgh bpjb~{ el d
pyg vjd{b *pghrblb'dt, JKh% {u{pba,03
Ad~obl bp dh,09 {jgyb` pjdp pjb bccbkp gc >,02 IJ}
aek~gydsb ~d`edpegl gl bhbkp~gg~idlek v~gkb{{b{ el aek~gydsbdn{g~neli *g~idlek% ab`ed kdl nb `~dadpek nrp e{ v~b`gae!
ldlphu pjb~adh el ldpr~b, Pjbu {pr`eb` pjb gze`dpegl gc > aA
cb~~gkblb el dkbpglep~ehb *6,4 A LNr0VC3% yepj d Vp bhbkp~g`b,
[eiage dh {pbd`u!{pdpb ~b{vgl{b{ yb~b `bpbkpb` dl`( d{
bzvbkpb`( elk~bd{eli pjb aek~gydsb vgyb~ hb` pg dl elk~bd{b
el pjb heaepeli kr~~blp, Pje{ bccbkp jd{ nbbl trdhepdpesbhu
dpp~enrpb` pg pjb cg~adpegl gc d jgp {vgp el khg{b v~gzeaepu
pg pjb bhbkp~g`b {r~cdkb, Cgkr{eli gc aek~gydsb{ dp pjb bl` gc
pjb abpdh bhbkp~g`b e{ ~b{vgl{enhb cg~ pje{ jeijhu hgkdhe}b`
pjb~adh bccbkp, [yepkjeli gcc pjb aek~gydsb vgyb~ eaab e!
dpbhu ~b{rhp{ el d ~bpr~l pg pjb sghpdaabp~ek kjd~dkpb~e{pek{
gn{b~sb` dp ~gga pbavb~dpr~b,
Pjb pbavb~dpr~b kdl nb {bbl pg elk~bd{b dydu c~ga pjb
bhbkp~g`b {r~cdkb yepj d jgp {vgp ~biegl dp d `e{pdlkb gc
dvv~gzeadpbhu 06 aa, Pjb jgp {vgp pbavb~dpr~b *Cei, 3% yd{
44: rK dl` e{ kgl{e`b~dnhu jeijb~ pjdl pjb ngeheli vgelp gc
dkbpglep~ehb *:4,3 rK% dl` dh{g arkj jeijb~ pjdl pjb
pbavb~dpr~b gc pjb bhbkp~g`b *09 rK%, Rl`b~ pjb{b kgl`epegl{
pjb sbhgkepu gc dkbpglep~ehb kglsbkpegl pj~grij pjb jgp {vgp
~biegl e{ 6,4 ka {>4 dl`( pjb~bcg~b( pjb {ghsblp puvekdhhu vd{{b{
pj~grij pjb jeij!pbavb~dpr~b ~biegl el hb{{ pjdl 466 a{,Jgp {vgp{ jdsb nbbl dh{g vg{prhdpb` el pb~a{ gc pbavb~dpr~b
i~d`eblp{ yepjel d {ghe`, El pjdp ydu pjbu kdllgp nb `e~bkphu
abd{r~b`,0>(0:(05
Kdpdhu{p{
[bhbkpesb jbdpeli jd{ nbbl bzvhgepb` bccekeblphu el jbpb~gib!
lbgr{ ~bdkpegl{ pg jbdp {bhbkpesbhu d vghd~ kdpdhu{p, Cg~
bzdavhb( Ngi`dh0:(05 `b{k~enb{ pjb gze`dpegl gc dhkgjgh{ r{eli
Adip~ebsb> *[kjbab 0%, Pjb e~~d`edpegl gc Adip~ebsb> hb` pg
~dve` jbdpeli gc pjb adpb~edh rv pg ;36 rK yepjel > aelrpb{,
Yjbl pghrblb yd{ elp~g`rkb elpg pjb ~bdkpegl sb{{bh( pjb
pbavb~dpr~b gc Adip~ebsb> ~bdkjb` kd, 406r
K yepjel
Cei, 0 J>[ kglsb~{egl s{, pbavb~dpr~b yepj abkjdlekdhhu aezb`
kdpdhu{p D dl` eav~bildpb` kdpdhu{p N,0> ^bv~g`rkb` nu vb~ae{{egl gc
Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u,
Cei, 2 [bhbkpesb jbdpeli gc ydpb~'kjhg~gcg~a aezpr~b{, ^bv~elpb`
yepj vb~ae{{egl c~ga ~bc, :, Kgvu~eijp *4552% K[E^G Vrnhe{jeli,
Cei, 3 Pjb~agi~dvju gc dl bhbkp~gg~idlek v~gkb{{ el dkbpglep~ehb
rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl, ^bv~elpb` yepj vb~ae{{egl c~ga ~bc, 09,
Kgvu~eijp *>66>% Dab~ekdl Kjbaekdh [gkebpu,
43: x Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662
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> aelrpb{ dl` yd{ ag~b rlecg~ahu `e{p~enrpb` *Cei, 9%, Pje{
bzvb~eablp {jgyb` pjdp pjb pbavb~dpr~b gc pjb kdpdhu{p kdl nb
jeijb~ pjdl pjb nrho pbavb~dpr~b gc pjb {ghsblp( yjekj eavheb{
pjdp {rkj d v~gkb{{ aeijp nb ag~b blb~iu bccekeblp pjdl gpjb~
kglsblpegldh v~gkb{{b{,
Pje{ gsb~jbdpeli bccbkp yd{ dh{g `bpb~aelb` nu Drb~ndkj26
pj~grij btrehen~era aghbkrhd~ `uldaek{ dl` lglbtrehen~era
aghbkrhd~ `uldaek{ el }bghepbirb{p {u{pba{ dcpb~ bzvb~eablpdh
yg~o nu Kgllb~,24 Pjb blb~iu `e{p~enrpegl{ el }bghepb dl`
}bghepbLd d~b {jgyl el Cei, :, Dp btrehen~era dhh dpga{ el pjb
{u{pba d~b dp pjb {dab pbavb~dpr~b, El kglp~d{p( yjbl LdU
}bghepb e{ bzvg{b` pg AY blb~iu( pjb bccbkpesb {pbd`u!{pdpb
pbavb~dpr~b gc Ld dpga{ e{ kgl{e`b~dnhu jeijb~ pjdl pjdp gc
pjb ~b{p gc pjb c~dabyg~o( el ekdpeli dl dpjb~adh blb~iu
`e{p~enrpegl, Pjb {pbd`u!{pdpb pbavb~dpr~b cg~ neld~u abpjd!
lghnbl}blb aezpr~b{ el ngpj {ehekbgr{ }bghepb{ e{ {jgyl el
Cei, :*N%, [pdpe{pekdhhu `eccb~blp pbavb~dpr~b{ cg~ bdkj kgavg!
lblp yb~b cgrl`( yjb~b Pabpjdlgh # Pnbl}blb , P}bghepb, Pje{
~b{rhp {riib{p{ pjdp abpjdlgh `e{{evdpb{ blb~iu pg nbl}blb(
pjgrij arkj pgg {hgyhu pg dvv~gdkj pjb~adh btrehen~era
yjehb rl`b~ {pbd`u!{pdpb kgl`epegl{,
Jgybsb~( {gab kglp~gsb~{u dh{g bze{p{ kglkb~leli pjb
bccbkp{ gc aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl el jbpb~giblbgr{ kdpdhu{e{,>:
[gab drpjg~{ jdsb v~gvg{b` pjb ag`ecekdpegl gc pjb kdpdhu{p{bhbkp~glek v~gvb~peb{ rvgl bzvg{r~b pg aek~gydsb e~~d ed!
pegl2>(2; el g~`b~ pg bzvhdel pjb {rvb~eg~ kdpdhupek v~gvb~peb{ gc
kdpdhu{p{ rl`b~ pjb{b kgl`epegl{, Jgybsb~( gpjb~ drpjg~{ jdsb
~bvg~pb` pjdp aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl jd{ lg bccbkp gl pjb
~bdkpegl oelbpek{,20
^bdiblp{ dl` v~g`rkp{
Hd~jb`;5 `b{k~enb` pjb aghun`blra!kdpdhu{b` dhhuhek dhouhd!
