Home Water and Bottled Water. Ceramic Filtration Carbon Ion Exchange Water Filters 3-stage water filtration.

Home Water and Bottled Water

Ceramic Filtration

Carbon

Ion Exchange

Water Filters

3-stage water filtration

Purified WaterInlet

Carbon Block Water Filters

Activated CarbonActivated Carbon

Activation by heating

Extremely porous with high surface area: 500 m2/g

Surface areas as high as 1500 m2/g are achievable

3 grams activated carbon

Activated CarbonActivated Carbon

Filtration

Particle size removal > 0.5 microns

Bacteria range in size from 0.2-2 microns in width and up to 1-10 microns in length

Giardia and Cryptosporidium parasites removed, also

Activated CarbonActivated Carbon

Absorption: spontaneous movement of primarily organic contaminants from water to carbon matrix.

Pesticides, volatile organicsCarbon matrix

Treatment Residuals

Trichloromethane(chloroform) CHCl3

Dibromochloromethane CHClBr2

Bromodichloromethane CHCl2Br

Tribromomethane (bromoform) CHBr3

Trihalomethanes (organics)

All are carcinogens

Formed as a byproduct of disinfection with chlorine

Effectively removed by carbon block filtration

Chlorine Removal

2OCI- + C → 2Cl- + CO2

Hypochlorite

OCI- 2Cl- + CO2

OCI-

Polyester mesh (particulates)Iodine-impregnated beads (bacteria)Activated Carbon (parasites, iodine, organics)

185 gallons of water,

Metals

Metals are not effectively removed by carbon filtration

They can be removed by ion exchange resinsand by reverse osmosis processes

Ion Exchange Filters

Neg. Charge

Na Na

Na Na

Na Na

Na

Na

Pb2+, Hg2+

Neg charge

Na

Na

Na

Na

Pb2+

Hg2+

Na Na

Na Na

Na Na

Na

Na Na

4 Na+ Finite Capacity

Metals

Neg. Charge

Na Na

Na Na

Na Na

Na

Na

Water Softeners Water Softeners

Ca2+, Mg2+

Neg charge

Na

Na

Na

Na

Mg2+

Ca2+

Na Na

Na Na

Na Na

Na

Na Na

4 Na+

Hardness Ions

Calcium Deposits

Reverse OsmosisExtremely Effective

OsmosisOsmosis

Salt molecule

Membrane permeable to Water only

Net movement of water

Spontaneousmovement of water

No salts

Reverse OsmosisReverse Osmosis

Membrane permeable to Water only

Purified water

Contaminants to drain

pressure

Energy intensive

Saline/contaminant by-product

inefficient: high volume reject water

Drawbacks:

Chlorine

Activated Carbon Filters

TastesOdors

Organic chemicals

Ion Exchange Resins

Removal of chargedContaminants (metals)

Reverse Osmosis

Sediments, viruses, bacteria, dissolved solutes

2OCI- + C → 2Cl- CO2

What about Bottled Water?

According to a NRDC study, U.S. consumers paid between 240 and 10,000 times more per gallon for bottled water than for tap water

For the price of one bottle of Evian, Americans can receive 1,000 gallons of tap water

The global consumption of bottled water reached 41 billion gallons in 2004, up 57 percent in just five years.

More than 5 trillion gallons of bottled water is shipped internationally each year.

In 2007, US consumers purchased more than 33 billion liters of bottled water

Supplying Americans with plastic water bottles for one year consumes more than 47 million gallons of oil

What’s the Source?

More than 25 percent of bottled water comes from a public source.

If water is packaged as "purified" or "drinking water," It likely originated from a municipal water supply, and unless the water has been “substantially” altered, it must state on the label that the water comes from a municipal  source.

Both Aquafina (Pepsi) and Dasani (Coca-Cola) originate from municipal water systems

National Resource Defense Council

Other terms used on the label about the source, such as “glacier water” or “mountain water," are not regulated standards of identity and may not indicate that the water is necessarily from a pristine area

Artesian water, groundwater, spring water, well water - water from an underground aquifer which may or may not be treated. Well water and artesian water are tapped through a well. Spring water is collected as it flows spontaneously to the surface or via a borehole. Ground water can be either.

Distilled water - steam from boiling water is re-condensed and bottled. Distilling water kills microbes and removes water’s natural minerals

Drinking water – water intended for human consumption and sealed in bottles or other containers with no ingredients except that it may optionally contain safe and suitable disinfectants. Fluoride may be added within limitations

Purified water - water that originates from any source but has been treated to meetthe U.S. Pharmacopeia definition of purified water. Purified water is essentially freeof all chemicals. Reverse osmosis is often used.

Is it safe?

Most bottled water appears to be safe. (NRDC independent testing of 1000 bottles)

EPA sets standards for tap water provided by public water systems; the Food and Drug Administration sets bottled water standards based on EPA's tap water standards

Most bottled water is treated more than tap water; however, some is treated less or not treated at all .

About 22 percent of the brands tested by NRDC contained, in at least one sample, some chemical contaminant

can leach into bottled water overtime.

polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles

PET

phthalates

known to disrupt testosterone and other hormones,

One study found that water that had been stored for 10 weeks inplastic bottles contained phthalates, suggesting that the chemicals could be coming from the bottle, the plastic cap or the liner

It also appears possible that some as-yet unidentifiedchemicals in plastics have the potential to interfere with estrogen and other reproductive hormones

The study stressed that amounts of antimony were well below official recommended levels. But it also discovered that the levels almost doubled when the bottles were stored for three months

The study collected 48 brands of water in PET bottles from its sourcein the ground at a German bottling plant. The water had 4 ppt of antimony before being bottled, the contents of a new bottle had360 ppt and one opened three months later had 700 ppt.

The health effects of antimony ingestion are not well known

Royal Society of Chemistry Publication

Antimony

The U.S. EPA has established 6.0 parts per billion (ppb) as a safe level

88% of water bottles are not recycled

In 2005, 2 million tons of plastic water bottles were not recycled

In 2006, 2 billion half-liter bottles of water were shipped to U.S. ports

Where are all the old bottles?

Your grades will be posted this afternoon

There are:

28 sets of Lecture Questions (100 pts)4 Homework Assignments (100pts)21 sets of Bonus Questions (20 pts)4 total Exams (200 pts. Each)

Your lowest exam grade of the 4 will be dropped