Amendments to Filtration for Improving Water … Clean Water...Amendments to Filtration for Improving Water Quality Treatment Andy Erickson, Research Fellow St. Anthony Falls Laboratory
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Amendments to Filtration for Improving Water Quality Treatment
Andy Erickson, Research Fellow St. Anthony Falls Laboratory September 13, 2012
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
Amendments to Filtration
• What’s in Stormwater?
• Dissolved pollutants
• Current treatment methods
• Compost for Metal Sorption
• Compost for Hydrocarbon
Degradation
• Iron for Phosphorus Sorption
• Field applications and results
• Questions
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
What’s IN Urban Stormwater?
• Solids (inorganic, organic)
• Nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.)
• Metals (copper, cadmium, zinc, etc.)
• Deicing Agents (chloride, salts, etc.)
• Hydrocarbons
• Bacteria/Pathogens
• Others
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
Soluble / Dissolved
Colloids
Cla
y
Silt Sand Gross
Solids
Organic / Float
Pollutant Spectrum
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Pe
rce
nt
pas
sin
g
Particle Size (microns)
Al-Hamdan et al. (2007) - MiamiAl-Hamdan et al. (2007) - OrlandoAl-Hamdan et al. (2007) - TallahasseeAndral et al. (1999)Anta et al. (2006)Cleveland and Fashokun (2006) - StormCleveland and Fashokun (2006) - Non-stormDriscoll (1986)EPA (1983)Kayhanian et al. (2004) UGBKayhanian et al. (2004) DGBKayhanian et al. (2004) FBoELi et al. (2006)MRSC (2000)Roger et al. (1998)Sansalone et al. (1998)Walker and Wong (1999)Westerlund and Viklander (2006)Zanders (2005)
d50=Silt/Sand
2 μm
0.45 μm
75 μm 4250 μm 0.2 μm 0.005 μm
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
Are Dissolved Pollutants
Significant?
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Median Pollutant Concentration
Total (Dissolved + Particulate)
Dissolved
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Phosphorus
Zinc
Dissolved
Fraction
45.5%
50.0%
29.7%
50.0%
18.9%
44.4%
44.4%
45.5%
Source (adapted from): Pitt, R., Maestre, A., Morquecho, R., Brown, T., Schueler, T., Cappiella, K., and Sturm, P. (2005). "Evaluation of NPDES Phase 1
Municipal Stormwater Monitoring Data." University of Alabama and the Center for Watershed Protection.
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
Are Dissolved Pollutants Important?
• More Bioavailable
• Nutrients eutrophication
• Metals bioaccumulation, toxicity
• Petroleum hydrocarbons toxicity
Pictures source:
www.pca.state.mn.us
Sources: Sharpley, A.N., Smith, S.J., Jones, O.R., Berg, W.A. and Coleman, G.A. (1992) The Transport of Bioavailable Phosphorus in Agricultural Runoff.
Journal of Environmental Quality 21(1), 30-35. U.S. EPA. (1999) Preliminary data summary of urban storm water best management practices, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Dry Ponds
Wet Ponds
Constructed Wetlands
Sand Filter
Filter Strips/Grassed Swales
Percent Removal
% TSS Removal
% TP Removal
Current Treatment Practices
Source (adapted from): P.T. Weiss, A.J. Erickson and J.S. Gulliver. 2007. “Cost and pollutant removal of storm-water treatment practices,” Journal of Water
Resources Planning and Management,133(3),218-229, 2007.
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
How Soil Amendments Improve
Water Quality
• Physical Processes (i.e., hydraulics): – Better infiltration results in more water treated
(less overflow)
– Better filtration results in more particles captured
• Chemical Processes: – Sorption or precipitation to bind dissolved
pollutants
• Biological Processes: – Vegetation uptake to capture or bacterial
degradation to transform pollutants
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
Metals sorption to Compost
Source: Morgan, J. G., Paus, K. A., Hozalski, R. M., and Gulliver , J. S. (2011). "Sorption and Release of Dissolved Pollutants Via Bioretention Media." Project Report
559. St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
Metals sorption to Compost
Source: Morgan, J. G., Paus, K. A., Hozalski, R. M., and Gulliver , J. S. (2011). "Sorption and Release of Dissolved Pollutants Via Bioretention Media." Project Report
559. St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
Biodegradation of petroleum
hydrocarbons
• Petroleum Hydrocarbons are captured in rain gardens through sorption and biodegradation
• Biodegradation prevents accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons
• Rain gardens are an effective option for sustainably treating petroleum hydrocarbons in stormwater
Source: LeFevre, G.H., Hozalski, R.M., and Novak, P.J. (2012, in press). "The Role of Biodegradation in Limiting the Accumulation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in
Raingarden Soils." Water Research.