pegl gc *B%!;!vjbluh!>!v~gvbluh dkbpdpb, Pjb ~bdkpegl gkkr~{
yepj igg` ~bv~g`rkenehepu( kgavhbpb kglsb~{egl( jeij uebh {
dl` bzkbhhblp bb el glhu d cby aelrpb{ *[kjbab 2%, El pjb
{pdl`d~` {ghsblp *pjc%( dl` yepj dl e~~d`edpegl vgyb~ gc >26 Y(
d uebh` gc :9" yd{ gnpdelb` dl` jeij ~bieg{bhbkpesepu dl`
bldlpegab~ek bzkb{{ *5:"% yb~b dkjebsb`, [gabyjdp hgyb~
~bieg{bhbkpesepeb{ *4945 = 4% pjdl el pjb v~bsegr{hu ~bvg~pb`
pyg!{pbv abpjg` *;>05 = 4% yb~b gnpdelb`, Dhouhdpegl dh{g
yg~ob` gl vghuab~!{rvvg~pb` ~bdiblp{ dl`( kgl{btrblphu( kdl
nb dvvheb` el kganeldpg~edh kjbae{p~u,
Pjb jeij pbavb~dpr~b gnpdelb` *>>6 rK% e{ lgp glhu `rb pg
elk~bd{b` ngeheli vgelp{ dp bhbsdpb` v~b{{r~b( nrp dh{g pg d
{eilecekdlp kglp~enrpegl c~ga {r{pdelb` gsb~jbdpeli, Pjb uebh`{
c~ga pjb geh ndpj bzvb~eablp{ d~b hgyb~ pjdl pjg{b cg~ pjb
kg~~b{vgl`eli aek~gydsb!jbdpb ~bdkpegl{, El pjb kd{b gc
vr~b( aek~gydsb!p~dl{vd~blp {ghsblp{( pjb d``b` {rn{pdlkb{(
nb pjbu eglek g~ lgl!eglek( ar{p pjb~bcg~b kglp~enrpb pg pjbgsb~dhh pbavb~dpr~b v~gcehb yjbl pjb ~bdkpegl e{ kd~~eb` grp, Ep
{bba{ ~bd{gldnhb pjdp yjbl pjb {rn{p~dpb{ dkp d{ aghbkrhd~
~d`edpg~{ el kjdllbhheli blb~iu c~ga aek~gydsb ~d`edpegl pg
nrho jbdp( pjbe~ ~bdkpesepu aeijp nb bljdlkb`,
Pjb kglkbvp dl` d`sdlpdib{ gc aghbkrhd~ ~d`edpg~{ jdsb
dh{g nbbl `b{k~enb` nu gpjb~ drpjg~{,22
[r{kbvpg~{
D {r{kbvpg~ kdl nb r{b` yjbl pjb ~bdiblp{ dl` {ghsblp{ `g lgp
dn{g~n aek~gydsb ~d`edpegl, D {r{kbvpg~ e{ dl elb~p kgavgrl`
[kjbab 0
Cei, 9 Pbavb~dpr~b v~gcehb{ dcpb~ > ael gc pjb aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl
gc Adip~ebsb> *d% dl` ep{ {r{vbl{egl el pghrblb *n%,
Cei, : *D% Blb~iu `e{p~enrpegl{ el LdU dp *d% pjb~adh btrehen~era dl` *n% lglbtrehen~era( yepj dl bzpb~ldh cebh`, *N% [pbd`u!{pdpb blb~iu
`e{p~enrpegl{ cg~ neld~u aezpr~b{ el {ehekbgr{!U *d% 4 = 4( *n% > = >( *k% 0 = 0 dl` *`% : = : abpjdlghnbl}blb vb~ rlep, ^bv~elpb` yepj vb~ae{{egl c~ga
~bc, 26, Kgvu~eijp *>66>% Dab~ekdl Kjbaekdh [gkebpu,
Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662 Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: x 435
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pjdp bccekeblphu dn{g~n{ aek~gydsb ~d`edpegl dl` p~dl{cb~{ pjb
pjb~adh blb~iu pg dlgpjb~ kgavgrl` pjdp e{ d vgg~ dn{g~nb~
gc pjb ~d`edpegl, Pje{ abpjg` e{ d{{gkedpb` yepj dl elpb~b{peli
d`sdlpdib, Ec pjb {r{kbvpg~ e{ d kdpdhu{p( pjb blb~iu kdl nb
cgkr{b` gl pjb {r~cdkb gc pjb {r{kbvpg~ yjb~b pjb ~bdkpegl
pdob{ vhdkb, El pje{ ydu( pjb~adh `bkgavg{epegl gc {bl{epesb
kgavgrl`{ kdl nb dsge`b`, El kglp~d{p( p~dl{ae{{egl gc pjb
blb~iu gkkr~{ pj~grij kglsblpegldh abkjdle{a{,
El {ghsblp!c~bb g~ jbpb~giblbgr{ kgl`epegl{ i~dvjepb jd{
nbbl r{b` d{ d {r{kbvpg~, Cg~ bzdavhb( Id~~eirb{23 `b{k~enb`
pjb kukhe}dpegl gc */%!kep~glbhhdh pg *>%!e{gvrhbigh dl`
*/%!lbge{gvrhbigh gl i~dvjepb, Pjb {pb~bg{bhbkpesepu gc pjb
kukhe}dpegl kdl nb dhpb~b` rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl
*[kjbab 3%, *>%!E{gvrhbigh e{ dhydu{ pjb v~elkevdh `ed{pb~bge!
{gab~ ~bid~ hb{{ gc pjb abpjg` gc jbdpeli( nrp pjb r{b gc
aek~gydsb{ elk~bd{b{ pjb dagrlp gc */%!lbge{gvrhbigh rv pg
;6",
Eglek hetre { jdsb nbbl r{b ngpj el {ghrpegl dl` rl`b~jgagiblbgr{ kgl`epegl{, Cg~ bzdavhb( Hbu29 `b{k~enb` pjb
v~bvd~dpegl gc pjegdae`b{ c~ga dae`b{, Dhpjgrij pjb ~bdkpegl
rl`b~ khd{{ekdh kgl`epegl{ gkkr~{ el bzkbhhblp uebh`( pjb ~bdkpegl
peab kdl nb {jg~pblb` r{eli aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl *[kjbab 9%,
Pjb ~bdkpegl yd{ vb~cg~ab` el pghrblb dl`( d{ pje{ e{ lgp dl
gvpeara {ghsblp cg~ pjb dn{g~vpegl dl` `e{{evdpegl gc
aek~gydsb blb~iu( d {adhh dagrlp gc dl eglek hetre` {ghsblp
yd{ d` b` pg pjb ~bdkpegl aezpr~b pg bl{r~b bccekeblp jbdp
`e{p~enrpegl,
El pje{ ~bid~`( Hbd`nbdpb~2: {pr`eb` pjb r{b gc eglek hetre`{
d{ de { cg~ pjb aek~gydsb jbdpeli gc d lglvghd~ {ghsblp
*Pdnhb 0%, Ep yd{ {jgyl pjdp dvghd~ {ghsblp{ kdl( el d sb~u
{jg~p peab( nb jbdpb` pg pbavb~dpr~b{ ydu dngsb pjbe~ ngehelivgelp{ el {bdhb` sb{{bh{ r{eli d {adhh trdlpepu gc dl eglek
hetre , Ep yd{ cgrl` pjdp 6,> aagh gc eglek hetre` yd{ pjb
gvpeadh dagrlp pg jbdp > aH gc {ghsblp,
Pjb{b {ghsblp aezpr~b{ yb~b pb{pb` yepj {gab ag`bh
~bdkpegl{ {rkj d{ @ebh{Dh b~ kukhgd``epegl{( Aekjdbh d``e!
pegl{ dl` dhouhdpegl ~bdkpegl{,
Lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{
Pjb e{{rb gc lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{ *dh{g kdhhb` lgp vr~bhu pjb~adh
dl` {vbkecek aek~gydsb bccbkp{% e{ {pehh d kglp~gsb~{edh adppb~,
[bsb~dh pjbg~eb{ jdsb nbbl vg{prhdpb` dl` dh{g {gab v~b`ekpesb
ag`bh{ jdsb nbbl vrnhe{jb`,
[kjbab 2
[kjbab 3
[kjbab 9
Pdnhb 0 Pjb aek~gydsb jbdpeli bccbkp{ gc d``eli d {adhh trdlpepu gc4 dl` > pg jbzdlb( pghrblb( pjc dl` `egzdlb
[ghsblp EHd P EH'rK p'{bk P'rKn n,v,'rK
Jbzdlb 4 >49 46 03 35> >>: 42
Pghrblb 4 452 426 465 444> 4;6 426
Pjc 4 >3: 96 44> 33> >0> 36
@egzdlb 4 >30 56 93 464> >0: 56
d Eglek hetre 4 aagh aH>4 gc {ghsblp, n Pbavb~dpr~b ~bdkjb`yepjgrp eglek hetre`,
496 x Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662
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Hgrvu jd{ ~bkblphu vrnhe{jb` d pblpdpesb ~dpegldhe}dpegl gc
lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{,25 Pjb ldpr~b gc pjb aek~gydsb bccbkp yd{
{pr`eb` dl` khd{{eceb` kgl{e`b~eli pjb ~bdkpegl ab`era *vghd~
dl` dvghd~ {ghsblp{ dl` {ghsblp!c~bb ~bdkpegl{% dl` pjb
~bdkpegl abkjdle{a( e,b,( pjb vghd~epu gc pjb p~dl{epegl {pdpb
*e{gvghd~ dl` vghd~ p~dl{epegl {pdpb{% dl` pjb p~dl{epegl {pdpb
vg{epegl dhgli pjb ~bdkpegl kgg~ eldpb, Aek~gydsb bccbkp{
{jgrh` elk~bd{b el dvghd~ {ghsblp{ dl` {ghsblp!c~bb ~bdkpegl{(yepj vghd~ p~dl{epegl {pdpb{ dl` hdpb p~dl{epegl {pdpb{,
Lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{ jdsb nbbl blse{dib` pg jdsb {bsb~dh
g~eiel{, Jgybsb~( lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{ adu d~e{b dh{g c~ga
elpb~dkpegl{ nbpybbl pjb aek~gydsb cebh` dl` pjb adpb~edh(
{eaehd~ pg pjb~adh bccbkp{, El pje{ ~bid~`( aek~gydsb jbdpeli
{p~glihu elpb~cb~b{ yepj vg{{enhb lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{ dl` pjb{b
kdllgp nb bd{ehu {bvd~dpb` el abkjdle{pek {pr`eb{,
Sd~egr{ drpjg~{ jdsb v~gvg{b` pjdp kjdlib{ el pjb~ag!
`uldaek vd~dabpb~{ rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl d~b pjb kdr{b
gc pjb aek~gydsb bccbkp, Lbsb~pjbhb{{( `grnp jd{ {rn{b!
trblphu nbbl kd{p gl {gab gc pjb{b pjbg~eb{ nu gpjb~ drpjg~{
dl`( el`bb`( nu pjb g~eieldh drpjg~{ pjba{bhsb{, Mdkgn bp dh,36
vrnhe{jb` dl bzkbhhblp ~bseby gl {ulpjbpek ~b{rhp{ pg yjekj pjbaek~gydsb bccbkp jd{ nbbl dpp~enrpb`,
Nb~hdl bp dh,34 cgrl` pjdp el kukhgd``epegl ~bdkpegl{ kd~~eb`
grp rl`b~ ~bchrz el zuhblb g~ `enrpuh bpjb~ *[kjbab :% dp pjb
{dab pbavb~dpr~b( pjb ~bdkpegl ~dpb{ yb~b dhydu{ cd{pb~ rl`b~
aek~gydsb kgl`epegl{ pjdl yjbl r{eli khd{{ekdh jbdpeli
abpjg {, Pjb gn{b~sb` dkkbhb~dpegl e{ ag~b {eilecekdlp el
dvghd~ {ghsblp{( yjekj {jgy ybdo `ebhbkp~ek hg{{b{ *Cei, 5%,
Nbkdr{b gc pje{( pjb drpjg~{ v~gvg{b pjdp d ag`ecekdpegl pg
@I{ e{ v~g`rkb`( vg{{enhu pj~grij d kjdlib el pjb blp~gvu gc
pjb {u{pba, Pjbu dh{g {riib{p pjb bze{pblkb gc jgp {vgp{
dldhgigr{ pg pjg{b `b{k~enb` cg~ rhp~d{grl` kjbae{p~u,3>
[rn{btrblphu( [p~dr{{ bp dh,3; el`ekdpb` pjdp pjb oelbpek{ gc
pjb{b dl` gpjb~ ~bdkpegl{ d~b {eaehd~ rl`b~ aek~gydsbe~~d`edpegl dl` khd{{ekdh jbdpeli( yjekj ygrh` abdl pjdp pjb~b
e{ lg {vbkecek aek~gydsb bccbkp,
[eaehd~ ~b{rhp{ el pjb kukhgd``epegl gc kukhgvblpd`eblb yepj
abpjuh dk~uhdpb yb~b `b{k~enb` nu Ib`ub *[kjbab 5%,30
Aek~gydsb ~d`edpegl `gb{ lgp dhpb~ pjb bl`g'bzg {bhbkpesepu
dl` pjb kjdlib{ pjdp d~b gn{b~sb` kdl nb bzvhdelb` nu pjb cdkp
pjdp pjb ~bdkpegl{ rl`b~ aek~gydsb kgl`epegl{ gkkr~ dp jeijb~
pbavb~dpr~b{ pjdl pjg{b pdoeli vhdkb rl`b~ ~bchrz, Heobye{b(
Ngl`32 dl` [p~dr{{33(39 {jgyb` pjdp pjb ~dpb{ gc b{pb~ecekdpegl
~bdkpegl{ vb~cg~ab` el kd~bcrhhu kglp~ghhb {u{pba{ d~be`blpekdh el pjb v~b{blkb g~ dn{blkb gc aek~gydsb ~d`edpegl
dl` pjdp pjb celdh uebh`{ `bvbl` glhu gl pjb pbavb~dpr~b
v~gcehblgp gl pjb ag`b gc jbdpeli,
[rl bp dh,3: {jgyb` pjdp pjb ~dpb gc ju`~ghu{e{ gc DPV e{
>2 peab{ cd{pb~ rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl pjdl yepj
khd{{ekdh jbdpeli dp kgavd~dnhb pbavb~dpr~b{, Pjb drpjg~{
dpp~enrpb pje{ cdkp pg pjb `e~bkp dn{g~vpegl gc ~d`edpegl g~ pg
{bhbkpesb bzkepdpegl gc pjb ydpb~ gc ju`~dpegl gsb~ pjb nrho
{ghrpegl, Pjbu vgelp grp pjdp {vbkp~g{kgvek jbdpeli *nu
aek~gydsb{% kdl elk~bd{b pjb oelbpek blb~iu gc pjb {ghsblp
pj~grij `e~bkp dn{g~vpegl gc pjb e~~d`edpb blb~iu, Glb gc
pjb drpjg~{ hdpb~ {jgyb`35 pjdp pjb ~dpb gc ju`~ghu{e{ {ghbhu
`bvbl`{ gl pjb pbavb~dpr~b dl` lgp gl pjb abpjg` gcjbdpeli,
Jdmbo {pr`eb` pjb jdhgibldpegl gc dhoblb{ yepj pbp~djdhg!
