Transcript
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AIRPORT IN SPATIAL PLANNING
STRATEGIES & INTRODUCTION TOAIRPORT PLANNING
Spatial planning goes beyond traditional land use planning to bring together and
integrate policies for the development and use of land with other policies and
programmes which influence the nature of places and how they function.
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Aerodrome:Any area of land, water (including the frozen surface
thereof) or other supporting surface used, designed, prepared,equipped or set apart for use either in whole or in part for the
arrival, departure or surface movement of aircraft.
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Aerodrome or airport?
whats the difference?
Certified aerodromes are referred to as airports.
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Types of Aerodromes
Aerodromes are grouped into number of groups depending on
number of factors
Use : Civil Aerodromes/ Military Aerodromes/ Joint User
Aerodromes
Landing Surface : Land Aerodromes/ Water Aerodromes/
Heliports,
Infrastructure: Airports/ Aerodromes/ Landing Pads/Strips,
Helipads,/Helidecks
Nature of Traffic : Domestic / International,(passenger/cargo)
Nature of Surface : Paved runway / unpaved runway
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Aerodrome Planning
Factors to be considered for site:
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Standard aerodrome layout
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Topography
Area's features: the features on the surface of an area of land
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Ground space- Airport property
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Justification of acquiring land
Indicate how various tracts of land within the airport
boundaries are acquired
Justify use of land for aeronautical purposes
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Eg: Airport dimensions
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Obstacle Limiting Areas/Surfaces - ICAO
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An airport/aerodrome reference point(ARP) is the notional centrepoint
of an airport, located at the geometric centre of all the usable runways
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Declared distances TORA - take-off run available
TODA - take-off distance available
ASDA - accelerate-stop distance available LDA - landing distance available.
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Obstacle Limiting Areas/Surfaces
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Sample measurements for Obstacle
Limiting Areas/Surfaces for CATIII
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Surface / Area Instrument RunwayCAT III ( 4-F)
Conical
Slope
Height
5 % (for Instrument RWY)
100 m/328
Inner Horizontal
HeightRadius 45 m/1474000 m/13123
Inner Approach
Width
Distance from Threshold
Length
Slope
155 m/508
60 m/196
900 m/2952
2 %
Approach
Length of Inner edge
Distance from threshold
Divergence
300 m/984
60 m/196
15 %
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Aerodrome reference point
Aerodrome Reference Point: (ARP) is the notional centre point of an airport, located at the
geometric centre of all the usable runways, and its height is determined by the aeronautical
authorities of the country. Its height is usually one of the most elevated point of the runways
in use or one of the lowest points. The ARP is used as the reference to the altitude for the
airport obstacle limitation surfaces.
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Aerodrome
Reference Point,N056 22.36 W002 52.11
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Runway elevationAerodrome and Runway Elevation is the highest point of the landing area. Usually aerodrome elevation is reported in meters to anaccuracy of meter
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Types of Aerodromes ...
Aerodrome Reference CodeThe Code Consists to two elements viz. Number and a Letter
Code Element - 1 Code Element - 2
CodeNumber Aeroplane Referencefield Length (m) Code Letter Wing Span (m) Out main gear span (m)
1 < 800 A < 15 < 4.5
2 800 - 1200 B 15- 22 4.5 -6
3 1200 - 1800 C 22-36 6- 94 > 1800 D 36-52 9 -14
E 52-65 9-14
F 65-80 14-16
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Runway Requirements
Dimensional Criteria Based on the ICAO
Coding system known as the Airport
Reference Code (ARC).
Orientation RWY orientation is primarily
a function of wind coverage requirements for
the existing and projected aircraft fleet. This
analysis is used to determine if additional
runways are needed to provide the necessary
wind coverage. Existence of
obstructions and Physical features, in
approach and departure routes should also
be considered in determining runway
orientation.
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A wind rose is a diagram that shows the distribution of
wind directions and speeds at a specific location over a
specified time period.
Usability factor. The percentage oftime during which the use of a
runway or system of runways is not
restricted because of the cross-
wind component
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Runway requirementsLength the selection of an appropriate designaircraft and the longest nonstop distance tobe flown by the design aircraft from theairport. Aircraft-specific runway lengthrequirements are a function of aircraft
physical characteristics at time of flight,weather conditions, and runway conditions.
