Advanced Technical Writing Lecture 13 Formal report 8/7/2008.

Advanced Technical WritingAdvanced Technical Writing

Lecture 13Lecture 13

Formal reportFormal report

8/7/20088/7/2008

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ContentsContents

Basic Page Layout.Basic Page Layout. Preliminary Pages.Preliminary Pages. Text Pages.Text Pages. Back MaterBack Mater..

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Basic Page LayoutBasic Page Layout1.1. MarginsMargins

2.2. Line SpacingLine Spacing

3.3. Line Spacing for Line Spacing for EquationsEquations

4.4. Font TypesFont Types

5.5. Font SizeFont Size

6.6. Font StyleFont Style

7.7. Page NumberPage Number

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1. Margins1. Margins

Left and right 2.5 cmLeft and right 2.5 cmTop and bottom 3.5 cmTop and bottom 3.5 cm

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2. Line Spacing2. Line Spacing

Single space the text.Single space the text. Single space: table/figure captionSingle space: table/figure caption Single space appendix materials and Single space appendix materials and

tables.tables. Allow additional space above and Allow additional space above and

below the equation to separate it below the equation to separate it from the text.from the text.

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3. Font Types3. Font Types

Use proportional Use proportional font -- Arial, Times font -- Arial, Times New Roman, New Roman, Courier New, … -- Courier New, … -- must use at least must use at least 12-point font.12-point font.

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4. Font Size4. Font Size

Text must be a minimum of 12-point.Text must be a minimum of 12-point. Fonts 10-point not acceptable for body Fonts 10-point not acceptable for body

of report.of report. Fonts 8-,9-,or 10-point may be used for Fonts 8-,9-,or 10-point may be used for

tables and appendix to accommodate tables and appendix to accommodate the marginsthe margins

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5. Font Style5. Font Style

Any standard office font style is Any standard office font style is acceptable -- not script, italic, bold, acceptable -- not script, italic, bold, characters with slant or different characters with slant or different sizes.sizes.

Italic fonts may be used when Italic fonts may be used when appropriate.appropriate.

Times Roman -- uses 13-point size.Times Roman -- uses 13-point size. Font size and style are the same for Font size and style are the same for

text and page number.text and page number.

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6. Page Number6. Page Number

Pages should be numbered Pages should be numbered consecutively, with numbers located consecutively, with numbers located in the upper right, lower right, or in the upper right, lower right, or lower middle of the page.lower middle of the page.

The Introduction should begin with 1.The Introduction should begin with 1. Before Introduction, use Roman Before Introduction, use Roman

numeralsnumerals..

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Components in Formal ReportsComponents in Formal Reports

Generally appear in formal reports:

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Front matterFront matter Front coverFront cover Title pageTitle page Dedication page (optional)Dedication page (optional) Acknowledgment Acknowledgment

(optional)(optional) AbstractAbstract Table of ContentsTable of Contents List of TablesList of Tables List of FiguresList of Figures List of AbbreviationsList of Abbreviations Foreword (optional)Foreword (optional) Preface (optional)Preface (optional)

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Title PageTitle Page Title of documentTitle of document Your nameYour name Degree title - Course Degree title - Course

titletitle Major SubjectMajor Subject University name, city, University name, city,

countrycountry Date (month, year) Date (month, year) Assign numeral i, but Assign numeral i, but

does not appeardoes not appear Back of title page is Back of title page is

emptyempty

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Dedication PageDedication Page

OptionalOptional Type the word DEDICATIONType the word DEDICATION Insert two double spaced blank lines Insert two double spaced blank lines

and begin the text-double spacing all and begin the text-double spacing all lines.lines.

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Acknowledgment PageAcknowledgment Page

OptionalOptional Type the word ACKNOWLEDGMENTType the word ACKNOWLEDGMENT Insert two double spaced blank lines Insert two double spaced blank lines

and begin the text-double spacing all and begin the text-double spacing all lines.lines.

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AbstractAbstract

Type the word ABSTRACTType the word ABSTRACT Single space all linesSingle space all lines Must haveMust have

• statement of the problemstatement of the problem• exposition of methods & proceduresexposition of methods & procedures• summary of the findingsummary of the finding

Usually 150 to 250 words.Usually 150 to 250 words.

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Table of ContentsTable of Contents Type TABLE OF CONTENTSType TABLE OF CONTENTS

List items followed with dotes and page List items followed with dotes and page numbernumber• AbstractAbstract• List of TablesList of Tables• List of FiguresList of Figures• List of AbbreviationsList of Abbreviations• and so onand so on

Don’t list anything before the Table of Don’t list anything before the Table of ContentsContents

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Table of Contents ContinueTable of Contents Continue

Include all chapter heads-upper caseInclude all chapter heads-upper case• Subheads as they appear in chapter.Subheads as they appear in chapter.