abpjdlb{ el jgagiblbgr{ kgl`epegl{ dl` cgrl` pjdp pjb
jeijb{p ~dpb bljdlkbablp{ yb~b ~bkg~`b` el pjb v~b{blkb gc
vghd~ {ghsblp{,96 El pjb{b jgagiblbgr{ kgl`epegl{( ~dpb
bljdlkbablp {bba{ pg nb kdr{b` adelhu nu d pjb~adh `ebhbkp~ek
jbdpeli bccbkp ~b{rhpeli c~ga pjb bccbkpesb kgrvheli gc aek~g!
ydsb{ pg vghd~ {ghsblp{, El jbpb~giblbgr{ ~bdkpegl{ pjb
v~b{blkb gc jgp {vgp{ dl` {bhbkpesb jbdpeli {jgrh` nb
~b{vgl{enhb cg~ pjb gn{b~sb` dkkbhb~dpegl,96 Pje{ bccbkp yd{
dh{g gn{b~sb` el pjb dhouhdpegl gc {bkgl`d~u daelb{ gl
}bghepb{( yjb~b pbavb~dpr~b i~d eblp{ gc rv pg >6 rK yb~b
gn{b~sb` el pjb {davhb{,[gab drpjg~{
94(9>jdsb {riib{pb` pjdp pjb `e~bkp dkpesdpegl
gc glb g~ ngpj ~bdiblp{ el pjb ~eli khg{eli abpdpjb{e{ v~gkb{{
[kjbab :
Cei, 5 Kglsb~{egl s{, peab el pjb kukhgd``epegl gc >(;!`eabpjuhnrpd`eblb yepj abpjuh dk~uhdpb,
[kjbab 5
Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662 Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: x 494
8/3/2019 Antonio de la Hoz, Angel Diaz-Ortiz and Andres Moreno- Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non-thermal
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*e,b,( pjb kdpdhu{p dl 'g~ pjb ghbcel% e{ ~b{vgl{enhb cg~ pjb
gn{b~sb` ~dpb bljdlkbablp{ el pje{ ~bdkpegl *[kjbab 46%,
Odvvb bp dh,9; vb~cg~ab` d ~belsb{peidpegl gc aek~gydsb!
d{{e{pb` ^KA, Pjbu {jgyb` pjdp dn{g~vpegl gc aek~gydsb
~d edpegl nu pjb I~rnn{ kdpdhu{p yd{ lbiheienhb dl`( el
kglp~d{p( pjb `eblb {jgyb` {eilecekdlp aek~gydsb dn{g~vpegl
dl` dkpb` d{ d aghbkrhd~ ~d`edpg~, Jgybsb~( ep yd{ dh{g
`bagl{p~dpb` pjdp rl b~ pjb~adh kgl`epegl{ pjb ~b{rhp{
kg~~b{vgl b` pg pjg{b gnpdelb` el pjb aek~gydsb jbdpeli
bzvb~eablp{, Pje{ {jgyb` pjdp ep e{ rleavg~pdlp yjbpjb~ pjb
blb~iu e{ `e~bkphu p~dl{cb~~b` pg glb gc pjb ~bdkpdlp{ g~ pg pjb
nrho {ghsblp nu pjb~adh aek~gydsb jbdpeli,Cr~pjb~ag~b( Odvvb{ ~b{rhp{ c~ga d {pr`u gc pjb Neielbhhe
~bdkpegl d~b khbd~ *[kjbab 44%?90 pjb oelbpek bzvb~eablp{ {jgy
pjdp pjb~b e{ lg dvv~bkednhb `eccb~blkb el ~bdkpegl ~dpb{ dl`
uebh`{ nbpybbl ~bdkpegl{ kd~~eb` grp rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~d`ed!
pegl dl` pjb~adh jbdpeli dp e`blpekdh pbavb~dpr~b{, Pje{ ~b{rhp
e{ rl`b~{pdl dnhb {elkb d vghd~ {ghsblp *bpjdlgh% yd{ r{b`(
abdleli pjdp pjb ~d`edpegl yd{ dn{g~nb` nu pjb {ghsblp dl`
pjb~adh blb~iu p~dl{aeppb pg pjb ~bdiblp{ nu kglsblpegldh
abkjdle{a{ *kglsbkpegl dl` kgl`rkpegl% ~dpjb~ pjdl nu
`ebhbkp~ek hg{{b{,
El pje{ ~b{vbkp( ngpj Nb~hdl92 dl` [p~dr{{: ~rhb grp pjb
vg{{enehepu pjdp aek~gydsb ~d edpegl kdl bzkepb ~gpdpegldh
p~dl{epegl{, Yjbl d kgavgrl` dn{g~n{ aek~gydsb{( pjb
`ebhbkp~ek jbdpeli kdr{b{ dl elk~bd{b el pjb pbavb~dpr~b gc pjb
{u{pba, Yjbl pjb elpb~ldh blb~iu gc pjb {u{pba e{ ~de{b` ep e{
`e{p~enrpb` dagli p~dl{hdpegldh( ~gpdpegldh g~ sen~dpegldh
blb~ieb{ ~bid~`hb{{ gc pjb ag`b gc jbdpeli, Kgl{btrblphu( ep
yd{ kglkhr`b` pjdp oelbpek `eccb~blkb{ {jgrh` lgp nb bzvbkpb`
nbpybbl ~bdkpegl{ jbdpb` nu aek~gydsb{ g~ nu khd{{ekdh jbdpeli
ec pjb pbavb~dpr~b e{ olgyl dl` pjb {ghrpegl e{ pjb~adhhu
jgagiblbgr{,
[eaehd~hu( [prb~id el`ekdpb` pjdp dn{g~vpegl gc aek~gydsb
vjgpgl{ kdllgp el`rkb dlu kjbaekdh ngl` n~bdoeli *Pdnhb 2%
dl` pjb bhbkp~ek cebh` e{ pgg hgy pg hbd` pg el`rkb` g~idle}dpegl,
Ag~bgsb~( el kgl`bl{b` vjd{b{ pjb kghhe{egl ~dpb el rkb{p~dl{cb~ nbpybbl ~gpdpegldh dl` sen~dpegldh vjd{b{, Jblkb( ep
yd{ kglkhr b` pjdp dl bhbkp~ek cebh` kdllgp v~g`rkb dlu
aghbkrhd~ bccbkp,93(99 Aghbkrhd~ bccbkp{ ~b{rhpeli c~ga pjb
aek~gydsb cebh` kgrh`( jgybsb~( nb gn{b~sb` cg~ d ab`era
pjdp `gb{ lgp jbdp rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl,
Jgybsb~( Aeohdsk9: dldhu{b` pjb ~gpdpegldh `bvbl`blkb gc
G / JKh *@Kh% D GJ *G@% / Kh ~bdkpegl{ vb~cg~ab` gl d
ag`bh vgpblpedh blb~iu {r~cdkb dl` kglkhr`b pjdp ad~ob`
dkkbhb~dpegl{ gc kjbaekdh ~bdkpegl{ adu gkkr~ pj~grij pjb
bccbkp{ gc ~gpdpegldh bzkepdpegl gl kghhe{egl ibgabp~u,
Aghbkrhd~ diepdpegl dl` agnehepu d~b cdkpg~{ pjdp jdsb dh{g
nbbl r{b pg bzvhdel pjb bccbkp{ dpp~enrpb pg aek~gydsb
~d`edpegl,
Pjb pjb~adh `bkgavg{epegl gc {g era nekd~ngldpb jd{
~bkblphu nbbl {pr`eb` *[kjbab 4>%,95
Pjb drpjg~{ cgrl` pjdp pjb dkpesdpegl blb~iu gc pjb ~bdkpegle{ ~b`rkb nu aek~gydsb ~d edpegl *Cei, 46%, Iesbl pjdp
pbavb~dpr~b kglp~gh e{ k~rkedh el pjb{b bzvb~eablp{( pjb drpjg~{
bl bdsgr~b` pg bl{r~b pjb ~bhednehepu gc pjb pbavb~dpr~b
`bpb~aeldpegl ngpj el pjb {vdpedh dl` peab `gadel{,
Dhpjgrij pjb abkjdle{a e{ lgp ybhh rl`b~{pgg`( pjb dvvhekd!