Width The required width of a runway is afunction of the approach minimums,airplane approach category, and airplanedesign using the runway
Airport Capacity
Single runway - 200,000movements per year
Single runway (under VFR)
99 operations per hour for smalleraircraft
60 operations per hour for largeraircraft
Under IFR (42 -53) operations
Dual parallel double the capacity
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Runway under construction
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Airfield-AirspaceThe functional use & geometry of:
runwaystaxiways
Lighting
Marking of runways
navigational aids
visual approach aidsinstrument approach procedures.
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Instrument runway. One of the
following types of runways intended
for the operation of aircraft usinginstrument approach procedures
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Runway visual range (RVR). The range
over which the pilot of an aircraft on the
centre line of a runway can see the
runway surface markings or the lights
delineating the runway or identifying its
centre line.
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Clearway. A defined rectangular area on the ground or water selectedas a suitable area over which an aeroplane may make a portion of itsinitial climb to a specified height.
Stopway. A defined rectangular area on the ground at the end oftake-off run available prepared as a suitable area in which an aircraftcan be stopped in the case of an abandoned take off.
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Runway. A definedrectangular area on aland aerodromeprepared for thelanding and take-off ofaircraft.
Apron. A defined area,
on a land aerodrome,intended toaccommodate aircraftfor purposes of loading or unloading
passengers, mail orcargo, fuelling, parkingor maintenance.
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In some countries, the manoeuvring area or movement area is the part used by
aircraft only for landing and takeoffand does not include the airport ramp. The
terms are used differently in the United States and Canada.
Movement area in an aerodrome is to be used for the take-off, landing and
taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the manoeuvring area and the apron(s).
Movement area and related facilities
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Taxiway. A defined path on a
land aerodrome established for
the taxiing of aircraft and
intended to provide a linkbetween one part of the
aerodrome and another,
including Aircraft Stand Taxi
lanes, Apron Taxiways, Rapid
Exit Taxiways Touchdown zone. The portion of
a runway, beyond the threshold,
where it is intended landing
aeroplanes first contact the
runway.
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Taxiways
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Non-instrument runway
Intended for the operation of aircraft using visual approach procedures.
Runway strip. A defined area including the RWY and stopway intended to
reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off a RWY and to protect
aircraft flying over it during take-off or landing operations.
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Air spaceUse of the airspace and how air traffic is managed, including operational
limitations resulting from traffic interaction with other airports or reservedairspace, obstructions to air navigation, noise abatement procedures, and airfield
or navigational aid shortcomings.
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Airspace capacity
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Runways should be the
limiting factor in an efficient ATC system.
Airport acceptance rate (AAR)Used by airport radar traffic control centers to calculate the desired
interval between successive arriving aircraft
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Airport Master Plan
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Airside and LandsideLandside: prior to clearing security where the general public other than the travellingpax have access
Airside: (sterile side) after clearing security and immigration. Only travelling pax haveaccess
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Airside Land Uses
Flight Operations Runway
Taxiways
Apron
Parking Space Obstacle Free Areas
Navigational Services
Control Tower VOR/DME
Light and Signals
Supporting Services Hangers
Catering service
Fueling
Maintenance Fire Brigade
Cargo Handing Area
Service Vehicle Parking
Waste Disposal
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Design of aircraft parking
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Overnight parking
Remain-Overnight-Parking (RON) should also be determined.
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Facility Requirement
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Assessment of the ability of existing facilities to meet current and future demand.If not, planners must determine what additional facilities will be needed to
accommodate the unmet demandSometimes, it is in the communitys best interest for the airport not to continue to
grow or to accommodate forecast activity only up to a point, in which case, themaster plan should document this decision and indicate the probable
consequences of the decision : Sometimes the demand will be diverted to anotherairport
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General aviation facilitiesThe quantity and type of hangars; transient aircraft parking apron areas, tie-down
positions; general aviation terminal facilities; aircraft parking aprons; fixed base
operators; flight schools; pilot shops; and the number and mix of based aircraft.
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Cargo facilitiesThe quantity and area of air cargo buildings and aircraft parking aprons. At airports with
significant air cargo activity, freight forwarders and other support functions are often located
in areas adjacent to the airport. These should be identified on the airport layout plan.