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
Phosphorus Leaching from
Compost
Source: Morgan, J. G., Paus, K. A., Hozalski, R. M., and Gulliver , J. S. (2011). "Sorption and Release of Dissolved Pollutants Via Bioretention Media." Project Report
559. St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
Designing for Metals and Petroleum
Hydrocarbon capture with Rain
Gardens • Compost can capture metals and
petroleum hydrocarbons but can release phosphorus, therefore:
– Incorporate compost in treatment practices to capture metals and hydrocarbons
– Ensure aerobic conditions to promote biodegradation
– Incorporate another process to capture any phosphorus that passes through or is leached from the compost
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
Phosphorus Sorption with Iron
• Sand Filtration
– Particulate capture > 80%
• Enhanced Sand Filtration
– Steel wool increases dissolved phosphorus
capture via surface sorption to iron oxide
Photo Courtesy: A. Erickson
Source: Erickson, A.J., Gulliver, J.S. and Weiss, P.T. (2007) Enhanced sand filtration for storm water phosphorus removal. Journal of Environmental Engineering-
ASCE 133(5), 485-497.
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
18.4%
78.6%88.3%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Dis
solv
ed P
ho
sph
oru
s C
on
cen
trat
ion
(m
g/L)
Influent 100% Sand 0.3% iron 2% iron 5% iron
Experimental Results (Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration, SAFL)
Detection limit
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
Iron Enhanced Filter (5% iron filings, Maplewood, MN)
Photo Courtesy: A. Erickson
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
75.1% Removal 29.2%
Removal
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Total Phosphorus Dissolved Phosphorus
Ph
osp
ho
rus
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n
(mg
/L)
Influent Effluent
Field Monitoring Results (Iron Enhanced Filter Basin, Maplewood)
Detection limit
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
Photos Courtesy: A. Erickson
Iron Enhanced Filter Trenches wet detention ponds (Prior Lake, MN)
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
Filter Trenches around wet
detention ponds (Prior Lake, MN)
Normal Water
Surface
Elevation
Drain
tile Iron Enhanced Filter
Water Level
Control
Weir
Overflow
Grate
Drain tile
Volume Treated
by Trenches
(Filter Volume)
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
73.1% Removal
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Dis
solv
ed
Ph
osp
ho
rus
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
mg
/L)
Influent 7% Iron Filings
Field Testing Results (Iron Enhanced Filter Trenches, Prior Lake)
Detection limit
MN Filter Trenches
(Prior Lake MN)
Photo Courtesy: A. Erickson
MN Filter Bioretention
(Carver County, MN)
MN Filter Bioretention
(Maplewood Mall, MN)
MN Filter Weir
(Vadnais Heights, MN)
Photo Courtesy: W. Forbord
Photo Courtesy: A. Erickson Photo Courtesy: VLAWMO and EOR
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
Designing for Phosphorus
Capture with Iron
• As iron rusts, sorption sites for phosphorus are created, therefore:
– Design Iron Enhanced Filter systems for watersheds with significant dissolved phosphorus fraction
– Ensure the system is oxygenated to ensure iron oxides remain aerobic
– Design systems with 8% or less iron by weight to prevent clogging
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
Other Amendments
• Alum (water treatment residual) &
Hardwood Bark Mulch – Phosphorus
sorption (A. Davis, Univ. of Maryland)
• Commercial products (various)
• Internal Submerged Zone for
denitrification (W. Hunt, North Carolina
State University)
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
Conclusions
• Dissolved Stormwater Pollutants are important
– Approx. 45% of total concentration is dissolved
• Physical methods are not enough
– Chemical and biological mechanisms can be used to capture dissolved fractions
• There are field-tested solutions!
– Minnesota Filter (iron-enhanced sand) phosphorus
– Compost-amended bioretention metals & petroleum hydrocarbons
http://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/
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