pegl gc d aek~gydsb cebh` pg `ebhbkp~ek adpb~edh{ el`rkb{ ~dve`
~gpdpegl gc pjb vghd~e{b` `evghb{ el pjb aghbkrhb{, Pje{
iblb~dpb{ jbdp `rb pg c~ekpegl yjehb {earhpdlbgr{hu elk~bd{eli
pjb v~gndnehepu gc kglpdkp nbpybbl aghbkrhb{ dl` dpga{( pjr{
[kjbab 46
[kjbab 44
Pdnhb 2 Blb~iu gc `eccb~blp ngl`{
N~gyledlagpegl
Ju`~giblngl`
Kgsdhblpngl`
Eglekngl Vjgpgl
Blb~iu'bS u6,6>2*>66 O%
u6,606,00 u2,6 u9,3 6,66664
Blb~iu'oM agh>4 4,30 u;,:0,> u0:6 u9;6
Cei, 46 D~~jbler{ vhgp gc LdJKG; {ghrpegl,
[kjbab 4>
49> x Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662
8/3/2019 Antonio de la Hoz, Angel Diaz-Ortiz and Andres Moreno- Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non-thermal
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bljdlkeli dl` ~b`rkeli pjb ~bdkpegl ~dpb dl` dkpesdpegl
blb~iu( ~b{vbkpesbhu,
Jgybsb~( dcpb~ {pr`ueli pjb {ulpjb{e{ gc pepdlera kd~ne`b(
K~g{{:6 kglkhr`b` pjdp aghbkrhd~ agnehepu kdl elk~bd{b el pjb
v~b{blkb gc d aek~gydsb cebh dl` pjdp el pje{ kd{b ep e{
pjb D~~jbler{ v~b!bzvglblpedh cdkpg~ D pjdp kjdlib{ dl` lgp
pjb blb~iu gc dkpesdpegl *btl, *4%%,
O2 D b>@I'^P( D 2 kh> K( k 2 ibgabp~ek cdkpg~ pjdp elkhr`b{pjb lranb~ gc lbd~b{p!lbeijngr~ mrav {epb{( h 2 `e{pdlkbnbpybbl `eccb~blp d`mdkblp hdppekb vhdlb{ *mrav `e{pdlkb%(
K2 mrav c~btrblku, *4%
Dl elk~bd{b nu d cdkpg~ gc ;,; el pjb D~~jbler{ v~b!
bzvglblpedh cdkpg~ kgrh` bzvhdel pjb dkkbhb~dpegl el ~bdkpegl
~dpb gnpdelb` yepj aek~gydsb{,
Pjb D~~jbler{ v~b!bzvglblpedh cdkpg~ `bvbl { gl pjb
c~btrblku gc sen~dpegl gc pjb dpga{ dp pjb ~bdkpegl elpb~cdkb
dl` ep jd{ pjb~bcg~b nbbl v~gvg{b` pjdp pje{ cdkpg~ kdl nb
dccbkpb` nu d aek~gydsb cebh`,
Pjb r{b gc aek~gydsb{ hbd`{ pg d pbavb~dpr~b ~b`rkpegl gc
:6466 rK el pjb {elpb~eli pbavb~dpr~b gc vd~pedhhu {pdnehe}b`
}e~kgled(:4 dl bccbkp pjdp e{ lgl!pjb~adh el ldpr~b, Y~gb bp dh,:4
{jgyb` pjdp d aek~gydsb cebh` eav~gsb{ bepjb~ pjb sghrab g~
i~del!ngrl`d~u abkjdle{a ~dpjb~ pjdl eav~gseli `eccr{egl dp
pjb {r~cdkb( pjdp e{ `gaeldlp dp hgy pbavb~dpr~b{, Aek~gydsb{
v~bcb~blpedhhu elk~bd{b pjb chrz gc sdkdlkeb{ yepjel i~del
ngrl`d~eb{ el pjb {davhb,
Gpjb~ bzdavhb{ jdsb nbbl cgrl` gc ~b{rhp{ pjdp kdllgp nb
bzvhdelb` {ghbhu nu d pjb~adh bccbkp, El d {pr`u gl pjb
arpd~gpdpegl gc d!@!ihrkg{b pg n!@!ihrkg{b *Cei, 44%(
Vdilgpd:> cgrl` pjdp el BpGJJ>G *4 = 4% pjb r{b gc
aek~gydsb{ hb`( dvd~p c~ga d ag~b ~dve btrehen~dpegl
kgavd~b` pg kglsblpegldh jbdpeli( pg d ag`ecekdpegl gc pjbbtrehen~era vg{epegl pg d vgelp yjb~b d hd~ib~ dagrlp gcd!@!
ihrkg{b yd{ gnpdelb` pjdl rl`b~ khd{{ekdh jbdpeli *Cei, 44%,
Pje{ bzp~dg~ eld~u bccbkp kdllgp nb bzvhdelb` nu d khd{{ekdh
jbdpeli bccbkp dl` e{ pjb khbd~b{p bzdavhb gc d vg{{enhb {vbkecek
dkpegl k~bdpb` nu d aek~gydsb ~d`edpegl cebh`,
Dlgpjb~ elpb~b{peli {pr`u yd{ ~bvg~pb` nu ]jdli:;
gl pjb{ulpjb{e{ gc d~gadpek b{pb~{ nu b{pb~ecekdpegl gc nbl}gek dke`{ el
~bchrzeli dhkgjgh{, Pjb drpjg~{ r{b` aek~gydsb ~d`edpegl dp d
c~btrblku gc 4 IJ}( yjb~b pjb~b e{ lg aek~gydsb jbdpeli
dkpegl nrp glhu dl dpjb~adh aek~gydsb bccbkp, Elpb~b{pelihu(
rl`b~ pjb{b kgl`epegl{ d ~b`rkpegl el ~bdkpegl peab yd{ {pehh
gn{b~sb` *[kjbab 4;%,
Gpjb~ ~bvg~p{ elkhr`b lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{ el {ghe vjd{b
{bvd~dpegl v~gkb{{b{(:0 vd~pepegleli gc v!lep~gdlehelb
nbpybbl v{br`g!vjd{b{(:2 {p~rkpr~dh p~dl{cg~adpegl{ el
davjevjehek nehdub~{(:3 dl` v~gpbel!kdpdhu{b` b{pb~ecekdpegl{
dl` p~dl{b{pb~ecekdpegl{,:9
Glb vg{{enhb {ghrpegl pg pjb elpb~cb~blkb gc pjb~adh bccbkp{
{bba{ pg nb pjb elsb{peidpegl gc {vel `uldaek{ gc vjgpg!kjbaekdhhu iblb~dpb` ne~d ekdh{, Vjgpgkjbaekdh ~bdkpegl{
aeijp nb dkkbhb~dpb` nu aek~gydsb p~bdpablp ec pjbu vd{{
pj~grij vghd~ p~dl{epegl {pdpb{ dl` elpb~ab`edpb{( b,i,( egl{ g~
egl!~d`ekdh{,::
El d vjgpgkjbaekdh ~bdkpegl glhu d vde~ gc lbrp~dh ~d`ekdh{
yepj {elihbp arhpevhekepu yehh ~bkganelb, D p~evhbp vde~
elpb~{u{pba k~g{{b{ elpg pjb {elihbp vde~ g~ b{kdvb{ pjb {ghsblp
kdib dl` ~bdkp{ el`bvbl`blphu dp d hdpb~ {pdib *Cei, 4>%,
Pjb elk~bd{eli bccekeblku gc p~evhbp!pg!{elihbp elpb~kglsb~{egl
*aezeli gc {pdpb{% hbd`{ pg d ag~b ~dve` ~bkganeldpegl ~bdkpegl
dl` sekb sb~{d, Ep e{ lgy ybhh b{pdnhe{jb` pjdp d {pdpek adilbpek
cebh` kdl elchrblkb elpb~{u{pba k~g{{eli el ne~d`ekdh{ *adilbpek
cebh bccbkp( ACB% dl` pje{ bccbkp jd{ nbbl {rkkb{{crhhuelpb~v~bpb` el pb~a{ gc pjb ~d ekdh vde~ abkjdle{a, Pje{
kglkbvp jd{ bldnhb` pjb bzvhdldpegl gc lrkhbd~ dl` bhbkp~glek
{vel vghd~e}dpegl `r~eli kjbaekdh ~bdkpegl{( b,i, kjbaekdhhu
el`rkb` `uldaek vghd~e}dpegl *KE@LV% g~ ~bdkpegl uebh !
`bpbkpb` adilbpek ~b{gldlkb *^U@AD^%,
Pjb aek~gydsb cebh`( yjekj e{ el ~b{gldlkb yepj pjb blb~iu
idv{ nbpybbl pjb p~evhbp {pdpb{ *P/4 g~ P>4% dl` P6( p~dl{cb~{
pjb bzkb{{ vgvrhdpegl c~ga pjb P/4 g~ P>4 {pdpb{ ndko pg d
aezb` {pdpb, Dvvhekdpegl gc d {p~gli adilbpek cebh` pg pjb
{elihbp!ng~l ~d`ekdh vde~ hbd`{ pg dl elk~bd{b el pjb v~gndnehepu
gc ~bkganeldpegl( yjekj kdl( jgybsb~( dh{g nb kglp~ghhb` nu
aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl *Cei, 4;%,
Cei, 44 d!@!ihrkg{b = n!@!ihrkg{b ~dpeg s{, peab, " Aek~gydsb
jbdpeli,#Kglsblpegldh jbdpeli,
[kjbab 4;
Cei, 4> [kjbadpek ehhr{p~dpegl gc adilbpek cebh` dl` aek~gydsb
bccbkp{ el ~d`ekdh!vde~ kjbae{p~u,
Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662 Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: x 49;
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Pjb{b aek~gydsb!el`rkb` {vel `uldaek{ kdl nb kgl{e`b~b`
d{ dl d~kjbpuvb gc d lgl!pjb~adh aek~gydsb bccbkp, Dl
elpb~b{peli bzdavhb gc pje{ nbjdsegr~ yd{ `b{k~enb` nu
Yd{ebhby{oe(:5 yjg {jgyb` pjdp pjb `r~dpegl gc vjgpg{ul!
pjbpek kjd~ib {bvd~dpegl kdl nb kglp~ghhb yepj aek~gydsbe~~d`edpegl? glb aek~g{bkgl` aek~gydsb vrh{b{ yb~b r{b` pjdp
vg{{b{{b` vgyb~{ rv pg >6 oY, [eaehd~hu( Pdleagpg {jgyb`
pjdp pjb hecbpeab{ gc ne~d`ekdh{ kdl nb kglp~ghhb` nu pjb
{earhpdlbgr{ dvvhekdpegl gc adilbpek cebh { dl` aek~gydsb
~d`edpegl? yjbl pjb aek~gydsb blb~iu kgelke`b{ ~b{gldlphu
yepj pjb blb~ieb{ nbpybbl pjb p~evhbp {rnhbsbh{( pjb B[^
p~dl{epegl gkkr~{ dl` pjb p~evhbp {rnhbsbh{ kdl aez yepj d
{elihbp {pdpb,56
V~b`ekpesb ag`bh{
D lranb~ gc pjbg~eb{ jdsb nbbl `bsbhgvb` el g~`b~ pg v~b`ekp
pjb elke blkb gc lgl!pjb~adh aek~gydsb bccbkp{ el ~bdkpesepudl` {bhbkpesepu, El pje{ ~b{vbkp( {vbkedh ablpegl {jgrh` nb ad`b
gc ~bdkpegl{ yjb~b pjb {bhbkpesepu e{ ag`eceb` g~ elsb~pb`,54
[bsb~dh ~bvg~p{ el`ekdpb pjdp pjb kjbag!( ~bieg! dl` {pb~bg!