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Space for support facilities
Support facilities at an
airport that encompass abroad set of functions that
ensure smooth and efficient
airport operation, include
Aircraft Rescue and Fire
Fighting stations, airportadministrative areas, airport
maintenance facilities,
airline maintenance
hangars, flight kitchens,
aircraft fuel storage, heating
and cooling systems,
determine hours of
operation for airport towers.
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Land Side Uses
Terminal Operations
Check in
Waiting area
Custom, Immigration andEmigrations
Duty free shops
Baggage handling
Flight Operation-SupportingServices
Approach Control Centre
Flight control centre
Met office
Connectivity Support
Car Parks Shuttle Service
Bus/Train Stations
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Access, circulation and parking Ground access systems
and commercial areas On-airport access roads,
circulation and service
roads
Parking and curb space Highway and transit
plans
Traffic density statistics
leading to and from theairport
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Commercial Passenger Terminal Facilities
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Terminal building space by functional use and size: ticket counters, number of gates, lineal feet of
gate frontage, aircraft parking apron area, restaurants and other concession space, and passenger
security screening procedures.
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Utilities Major elements of the
infrastructure that service theairports utility demands for
water, sanitary sewer,
communications, heating and
cooling, and power. Historical
consumption data may be
necessary to quantify futureutility loads. Storm-water
drainage, deicing and industrial
waste disposal systems should
also be included.
Other Non-aeronautical uses
such as recreational facilitiesand parks, industrial parks,
agricultural or grazing leases,
and retail businesses
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Utility space
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Security Considerations
Planning for security early in the
development process canproduce designs that
accommodate security
requirements in a more efficient,
less costly, and less intrusive
manner.
However, specific measures for
implementing security
requirements will vary in
response to shifting threats,
evolving technology, and the
physical and operationalcircumstances of individual
airports
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Terminal space - Facility Requirement
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COMMERCIAL SERVICE PASSENGER TERMINAL
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COMMERCIAL SERVICE PASSENGER TERMINAL
COMPLEX
Gates and Apron Frontage : Passenger Terminal Building : Curb-fronts
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GROUND ACCESS, CIRCULATION, AND PARKING REQUIREMENTS
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GROUND ACCESS, CIRCULATION, AND PARKING REQUIREMENTS
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Regional Transportation Network
On-Airport Circulation Roadways/parking
Originating and terminating air travelers
Employees travel /parking Delivery vehicles
Taxi/Limo/Courtesy Van Staging Areas
Rental Car Facilities
Courtesy and Charter Bus Operations
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l i i C id i
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Pre-Planning site - Considerations
Climatic Conditions
(Temperature, Wind speed
and pattern, humidity,
elevation, usability factors)
Soil Conditions
Site value (archaeological
importance)Vulnerability for natural disasters
Adequate Space for immediate,
mid term and long term
expansion
Accessibility by other modes oftravel
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P bli I l t
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Public Involvement Information sharing and
collaboration among the airport
sponsor, users and tenants,resource agencies, elected andappointed public officials,residents, travellers, and thegeneral public
Involve stakeholders beforemajor decisions are made toreach a consensus oncontroversial matters
Consider special needs andsensitivities of low income and
minority populations Committee members must have
technical competency in aviationor airport operations
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i f i
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Aircraft Noise Cumulative aircraft noise
differ for each country
ICAO recommends total
noise exposure levels (TNEL)
Amount of aircraft noise :
loudness: How loud
overflying a/c are
Frequency : how often
they occur
Timing : the times at
which overflying occur
Flight Paths
Aircraft Heights
Hourly variation of flight
patterns
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Sydney Airport Noise contours
Sydney is one of the oldest continually
operating airports in the world. The city
of Sydney has slowly grown around the
airport over the years, with many
people now living directly under the
flight path. During the week you mightbe able to feel the windows rattle as a
747 thunders in to land. The curfew
from 11pm until 6am does help,
however airlines are allowed to break
the curfew (for a fee) and of course a
curfew is not guaranteed to stand
forever - a Sydney resident
Th E i t l I t f
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The Environmental Impact of
Airports
The main environmentalimpact categories:
Noise
EmissionsWater pollution and use
Waste and energy
managementWildlife, heritage, and
landscape
The Greener skies program is being tested atsome airports. It is estimated that the new
technology will be able to cut down on
carbon emissions by 22,000 metric
tons/year = taking 4,100 cars off the road.
It will also downgrade noise pollution.
