ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK FOR OPERATIONAL EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CONGESTION MANAGEMENT MEASURES AT CLUSTERED AIRPORTS Loan T. Le Research Sponsors: NASA ARC, FAA.
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ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK FOR OPERATIONAL EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT
CONGESTION MANAGEMENT MEASURES AT CLUSTERED AIRPORTS
Loan T. Le
Research Sponsors: NASA ARC, FAA
1st International Conference on Research in Air Transportation - ICRAT 2004, November 22-24 2004, Zilina, Slovakia
Newark
Kennedy
LaGuardia
WhitePlains
Islip
30.7 miles
46 miles
12.5 miles
12.5 miles
12.5 milesTEB
New York City Airports
Delta’s capacity distribution
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Jan-00 Jun-00 Nov-00 Apr-01 Sep-01 Feb-02 Jul-02 Dec-02 May-03 Oct-03 Mar-04 Aug-04
Month
Delta Airlines Monthly Operations at LGA
LaGuardia Newark Kennedy
Frequency Changes Compared to Jan 2000
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
%
Research problem
• Operational and economic implications
• Which congestion measures efficiently balance network load and maintain competition?
• How the airlines distribute capacity among clustered airports? What are the economic factors that effect their decisions?
Research problem
- Limited #IFR slots during specific time periods
- Negotiation-based allocation
1968
High-Density-Rule atLGA, JFK, DCA, ORD
4.2000
Exempted from HDR at LGA certain flights
to address competition
and small market access
AIR-211.2001
Cap of the #exemption slots
Lottery at LGA
1978
Deregulation
Use-it-or-lose-it rule based on 80% usage
1985
Slot ownership
2007
End of HDR.
What’s next?
-Congestion pricing?-Slot Auction?-Administrative?
Provisions for future slot allocation schemes Find airline cost-effective competitive equilibrium
6.2003
Removal of HDR at ORD
Air Transport is an Economic System
Behaviorindividual’s algorithm
for participation
Environmentrights, costs, values,
technology, constraints
Institutionpublicly implemented algorithm for goods
allocationproperty rights, constraints
reallocations
personal information & system constraints
rules and procedure
messagesinvestments
Network carrier Low-cost carrier New entrants
Congestion pricing
Auction
Hub, international airport
Non-hub domestic airport
Foreign carriers
Administrative
Scheduling process (Barnhart)
Schedule Planning
Route Development
Schedule Development
o Frequency Planning
o Timetable Development
o Fleet Assignment
o Aircraft Rotations
Crew Scheduling
Airport Resource Management
Pricing
Revenue Management
Sales and Distribution
Operations Control
SH
OR
T T
ER
M
LO
NG
TE
RM
TA
CT
ICA
L
ST
RA
TE
GIC
Tim
e H
oriz
on
Types of D
ecision
Fleet Planning
Slot valuation model
Y
X
Z
50 seats $140
50 seats $110
DXY=40
DYZ=30
$200
DXZ=30
Supply
Demand
Assignment Cost = Operating Cost + Spill CostEstimated Profit = Estimated revenue – Assignment Cost
A Passenger Mix problem
-Fixed fleeted schedule-Estimated unconstrained demand
Estimated Profit
Slot valuation model
Y
X
Z
DXY
DYZDXZ
Early MorningSchedule
Demand
Assignment Cost = Operating Cost + (Spill Cost – Recapture Revenue)
Y
X
Z
D’XY
D’YZ
D’XZ
Late Morning Schedule
Demand
recapture
Slot valuation model
Demand spilled from p to r with successful
rate bpr
Initial Spill Recapture
Excess demand
A Passenger Mix model:
Total Spill Unconstrained demand
Fleet Assignment Problem
network nodes
Objective: Find the most cost-effective fleetingConstraints:
- Fleet Availability- Network balance
Fleet Assignment Problem
each flight is assigned one fleet
fk,i=1 if fleet k is assigned to flight i
in-flow = out-flow
fleet availability
Airline-specific strategies
Decision variables: fk,i
Profit-oriented:
Operationally-constrained:
Flexibility
Frequency-oriented:
Summary and future work
• Summary: role of network balancing in addition to local
optimization increasing interest in agent-based modeling and
simulation
• Future work: Analysis to major airlines operating at the 5 airports Gaming and competitive behavior Airline-specific modeling Control for environmental effects (season)
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