{bhbkpesepu kdl nb ag eceb` nu aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl,545;
Cg~ bzdavhb( Ng{b `b{k~enb` ~bdkpegl{ nbpybbl dke` kjhg~e`b{
dl` [kjecc nd{b{ yjb~b pjb {pb~bg{bhbkpesepu `bvbl { gl pjb
g~`b~ gc d``epegl gc pjb ~bdiblp{ *[kjbab 40%,50(52 Yjbl pjb
kgl`bl{dpegl yd{ kgl`rkpb` nu d lg~adh d``epegl {btrblkb
*e,b, dke kjhg~e b hd{p%( glhu pjb ke{ n!hdkpda yd{ cg~ab ,
Jgybsb~( ec pjb elsb~{b d``epegl pbkjletrb *p~ebpjuhdaelb
hd{p% yd{ r{b`( ;6" ke{ dl` 96" p~dl{ n!hdkpda{ yb~b gnpdelb`
rl`b~ pjb {dab kgl`epegl{, Yjbl pjb ~bdkpegl yd{ kgl`rkpb`
el d aek~gydsb gsbl r{eli kjhg~gnbl}blb( pjb ~dpeg gc p~dl{
dl` ke{ n!hdkpda{ yd{ 56 = 46 e~~b{vbkpesb gc pjb g~`b~ gc
d``epegl, Ag~bgsb~( e{gab~e}dpegl pg pjb pjb~ag`uldaekdhhu
ag~b {pdnhb p~dl{ n!hdkpda `e` lgp gkkr~,
Kg{{g bzvhdelb` pje{ bccbkp nu kgl{e b~eli pjdp rl b~
aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl pjb ~grpb elsghseli `e~bkp ~bdkpegl
nbpybbl pjb dkuh kjhg~e`b dl` pjb eaelb( e,b,( pjb ag~b vghd~
~grpb( kgavbpb{ bccekeblphu yepj pjb obpblbeaelb ~bdkpegl
vdpjydu *[kjbab 42%,53
Hdlid `b{k~enb` jgy pjb kukhgd``epegl gc
L!abpjuhd}gabpjelb uhe`b{ pg K96 idsb pj~bb ~biege{gab~{ d
k nu dppdko dp pjb 4>( 23 dl` 9>4 ngl`{ *[kjbab 43%,59
Rl`b~ kglsblpegldh jbdpeli pjb 9>4 e{gab~ yd{ cg~ab` el
glhu d hgy v~gvg~pegl dl` pjb 4> e{gab~ yd{ cgrl` pg
v~b`gaeldpb, Pjb r{b gc aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl el kglmrlkpeglyepj G@KN( yjekj dn{g~n{ aek~gydsb{ bccekeblphu( idsb ~e{b pg
{eilecekdlp kjdlib{, El kglp~d{p pg khd{{ekdh kgl`epegl{( e{gab~
k yd{ lgp cg~ab` rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl ~bid~`hb{{ gc
pjb e~~d`edpegl vgyb~ dl` e{gab~ n v~b`gaeldpb` dp jeijb~
vgyb~ *[kjbab 43 dl` Cei, 40%,
D kgavrpdpegldh {pr`u gl pjb ag`b gc kukhgd` epegl
{jgyb` pjdp pjb ~bdkpegl e{ {pbvye{b( yepj pjb ce~{p {pbv
kgl{e{peli gc d lrkhbgvjehek dppdko gl pjb d}gabpjelb uhe`b,
Cei, 4; [kjbadpek ehhr{p~dpegl gc adilbpek cebh` dl` aek~gydsb
bccbkp{ el ~d`ekdh!vde~ kjbae{p~u,
[kjbab 40
[kjbab 42
[kjbab 43
Cei, 404J LA^ ~biegl gc pjb abpjuh i~grv= *d% khd{{ekdh jbdpeli el
pghrblb d{ d {ghsblp( *n% khd{{ekdh jbdpeli el G@KN d{ d {ghsblp( dl` *k%
aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl el G@KN dp 4:6 Y( ;6 ael, ^bv~elpb` yepj
vb~ae{{egl c~ga ~bc, 59, Kgvu~eijp *>666% Dab~ekdl Kjbaekdh [gkebpu,
490 x Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662
8/3/2019 Antonio de la Hoz, Angel Diaz-Ortiz and Andres Moreno- Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non-thermal
12/15
Pjb ag{p lbidpesb kjd~ib gc pjb crhhb~blb agebpu el pjb
p~dl{epegl {pdpb{ d dl` n e{ hgkdpb` gl pjb kd~ngl d`mdkblp pg
pjb kd~nglkd~ngl ngl` nbeli cg~ab`, El p~dl{epegl {pdpb k(
jgybsb~( pjb lbidpesb kjd~ib e{ `bhgkdhe}b` pj~grijgrp pjb
yjghb K96 {rnrlep, Pjb ~bhdpesb ~dpeg gc e{gab~{ dk e{ ~bhdpb`
pg pjb i~bdpb{p jd~`lb{{( dl` ep{ cg~adpegl {jgrh` nb cdsgr~b`
rl b~ aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl, Ep e{ lgpbyg~pju pjdp vr~bhu
pjb~adh d~irablp{ v~b`ekp pjb v~b gaeldlkb gc k rl`b~aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl( yjekj e{ pjb gvvg{epb gc pjb ~b{rhp
cgrl` bzvb~eablpdhhu,
Pje{ ag`bh yd{ r{b` nu @d}!G~pe}5: el pjb v~bvd~dpegl gc
lep~gv~ghelb b{pb~{ nu pjb 4(;!`evghd~ kukhgd``epegl gc eaelb{
*`b~esb` c~ga d!daelgb{pb~{% yepj n!lep~g{pu~blb{ el pjb
dn{blkb gc {ghsblp *[kjbab 49%, Kglsblpegldh jbdpeli v~g!
`rkb` e{gab~{ d dl` n( d{ bzvbkpb ( nu pjb bl`g dl` bzg
dvv~gdkjb{, Jgybsb~( rl b~ aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl d lby
kgavgrl`e{gab~ k yd{ gnpdelb`, Ep yd{ {jgyl pjdp pje{
e{gab~ d~e{b{ c~ga d pjb~adh e{gab~e}dpegl gc pjb eaelb nu
~gpdpegl el pjb kd~ngzuhek vd~p gc pjb uhe`b, E{gab~ k e{ pjbl
v~g`rkb` nu dl bl`g dvv~gdkj, Cg~adpegl gc pjb {bkgl`
`evghb bzkhr{esbhu rl b~ aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl {jgrh` nb~bhdpb` pg ep{ jeijb~ vghd~epu( jd~`lb{{ dl` hgyb~ vghd~e}dnehepu
pjdl pjb ce~{p `evghb,
Bhdl`b~55 `b{k~enb` d trdlpra kjbaekdh ag`bh gc dl [L>
~bdkpegl *Kh> / KJ;KhD% el d aek~gydsb cebh` el g~`b~ pg
{pr`u pjb bccbkp gc aek~gydsb ~d`edpegl gl {bhbkpesepu, El d
{eaehd~ ydu pg Hdlid(59 d sd~edpegl gc pjb vghd~e}dnehepu yd{
gn{b~sb`, Jgybsb~( pjb vb~vbl`ekrhd~ kgavglblp e{ v~dkpe!
kdhhu rlkjdlib` `r~eli pjb ~bdkpegl, Pjb vghd~e}dnehepu
kgavglblp( yjekj e{ vd~dhhbh pg pjb ~bdkpegl kgg~`eldpb(
elk~bd{b{ `~dadpekdhhu yjbl pjb {u{pba v~gkbb { dhgli pjb
~bdkpegl vdpj, Pje{ vd~dabpb~ elk~bd{b{ c~ga dxx 2 ;0 dr el pjb
{pd~peli adpb~edh{ pg 5> dr cg~ pjb p~dl{epegl {pdpb ibgabp~u, D
{eilecekdlp elk~bd{b gkkr~{ mr{p dcpb~ pjb sdl `b~ Yddh{
aeleara( yjb~b pjb vgpblpedh blb~iu {pd~p{ pg i~gy dl` pjb
ag{p eavg~pdlp kjbaekdh p~dl{cg~adpegl `bsbhgv{,
Pjb drpjg~{ bavjd{e}b pjb eavg~pdlkb gc pdoeli elpg
kgl{e b~dpegl {ghsblp bccbkp{ dl`( el d``epegl( pjb cghhgyeli
vgelp{ yb~b b{pdnhe{jb`=
*e% C~ga pjb {pr`u gc pjb id{ vjd{b ~bdkpegl kgavhbz( pjbukglkhr`b` pjdp pjb bccbkp{ gc el`rkb` `evghb agablp gl pjb
aek~gydsb blb~iu dn{g~vpegl d~b lbiheienhb yjbl kgavd~b` pg
pjb aek~gydsb blb~iu dn{g~vpegl kdr{b nu pjb vb~adlblp
`evghb agablp,
*ee% Pjb {pr`u gc pjb lgl!id{ vjd{b blse~glablp {jgrh`
elkhr`b {ghsdpegl {jbhh{, Pjb ag`bh{ gc pjb ydpb~!{ghsdpb`
~bdkpegl kgavhbzb{ yb~b dhh {jgyl pg vg{{b{{ hgy c~btrblku
sen~dpegl{ g~ jel`b~b` ~gpdpegl{ yepj c~btrblkeb{ gsb~hdvveli
pjdp gc pjb aek~gydsb ~d`edpegl puvekdhhu r{b` el aek~gydsb!
bljdlkb` kjbae{p~u,
Kgl{e`b~eli dhh pjb{b vgelp{( ep yd{ kglkhr`b` pjdp dn{g~v!