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1928 Originalland donation1928 Originalland donation
Evaluate Existing conditions
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1934 Airport
officially opened1937 First commercialairline flight
1960 VORTAC installed
1970 Passenger
terminal expanded
1941 Additional40 acres donated
1953 Dedication of newterminal building and ATCT
1975 New ATCT
constructed
1987 AirportAuthority established
1990 Airport master
plan updated
1998 Terminalexpansion began
1998
1975
1934
1934 Airport
officially opened1937 First commercialairline flight
1960 VORTAC installed
1970 Passenger
terminal expanded
1941 Additional40 acres donated
1953 Dedication of newterminal building and ATCT
1975 New ATCT
constructed
1987 AirportAuthority established
1990 Airport master
plan updated
1998 Terminalexpansion began
1998
1975
1934
Evaluate Existing conditions
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The history of the airport;
Timeline
Physical facilities on the
airport; basic utilities
Regional setting of the
airport and surrounding land
uses;
Environmental setting ofthe airport;
Socioeconomic and
demographic data for the
airport service area;
Historical aviation activity; Airport business affairs.
Existing data of previous
Master Plans
REGIONAL SETTING AND LAND USE
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REGIONAL SETTING AND LAND USE Examine the regional setting of an airport and the land use patterns around
it. Airport planning can extend well beyond the airport property line.
Check the boundaries of the airport and jurisdiction over the operation ofthe airport and adjacent land uses.
Collect documents such as official maps, the latest land use and
transportation plan, applicable municipal zoning controls, height zoning
ordinances, noise overlay zones
Identify land that will be exposed to airport operations. Land use is acontinuously changing process, particularly in urban environments. Collect
information on planned and proposed land uses, as well as on existing uses.
Identify land that may affect the safe operation of the airport or influence its
expansion. Structures that could obstruct air navigation is of safety concern.
Identify areas near the airport that may represent a potential hazard toaircraft, such as flood control areas, stockyards, and sanitary landfills.
Use geographic maps, aerial photographs, topographical maps, obstruction
charts, aeronautical charts, approach plates and other mapping tools to
examine and display land use details.
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Alt ti
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Alternatives
Analysis
The alternatives analysis processshould start with a broad group ofalternatives for the primaryelements and progressively screenthem to produce reasonable
alternatives that meet the planningneed
The alternatives should addressthose airport elements that are thefocus of the particular master plan(airside, airline passenger terminal,or ground access) and de-
emphasize functional elements thatare less important to the airportsoverall function.
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B.Sc (Hons) Transport & Logistics Management Course - U of M 72
Check list:
- Site Selection- Wind analysis
- Airspace analysis
- Surrounding Obstruction analysis
- Sitting of the runway- Availability of expansion
- Design and operation of airfield and airspace
- Design and operation of terminal and ground access
- Convenience to pax: short distance to the city
- Noise
- Cost comparison of alternative sites
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Atlanta: A Maximum Capacity Fortress Hub Airport
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Atlanta: A Maximum Capacity Fortress Hub Airport
2 Runways Arrivals
2 Runways Departures 50 Arrivals/Hr/RW Max
72 Seconds Between Arrivals
8.5 minutes Average Delay
36 Delays/1000 Operations
38 min./delay
50 Arr /Hr/RW
@ 72 sec separation -
safety limitation!
Wake Vortex (W turbulence) Factor in Safety-Capacity
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Wake Vortex (W turbulence) Factor in Safety-Capacity
Single RWY hazards Forms behind an aircraft as it passes through the
air
Wingtip vortices are gases expelled from a jet
engine
Wingtip vortices can remain in the air for up to
three minutes after the passage of an aircraft
Especially hazardous during LDG and T/O:
(1) During T/O & LDG, a/c operate at low speeds
and high angle of attack . (This attitude maximizes
the formation of dangerous wingtip vortices)
(2) T/O & LDG are the times when a plane is
operating closest to its stall speed and to the
ground (little margin for recovery in the event of
encountering another aircraft's wake turbulence)
(3) A/c close together and along the same
flightpath, maximizing the chance of encountering
the phenomenon.
Land Use Around Airport
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Land Use Around Airport
Can be utilized for
Hotels Hospitals
Tourist Attraction Places
Transport Facilities
And banned for
High Structure Buildings
Power Lines
Telecommunicationtowers
Your main goal of spatial planning is tocreate space for the different functions
that demand it, on the limited surface
area that we have available to us in Sri
Lankan airfields.