pegl gc aek~gydsb vjgpgl{ adu vhdu dl eavg~pdlp ~ghb el pjb{b
puvb{ gc ~bdkpegl{,Hgrvu466 `b{k~enb` pjb ~bdkpegl gc 4!bpjgzukd~ngluhkukhg!
jbzd`eblb( ;!bpjgzukd~ngluh!d!vu~glb dl` >!abpjgzupjeg!
vjblb el {ghsblp!c~bb kgl epegl{ dl` `bagl{p~dpb` pjb
gkkr~~blkb gc d aek~gydsb bccbkp *[kjbab 4:%, @ebh{Dh b~
kukhgd``epegl ~bdkpegl{ gkkr~~b` dl`( el pjb kd{b gc >!abpjgz!
upjegvjblb( kgavbpepegl yepj Aekjdbh d``epegl yd{ gn{b~sb`,
Bse`blkb cg~ d aek~gydsb bccbkp yd{ lgp cgrl` el pjb ce~{p
~bdkpegl, Jgybsb~( el pjb ~bdkpegl yepj d!vu~glb d {eilecekdlp
elk~bd{b el uebh` yd{ gn{b~sb`( dhpjgrij pjb {bhbkpesepu yd{ lgp
i~bdphu elchrblkb`, Pjb ag`ecekdpegl gc {bhbkpesepu yd{ glhu
gn{b~sb` gl elk~bd{eli pjb vghd~epu gc pjb {ghsblp, Celdhhu(
aek~gydsb bccbkp{ yb~b cgrl` el pjb ~bdkpegl yepj pjegvjblb
dl` pjb{b elchrblkb` ngpj ~bdkpesepu dl` {bhbkpesepu, Pjb bccbkpgl uebh` yd{ {adhh el pjb @ebh{Dh`b~ ~bdkpegl nrp yd{ cgrl`
pg nb jeijb~ el pjb Aekjdbh d``epegl, Pje{ v~gkb{{ yd{
cdsgr~b` rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl yjbl r{eli dkbpek dke`
d{ pjb {ghsblp,
Pjb drpjg~{ khdea pjdp jeijb~ uebh`{ dl` ag`ecekdpegl{ el
{bhbkpesepu d~b ~bhdpb` pg pjb sd~edpegl gc pjb `evghd~ agablp
c~ga pjb i~grl` {pdpb pg pjb p~dl{epegl {pdpb *Pdnhb 3%,
Pjb{b ~b{rhp{ d~b el di~bbablp yepj pjb trdhepdpesb pjbg~u
v~gvg{b` nu Hgrvu(25 el yjekj pjb cghhgyeli vgelp{ yb~b
b{pdnhe{jb`=
*e% Pjb dkkbhb~dpegl gc ~bdkpegl{ nu aek~gydsb bzvg{r~b
~b{rhp{ c~ga adpb~edh!ydsb elpb~dkpegl{ hbd eli pg pjb~adh
bccbkp{ *yjekj adu nb bd{ehu b{peadpb` nu pbavb~dpr~babd{r~bablp{% dl` {vbkecek *e,b,( lgp vr~bhu pjb~adh% bccbkp{,
Khbd~hu( d kganeldpegl gc pjb{b pyg kglp~enrpegl{ kgrh` nb
~b{vgl{enhb cg~ pjb gn{b~sb` bccbkp{,
*ee% Ec pjb vghd~epu gc d {u{pba e{ bljdlkb` c~ga pjb i~grl`
{pdpb pg pjb p~dl{epegl {pdpb( {rkj d kjdlib kgrh` ~b{rhp el dl
dkkbhb~dpegl `rb pg dl elk~bd{b el adpb~edh!ydsb elpb~dkpegl{
`r~eli pjb kgr~{b gc pjb ~bdkpegl, Pjb ag{p c~btrblphu
blkgrlpb~b` kd{b{ kglkb~l rleaghbkrhd~ g~ neaghbkrhd~ ~bdk!
pegl{ nbpybbl lbrp~dh aghbkrhb{ *d{ `evghb{ d~b `bsbhgvb` el
pjb P[% dl` dleglek ~bdkpegl{ gc peijp egl vde~{e,b,( elsghseli
kjd~ib!hgkdhe}b` dlegl{ *hbd eli pg eglek `e{{gkedpegl el pjb
P[%, Pjb{b {u{pba{ kgrh` nb ag~b eavg~pdlp el kd{b{ yepj d[kjbab 49
Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662 Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: x 492
8/3/2019 Antonio de la Hoz, Angel Diaz-Ortiz and Andres Moreno- Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non-thermal
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v~g`rkp!heob P[( d {eprdpegl el di~bbablp yepj pjb Jdaagl`
vg{prhdpb,
*eee% Nu cd~ pjb ag{p r{bcrh {kbld~eg e{ ~bhdpb` pg {ghsblp!c~bb
kgl`epegl{ *i~bbl kjbae{p~u v~gkb`r~b{% d{ aek~gydsb bccbkp{
d~b lgp ad{ob` g~ heaepb` nu {ghsblp bccbkp{dhpjgrij lgl!
vghd~ {ghsblp{ kdl( gc kgr~{b( dhydu{ nb r{b`, Adlu puvb{ gc
kd~bcrhhu kglp~ghhb bzvb~eablp{ lbb pg nb vb~cg~ab (
jgybsb~( pg bsdhrdpb pjb ~bdhepu dl` heaepdpegl{ gc pje{
dvv~gdkj el g~`b~ pg adob sdhe` kgavd~e{gl{,
*es% Pjb adilepr`b gc d {vbkecek aek~gydsb bccbkp kgrh` nb
el`ekdpesb gc d vghd~ abkjdle{a g~ pg e`blpecu pjb ~dpb!
`bpb~aeleli {pbv el d v~gkb`r~b elsghseli {bsb~dh {pbv{,
Kglkhr{egl
El kglkhr{egl( aek~gydsb ~d`edpegl kdl nb r{b` pg eav~gsbv~gkb{{b{ dl` ag`ecu {bhbkpesepeb{ el ~bhdpegl pg kglsblpegldh
jbdpeli, D kgavhbpb {r~sbu gc pjb dvvhekdpegl{ dl` d`sdlpdib{
gc r{eli aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl el g~idlek {ulpjb{e{ jd{ nbbl
vrnhe{jb` el d ~bkblp nggo,; Ep e{ vg{{enhb pg pdob d`sdlpdib gc
ngpj pjb~adh dl` lgl!pjb~adh bccbkp{ pg gnpdel pjb `b{e~b`
~b{rhp{, Gsb~jbdpeli gc vghd~ {ghsblp{ dl` jgp {vgp{ el {ghsblp!
c~bb kgl`epegl{ kdl nb r{b` pg dkkbhb~dpb ~bdkpegl{ dl` dh{g pg
dsge` `bkgavg{epegl gc pjb~adhhu rl{pdnhb kgavgrl {, Pjb
elk~bd{b` agnehepu el {ghe`{ jd{ nbbl r{b` pg gnpdel hb{{ jd~{j
~bdkpegl kgl epegl{ rl`b~ aek~gydsb e~~d edpegl, Dh{g( pjb
{bhbkpesb jbdpeli el`rkb nu aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl kdl nb
bzvhgepb` pg jbdp vghd~ {rn{pdlkb{ el pjb v~b{blkb gc dvghd~
glb{ dl ( el pje{ ydu( pg ag ecu pjb {bhbkpesepu gc d iesbl~bdkpegl g~ pg dsge` `bkgavg{epegl gc pjb~adhhu rl{pdnhb
kgavgrl`{,
Celdhhu( pjb trb{pegl d~e{b{= e{ pjb~b dlu bccbkp c~ga pjb
bhbkp~gadilbpek cebh`7 Aek~gydsb ~d`edpegl e{ d sb~u vghd~e}eli
cebh` dl` adu {pdnehe}b vghd~ p~dl{epegl {pdpb{ dl` elpb~!
ab`edpb{,466 El pje{ ydu ~bdkpegl{ kdl nb dkkbhb~dpb` ec {rkj
elpb~ab`edpb{ d~b elsghsb` g~( dhpb~ldpesbhu( el kgavbpepesb
~bdkpegl{ pjb ~grpb pjdp elsghsb{ vghd~ elpb~ab`edpb{ g~
p~dl{epegl {pdpb{ kgrh` nb cdsgr~b`, Ep e{ ye`bhu dkkbvpb` pg`du
pjdp pjb {ghsblp jd{ d {p~gli elchrblkb gl pjb oelbpek{ dl`
{bhbkpesepu gc d ~bdkpegl464 d vghd~ {ghsblp yehh {pdnehe}b d
vghd~ p~dl{epegl {pdpb g~ elpb~ab`edpb dl` pjr{ cdsgr~ pje{
[kjbab 4:
Pdnhb 3 @evghb agablp{ gc ~bdiblp{ dl` p~dl{epegl {pdpb{ kd~~eb` grpnu JC'3!;4I*`% hbsbh
I~grl` {pdpb P~dl{epegl {pdpb
^bdkpegl d BVd Kukhgjbzdlb E{k Edk
a *@bnub% >,> >,0 6,0 4,5^bdkpegl n BVd Vu~glb EE{k EEdk
a *@bnub% >,> ;,; 0,: 2,>^bdkpegl k @AD@n Pjegvjblb EEE{4k(` EEEd4k(`
a *@bnub% >,: 4,: 2,:; 2,0EEE{>k(` EEEd>k(`
2,42 :,6>d BV= bpjuh v~gveghdpb, n @AD@= `eabpjuhdkbpuhblb`ekd~ngzuhdpb,k {( {ul? d( dlpe dvv~gdkjb{, ` > dl` 4( g~eblpdpegl el pjb {dab {e`b g~pjb kglp~d~u( ~b{vbkpesbhu( gc pjb abpjgzu dl` kd~ngluh i~grv{,
493 x Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662
8/3/2019 Antonio de la Hoz, Angel Diaz-Ortiz and Andres Moreno- Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non-thermal
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~grpb, Pjb~b e{ dh{g dl elpb~b{peli `e{kr{{egl dngrp pjb bccbkp gc
adilbpek cebh`{ el ~bhdpegl pg pjb g~eiel gc hecb( vd~pekrhd~hu
~bid~`eli pjb g~eiel gc bldlpeg{bhbkpesepu el ldpr~b46>(46; dl`(
kgl{btrblphu( jgy ke~krhd~hu vghd~e}b` adilbpek cebh`{ kdl
el`rkb {pb~bg{bhbkpesepu el d kjbaekdh ~bdkpegl,460463 Jgybsb~(
adlu vbgvhb {pehh kgl{e`b~ pjdp pjb v~b{blkb gc jeijhu
vghd~e}eli ~d`edpegl( {rkj d{ aek~gydsb{( jd{ lg elchrblkb dp
dhh gl d kjbaekdh ~bdkpegl, Cg~ bzdavhb( ep jd{ nbbl vg{prhdpb`pjdp yjehb pjb bze{pblkb gc d {vbkecek aek~gydsb bccbkp kdllgp
nb kgavhbpbhu ~rhb` grp( pjb bccbkp dvvbd~{ pg nb d ~d~epu dl` gc
ad~ieldh {ulpjbpek eavg~pdlkb,469
Pjb bccbkp gc aek~gydsb e~~d`edpegl gl d kjbaekdh ~bdkpegl e{
sb~u kgavhbz el ldpr~b dl` elsghsb{ pjb~adh *b,i, jgp {vgp{(
{rvb~jbdpeli% dl` lgl!pjb~adh *b,i, aghbkrhd~ agnehepu( cebh`
{pdnehe}dpegl% bccbkp{, Pg`du adlu gc pjb{b vd~dabpb~{ jdsb
nbbl abd{r~b` dl` d~b ybhh olgyl( nrp pjb bccbkp gc pjb
adilbpek cebh jd{ lgp nbbl bhrke`dpb` kglkhr{esbhu, Ag~b
bzvb~eablpdpegl( kgavrpdpegldh kdhkrhdpegl{ dl` pjb `bsbhgv!
ablp gc pjbg~eb{( {eaehd~ pg pjg{b `b{k~enb` cg~ rhp~d{grl` g~
{ghsblp{( d~b {pehh ~btre~b`,
Dkolgyhb`ibablp{
Celdlkedh {rvvg~p c~ga pjb @IEKUP gc [vdel pj~grij v~gmbkp
KPT>660!64499'NTR dl` c~ga pjb Kgl{bmb~d `b Keblked u
Pbklghgid MKKA pj~grij v~gmbkp VDE!6>!645 e{ i~dpbcrhhu
dkolgyhb`ib`,
Dlpgleg `b hd Jg}(- D libh @d}!G~pe} dl` Dl`~b{ Ag~blg@bvd~pdablpg `b Traekd G~idlekd( Cdkrhpd` `b Traekd( Rlesb~{e`d``b Kd{pehhd!Hd Adlkjd( B!4;694 Ker`d` ^bdh( [vdel,B!adeh= Dlpgleg,Jg}Frkha,b{? Cdz= /;0 5>3>52;66?Pbh= /;0 5>3>52044
^bcb~blkb{
4 @, A, V, Aelig{ dl` D, I, Yjeppdob~( Aek~gydsb @ebhbkp~ekJbdpeli Bccbkp{ el Kjbaekdh [ulpjb{e{( el Kjbae{p~u rl`b~ Bzp~babg~ lgl Khd{{ekdh Kgl`epegl{( b`, ^, sdl Bh`eo dl` K, @, Jrnnd~`(Mgjl Yehbu # [gl{( Lby Ug~o( 4559( vv, 095202,
> K, Idn~ebh( [, Idn~ebh( B, J, I~dlp( N, [, M, Jdh{pbd` dl` @, A,V, Aelig{( Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( 455:( >9( >4;,
; Aek~gydsb{ el G~idlek [ulpjb{e{( b`, D, Hgrvu( Yehbu!SKJ(Ybeljbea( >66>,
0 N, H, Jdub{( Aek~gydsb [ulpjb{e{= Kjbae{p~u dp pjb [vbb` gc Heijp(KBA Vrnhe{jeli( Adppjby{( LK( >66>,
2 ^, [, Sd~ad( Aek~gydsb PbkjlghgiuKjbaekdh [ulpjb{e{Dvvhekdpegl{( el Oe~o!Gpjab~ Blkukhgvb`ed gc KjbaekdhPbkjlghgiu( M, Yehbu # [gl{( Elk,( >66;,
3 Kr~~blp Kglpblp{ Kgllbkp( Pjgav{gl E[E( >66;,
9 D, O, Ng{b( A, M, Adljd{( N, O, Ndleo dl` B, Y, ^gnn( ^b{,Kjba, Elpb~ab`,( 4550( >6( 4,
: K, ^, [p~dr{{ dl ^, Y, P~delg~( Dr{p, M, Kjba,( 4552( 0:( 4332,5 [, Kd``eko( Pbp~djb`~gl( 4552( ;:( 4606;,
46 [, D, Idhbad( Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( 4559( >3( >;;,44 V, He`{p~g a( M, Peb~lbu( N, Ydpjbu dl` M, Yb{padl( Pbp~djb`~gl(
>664( 29( 5>>2,4> A, Lrkjpb~( R, Arhhb~( N, Gl`~r{kjod( D, Peb` dl`
Y, Hdrpbl{kjhdib~( Kjba, Bli, Pbkjlgh,( >66;( >3( 4>69,4; K, G, Odvvb( Dliby, Kjba, Elp, B`,( >660( 0;( 3>26,40 Aek~gydsb!D{{e{pb` G~idlek [ulpjb{e{( b`, V, He`{pg a dl` M, V,
Peb~lbu( Nhdkoybhh [keblpecek( Gzcg~`( >660,
42 D, Hgrvu( I, N~da dl` M, [dl{grhbp( Lby M, Kjba,( 455>( 43( >;;,43 ^, [, Sd~ad( Pbp~djb`~gl( >66>( 2:( 4>;2,49 D, @d}!G~pe}( C, Hdlid( D, `b hd Jg} dl` D, Ag~blg( Br~, M, G~i,
Kjba,( >666( 0( ;325,
4: L, Bhdl`b~( M, ^, Mglb{( [, U, Hr dl` [, [pglb!Bhdl`b~( Kjba, [gk,^bs,( >666( >5( >;5,
45 C, Hdlid( V, `b hd K~r}( B, B{vh`g~d( M, M, Id~kd( M, M, Id~kd(A, K, Vb~b} dl` D, `b hd Jg}( Kd~ngl( >666( ;:( 4304,
>6 C, Hdlid( V, `b hd K~r}( B, B{vh`g~d dl` D, `b hd Jg}(Dvvhekdpegl{ gc Aek~gydsb E~~d`edpegl pg Crhhb~blb Kjbae{p~u(el Crhhb~blb{( Pjb Bhbkp~gkjbaekdh [gkebpu( Lby Ug~o( >666( sgh, 5(vv, 43:49:,
>4 H, ]gli( [, ]jgr( L, [i~ekked( A, K, Jdyhbu dl` H, K, Obavbh( M,
Aek~gydsb Vgyb~ Bhbkp~gadil, Blb~iu( >66;( ;:( 05,>> U, Zr dl` T,!Z, Irg( Jbpb~gkukhb{( >660( 3;( 56;,>; L, L, ^gadlgsd( V, S, Or`dl( D, I, I~dse{ dl` U, I, Nrl bh(
Kjba, Jbpb~gkukh, Kgav`,( >666( ;3( 44;6,>0 D, ^, Odp~ep}ou dl` [, O, [elij( D^OESGK( >66;( zeee( 3::3,>2 [, O, @d{( [ulhbpp( >660( 542,>3 D, Kg~{d~g( R, Kjedkkjeg( S, Ve{pd~d dl` I, ^gabg( Kr~~, G~i,
Kjba,( >660( :( 244,>9 A, Hd~jb`( K, Agnb~i dl` D, Jdhhnb~i( Dkk, Kjba, ^b{,( >66>( ;2(
949,>: J, Yehh( V, [kjgh} dl` N, Gl`~r{kjod( Kjba,!Eli,!Pbkj,( >66>( 90(
4629,>5 K, G, Odvvb( Kgan, Kjba,( >66>( 3( ;40,;6 A, Hdj~b dl` D, Jdhhnb~i( @~ri @e{kgsb~u Pg`du( >664( 3( 063,;4 D, Hby( V, G, O~rp}eo( A, B, Jd~p dl` D, ^, Kjdanb~hel( M, Kgan,
Kjba,( >66>( 0( 52,;> K, G, Odvvb( Kr~~, Gvel, Kjba, Negh,( >66>( 3( ;40,
;; N, Ydpjbu( M, Peb~lbu( V, He {p~ga dl` M, Yb{padl( @~ri@e{kgsb~u Pg`du( >66>( 9( ;9;,
;0 J, B, Nhdkoybhh( G~i, Negagh, Kjba,( >66;( 4( 4>24,;2 ^, [, Sd~ad( Khbdl V~g`rkp{ dl` V~gkb{{b{( 4555( 4;>,;3 ^, [, Sd~ad( el D`sdlkb{ el I~bbl Kjbae{p~u= Kjbaekdh [ulpjb{b{
R{eli Aek~gydsb E~~d`edpegl( D{p~d ]blbkd ^b{bd~kj Cgrl`dpegl(Odsepjd V~elpb~{( Ndlidhg~b( El`ed( >66>,
;9 D, O, Ng{b( A, [, Adljd{( [, L, Idlirhu( D, J, [jd~ad dl`N, O, Ndleo( [ulpjb{e{( >66>( 429:,
;: A, Lr kjpb~( N, Gl`~r{kjod( Y, Ngl~dpj dl` D, Ira( I~bblKjba,( >660( 3( 4>:,
;5 L, C, O, Ode{b~( R, N~banb~i( A, Hd~jb ( K, Agnb~i dl`D, Jdhhnb~i( Dliby, Kjba,( Elp, B`,( >666( ;5( ;252,
06 @, ^, Ndijr~{p dl` @, A, V, Aelig{( M, Kjba [gk,( Kjba,Kgaarl,( 455>( 390,
04 V, Ohd l( M, Hepb~d o dl` [, ^bhekj( M, Vjgpgkjba, Vjgpgnegh,( D(
>664( 40;( 05,0> Z, ]jdli( @, G, Jduyd~` dl` @, A, V, Aelig{( Kjba, Kgaarl,(
4555( 592,0; Z, ]jdli( @, G, Jduyd~` dl` @, A, V, Aelig{( Kdpdh, Hbpp,(
>66;( ::( ;;,00 V, Iglkdhg( M,!U, Jejl( ^, Seblbp( V, Leod dl` M, Sbn~bh(
M, Ldpr~b( >664( 4;( 45,02 O, @, ^dlb~( K, ^, [p~dr{{ dl` ^, Y, P~delg~( M, G~i, Kjba,(
4552( 36( >023,03 V, Leh{{gl( A, Hd~jb` dl` D, Jdhhnb~i( M, Da, Kjba, [gk,( >664(
4>;( :>49,09 U, K, P{de( N, D, Kghb{( ^, I, Kgavpgl dl` C, Ad~obl( M, Da,
Kjba, [gk,( >66>( 4>0( 59:0,0: @, Ngi dh( A, Hrod{ebyek}( M, Vebhekjgy{oe( D, Aekedo dl`
[}, Nb`ld~}( Pbp~djb`~gl( >66;( 25( 305,05 A, Hrod{ebyek}( @, Ngi dh dl` M, Vebhekjgy{oed( D`s, [ulpj,
Kdpdh,( >66;( ;02( 4>35,26 K, Nhdlkg dl` [, A, Drb~ndkj( M, Da, Kjba, [gk,( >66>( 4>0(
3>26,24 A, @, Pr~lb~( ^, H, Hdr~blkb( Y, K, Kgllb~ dl O, [, Ulisb{{gl(
DEKjB M,( >666( 03( 92:,2> H, [buc~eb`( C, Id~el( I, Ade~eb( M,!A, Pjebndrp dl` I, ^gr{{u(