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The level of environmental concern varies from country to country orindeed from one airport to another, depending on views about aviationand other social and political attitudes.
(
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Compensating diminution in property values attributableto noise impacts
Standards on noise levels and emissions levels, imposedand enforced
Explore methods by which the airport can improve wasteand energy management
Methods to create a habitat more conducive for wildlifeby reducing water pollution
Establishing buffer zones around the airport Waste water management systems establishment
Airport night curfews
Mitigation Measures
Approach Protection
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Approach Protection
The airport sponsor mustprotect terminal airspace,
and prevent growth or
establishment of
obstructions in the aerial
approaches to the airport.
Obstruction must be
cleared, removed, lower,relocated, marked, or
lighted
Prima factory built on the approach of China Bay airfield
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Puttalam RWY
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Puttalam RWY
Puttalam was under DCA in 1946.
It had a gravel runway and RAF replaced
it by a tar macadam strip duringoccupation. It was used as an emergency
runway and for cross-country flights by
trainee pilots. CAA lost Puttalam RWY
owing to the construction of the Holcim
Cement factory on it
Wildlif h d
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Wildlife hazards
Wildlife Hazards pose a serious
for aviation safety
Wildlife attractant:
Poorly drained locations
Detention/retention ponds
Roosting habitats on buildings
Landscaping, Agriculture, Wetlands
Example:
FAA Recommends: Airports Serving Piston Powered
a/c 5,000 between AOA andHazardous wildlife attractant
Airports Serving Turbine-Powered a/c 10,000 betweenAOA and Hazardous wildlifeattractant
Protection of Approach,Departure, and Circling Airspace5 SM between AOA andHazardous wildlife attractant
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Environmental Impacts
Air and water quality
Ambient noise level
Ecological processes
Natural environment values
An airport is a stimulus to a society in terms of
economic growth and service it offers to the public.
These benefits may be negated if compatibility
between an airport and its environs is not achieved
Lost opportunities
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Lost opportunities
Loss of one runway in Katukurunda owing to ignorant and
ill-advised political decision
Aerodromes
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AerodromesRatmalana was opened in1938 with a grass landing
area 600 yards square.Three story terminalbuilding with hangars andworkshop facilities providedin 1939
During war time RMA wasprovided with a 1,700 by 56yards RWY
In 1948 RWY was extendedto 2000 yards and couldaccommodate aircraft of75,000 lbs
Mr. Francis J. Rhody in 1948
recommended developmentof RMA to be aninternational airport with3000 by 100 yards runway.
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Katunayakewasconstructedwith2000 X 100 d RWY i 1946
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Aerodromes2000X100yardsRWYsin1946.Coconutlandof2,300acreswererequisitionedforairfieldconstruction
AircraftdestinedtoRMAweredivertedtoKIAduringbadWxbutOperating2majorairportswithincloseproximityofeachotherweresubjectedtodiscussions.
DevelopmentofKATasan
InternationalAirportin1959 KIAmajorexpansionin1964with
Canadianassistance
ConstructionofRWYof11,050ft.atKATinAugust1965
KIAnewterminalbuildingwas
openedon05th August1968.
FurtherextensionofRWY3350X
150ftatKIAin1986.
BIAPhaseIIDevelopmentProject
commencedin2003
Sri lanka has two main ports: KIA & RML .These cover the actual airport areas and the
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surrounding regions. But the areas are not used for major urban and international
aviation businesses. The economic importance and the limited space around both
these airfields require national co-ordination. Eg: KIA can be developed further at its
current location while RML is restricted. Not many aviation related businesses andoffices are located in the immediate vicinity of KIA or RML.
With the perception that new urban areas should not be built under frequently used
flight paths, if KIA is to be further developed, no new housing locations should be
allowed under the flight path and the Katunayake Katana areas. Consideration of noise
contours within and beside the runway system is another factor.
MinneriyawasconstructedbyRAFoncrownland
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y y
duringthewar.
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Ampara airfield Amparawasopenedforciviltrafficin1949butwascloseddownin
1950duetoseriousdamagecausedbyfloods.
AmparawasrepairedbyGalOyaDevelopmentBoardandre-openedforregularflightsin1957.
Proper use of a legend
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Proper use of a legend
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