M, Kdpdh,( 4550( 40:( >:4,2 ; D , U , O heag s( N , [ , N dh}j el ea db s( H , H , Ado d~{j el (
S, E, ]deogs{oee dl` S, L, Vd~agl( Oelbp, Odpdh,( 455:( >4( 244,20 Y, H, Vb~~u( M, @, Odp}( @, ^bb{( A, P, Vdccbp dl` D, O, @dpub(
M, Kdpdh,( 4559( 494( 0;4,22 D, [pbelnb~( D, [pd`hbp( [, C, Adub~( O, Cdnb~ dl` K, G, Odvvb(
Pbp~djb`~gl Hbpp,( >664( 0>( 3>:;,23 N, Id~~eirb{( ^, Hdr~blp( K, Hdvg~pb( D, Hdvg~pb~eb dl` M, @rndk(
Hebnei{ Dll, Kjba,( 4553( 90;,29 [, S, Hbu( D, I, Hbdkj dl` ^, E, [pg~b~( M, Kjba, [gk,( Vb~oel
P~dl{, 4( >664( ;2:,
Pje{ mgr~ldh e{ Pjb ^gudh [gkebpu gc Kjbae{p~u >662 Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >662( ;0( 43049: x 499
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2: L, B, Hbd`nbdpb~ dl` J, A, Pg~~bler{( M, G~i, Kjba,( >66>( 39(;402,
25 H, Vb~~brz dl` D, Hgrvu( Pbp~djb`~gl( >664( 29( 5455,36 M, Mdkgn( H, J, H, Kjed dl` C, U, K, Ngbu( M, Adpb~, [ke,( 4552( ;6(
2;>4,34 M, Nb~hdl( V, Ieng~bdr( [, Hbcbrs~b dl` K, Ad~kjdl`( Pbp~djb`~gl
Hbpp,( 4554( ;>( >;3;,3> P, M, Ad{gl dl` M, V, Hg~eab~( el [glgkjbae{p~u, Pjbg~u(
Dvvhekdpegl{ dl` R{b{ gc Rhp~d{grl` el Kjbae{p~u( Bhhe{ Jg~ygg`(Kjekjb{pb~( 45::,
3; O, @, ^dlb~( K, ^, [p~dr{{( C, Su{ogk dl` H, Agonbh( M, G~i,Kjba,( 455;( 2:( 526,
30 ^, L, Ib`ub( Y, ^dlo dl` O, K, Yb{pdydu( Kdl, M, Kjba,( 4554(35( 963,
32 [, @, Vghhelipgl( I, Ngl`( ^, N, Agub{( @, D, Yjdl( M, V, Kdl heldl` M, ^, Mblleli{( M, G~i, Kjba,( 4554( 23( 4;4;,
33 O, @, ^dlb~ dl` K, ^, [p~dr{{( M, G~i, Kjba,( 455>( 29( 3>;4,39 @, Kgl{pdnhb( O, ^dlb~( V, [gahg dl` K, [p~dr{{( M, Aek~gydsb
Vgyb~ Bhbkp~gadil, Blb~iu( 455>( >9( 452,3: Y, K, [rl( V, A, Iru( M, J, Mdjlibl( B, C, ^g{{gadl g dl` B, I,
B, Mdjlibl( M, G~i, Kjba,( 45::( 2;( 0040,35 B, I, B, Mdjlibl( ^, ^, Hblp}( V, [, Vb{jbko dl` V, J, [dkobpp(
M, G~i, Kjba,( 4556( 22( ;063,96 A, Jd mbo( Kghhbkp, K}bkj, Kjba, Kgaarl,( 4559( 3>( ;09,94 O, I, Adug( B, J, Lbd~jggc dl` M, M, Oe``hb( G~i, Hbpp,( >66>( 0(
4239,
9> ^, I~eii( Y, Ad~pel( M, Ag~~e{ dl` S, [~e jd~dl( Pbp~djb`~glHbpp,( >66;( 00( 0:55,9; [, Id~ndked( N, @b{de( G, Hdsd{pb~ dl` K, G, Odvvb( M, G~i,
Kjba,( >66;( 3:( 54;3,90 D, [pd`hb~ dl` K, G, Odvvb( M, Kjba, [gk,( Vb~oel P~dl{, >( >666(
4;3;,92 ^, Hdr~blp( D, Hdvg~pb~eb( M, @rndk( M, Nb~hdl( [, Hbcbrs~b dl`
A, Dr`jru( M, G~i, Kjba,( 455>( 29( 9655,93 @, D, K, [prb~id dl` V, Idehhd~`( M, Aek~gydsb Vgyb~
Bhbkp~gadil, Blb~iu( 4553( ;4( :9,99 @, D, K, [prb~id dl` V, Idehhd~`( M, Aek~gydsb Vgyb~
Bhbkp~gadil, Blb~iu( 4553( ;4( 464,9: D, Aeohdsk( KjbaVju{Kjba( >664( 22>,95 K, [jendpd( P, Od{jead dl` O, Gjrkje( Mvl, M, Dvvh, Vju{,( 4553(
;2( ;43,:6 M, I, V, Nellb~( L, D, Jd{{elb dl` P, B, K~g{{( M, Adpb~, [ke,(
4552( ;6( 2;:5,
:4 ^, Y~gb dl` D, P, ^gyhbu( M, Adpb~, [ke,( 4553( ;4( >645,:> A, Vdilgpd( K, H, C, Vgghbu( N, Ir~hdl` dl` A, Kjge( M, Vju{,
G~i, Kjba,( 455;( 3( 069,
:; ], N, ]jdli( H, Z, ]jgr( A, ]jdli( J, Yr dl` ], M, Kjbl([ulpj, Kgaarl,( >664( ;4( >0;2,
:0 [, M, Jd{ybhh dl` L, Jgyd~pj( Dldh, Kjea, Dkpd( 4555( ;:9( 44;,:2 V, @, E, Chbpkjb~( @, @, I~ekb dl` [, M, Jd{ybhh( Vju{, Kjba,
Kjba, Vju{,( >664( ;( 4639,:3 ^, Adg}( J, Kgjbl dl` M, [dies( Hdliare~( 455:( 40( 25::,:9 P, ^gu dl` A, L, Irvpd( Pbp~djb`~gl( >66;( 25( 20;4,:: V, Ohdl dl` S, K~osd( Aek~gydsb Vjgpgkjbae{p~u( el
Aek~gydsb{ el G~idlek [ulpjb{e{( b`, D, Hgrvu( Yehbu!SKJ(
Ybeljbea( >66>( vv, 03;0:3,:5 A, ^, Yd{ebhby{oe( K, J, Ngko( A, O, Ngyadl dl` M, ^, Lg~~e{(Ldpr~b( 45:;( ;6;( 2>6,
56 A, Arode( U, Crmeyd~d dl` U, Pdleagpg( ], Vju{, Kjba,( 455;(4:6( >>;,
54 @, [prb~id dl` V, Idehhd~ ( Pbp~djb`~gl( 4553( 2>( 2262,5> C, Hdlid( V, `b hd K~r}( D, `b hd Jg}( D, @d}!G~pe} dl`
B, @b}!Nd~~d( Kglpbav, G~i, [ulpj,( 4559( 0( ;9;,5; D, `b hd Jg}( D, @d}!G~pe} dl` D, Ag~blg( Kr~~, G~i, Kjba,(
>660( :( 56;,50 D, O, Ng{b( N, O, Ndleo dl` A, [, Adljd{( Pbp~djb`~gl Hbpp,(
4552( ;3( >4;,52 D, O, Ng{b( A, Mdud~dabl( D, Godyd( [, [, Nd~e( B, Y, ^gnn dl`
A, [, Adljd{( Pbp~djb`~gl Hbpp,( 4553( ;9( 35:5,53 D, D~~ebpd( N, Hbkbd dl` C, V, Kg{{g( M, G~i, Kjba,( 455:( 3;(
2:35,59 C, Hdlid( V, `b hd K~r}( D, `b hd Jg}( B, B{vh`g~d( C, V, Kg{{g
dl` N, Hbkbd( M, G~i, Kjba,( >666( 32( >055,5: D, @d}!G~pe}( D, `b hd Jg}( A, D, Jb~~b~g( V, V~ebpg( D, [d lkjb}!
Aeidhhg l( C, V, Kg{{g( D, D~~ebpd( [, Sesdlkg dl` K, Cgkb{!Cgkb{( Agh, @esb~{epu( >66;( 9( 492,
55 [, Dohjg~e( N, Aeldbs( [, [pglb!Bhdl`b~ dl L, Bhdl`b~( M, Vju{,Kjba, D( >66>( 463( :243,
466 D, Hgrvu( C, Adr~bh dl` D, [dndpeb!Igigsd( Pbp~djb`~gl( >660(36( 43:;,
464 K, ^bekjd~`p( el [ghsblp{ dl` [ghsblp Bccbkp{ el G~idlekKjbae{p~u( SKJ( Ybeljbea( 45::,
4 6> A, D sdhg{( ^, Ndnedlg( V, Kelpd{( M, H, Meablb} dl`M, K, Vdhdkeg{( Kjba, Kgaarl,( >666( ::9,
46; H, @, Nd~~gl( [keblkb( 4550( >33( 4054,460 N, N~gkohbjr~{p( Kjba, [gk, ^bs,( >66>( ;4( ;64,4 62 A, D sdhg{( ^, Ndnedlg( V, Kelpd{( M, H, Meablb} dl`
M, K, Vdhdkeg{( Kjba, ^bs,( 455:( 5:( >;54,
463 I, H, M, D, ^eoobl dl` B, ^drvdkj( Ldpr~b( >666( 062( 5;>,469 V, He`{p~g a( Vb~{gldhhu [vbdoeli( >66;( *>%( 44,46: M, [, [kjdlkjb( Agh, @esb~{epu( >66;( 9( >54,
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