Generally no more than three levels Generally no more than three levels of heads are used. If heads in any of heads are used. If heads in any levels is listed, all headings of that levels is listed, all headings of that levels must be listed.levels must be listed.

List Appendices nextList Appendices next The BibliographyThe BibliographyExample Text page: 675Example Text page: 675

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Table of contents ExampleTable of contents ExampleAbstract …………………………….. ….……... ….……….…...iiiAbstract …………………………….. ….……... ….……….…...iiiList of Figures ……………………… ….……...... …..........ivList of Figures ……………………… ….……...... …..........ivList of Tables ……………………… ….…….. …………………..vList of Tables ……………………… ….…….. …………………..v1 SUMMARY ……………………… ….…….. ……….….……..11 SUMMARY ……………………… ….…….. ……….….……..12 INTRODUCTION ………………… ….…….. …….…….… 32 INTRODUCTION ………………… ….…….. …….…….… 33 METHODOLOGY ………………… ….…….. ….….……...63 METHODOLOGY ………………… ….…….. ….….……...6 3.1 Selection of study area ……… ….…..... 8 3.1 Selection of study area ……… ….…..... 8 3.2 Description of study series…….….....103.2 Description of study series…….….....10

3.2.13.2.1 Pilgrim 1 ………………………………….12Pilgrim 1 ………………………………….12 3.3 Time series analysis ………. ….……....143.3 Time series analysis ………. ….……....144 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ….…..204 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ….…..205 CONCLUSION ……………….…………………………………225 CONCLUSION ……………….…………………………………22 APPENDIX A ……………..……………………………………..…23APPENDIX A ……………..……………………………………..…23 References …………………..……………………………….….24References …………………..……………………………….….24

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List of Tables (Figures, Abbreviations)List of Tables (Figures, Abbreviations)

List each one on a separate page with List each one on a separate page with each table followed by dots and page each table followed by dots and page number at the right margin.number at the right margin.

Double space between each caption Double space between each caption but single space captions longer than but single space captions longer than one line.one line.

Number all tables/figures consecutivelyNumber all tables/figures consecutively

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ForewordForeword

Optional introductory statement written Optional introductory statement written by someone other than the author.by someone other than the author.

May discuss the purpose of the report.May discuss the purpose of the report.

May include background informationMay include background information

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PrefacePreface

Optional written by the author.Optional written by the author.

Include the purpose, background, and Include the purpose, background, and scope of the report.scope of the report.

Specify the audience for whom the Specify the audience for whom the report to be given.report to be given.

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Text PagesText Pages

I.I. Introduction.Introduction.

II.II. Materials and Materials and methodsmethods..

III.III. Results and Results and discussion.discussion.

IV.IV. Conclusion Conclusion

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Text Pages ContinueText Pages Continue Must be divided into chapters which could Must be divided into chapters which could

be sub divided and listed in the Table of be sub divided and listed in the Table of Contents.Contents.

Use just boldface, just italic, or just Use just boldface, just italic, or just underline any heading.underline any heading.

Single space all heading.Single space all heading. Each new chapter must start on a new Each new chapter must start on a new

page.page. Avoid having a heading as the last line of Avoid having a heading as the last line of

text on a page.text on a page.

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I. IntroductionI. Introduction

First paragraph should capture reader’s First paragraph should capture reader’s attention.attention.

Should includeShould include• Statement of the problemStatement of the problem• MotivationsMotivations• Complete description of the project.Complete description of the project.• Mentioning each part of the reportMentioning each part of the report

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II. Materials & MethodsII. Materials & Methods

Literature Review.Literature Review. Theoretical Derivations.Theoretical Derivations.

• State your assumptions clearly.State your assumptions clearly.• Step-by-step derivation.Step-by-step derivation.• Figures may be necessary.Figures may be necessary.

Summary of the approach taken.Summary of the approach taken.• Software simulation, hand calculation, Software simulation, hand calculation,

design and implementation, design and implementation, programming, or analytical derivations.programming, or analytical derivations.

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III. Results & DiscussionIII. Results & Discussion

Software documentation.Software documentation. Analysis of plots, charts and figures Analysis of plots, charts and figures

where each should be mentioned and where each should be mentioned and discussed.discussed.

Explanation of the resultsExplanation of the results• The punch lineThe punch line• How did it turn out?How did it turn out?• Was it as expected?Was it as expected?

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III. Results & Discussion ContinueIII. Results & Discussion Continue

• Did it turn out according to theory?Did it turn out according to theory?• Were the results repeatable?Were the results repeatable?• Do you understand the significant of the Do you understand the significant of the

results?results? The reader should know exactly what The reader should know exactly what

happened and why.happened and why.

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IV. ConclusionIV. Conclusion

Tie together any loose ends.Tie together any loose ends. Summarize the whole report.Summarize the whole report. Should includeShould include

• restatement of the problemrestatement of the problem• restatement of the goalsrestatement of the goals• restatement of the approach takenrestatement of the approach taken• restatement of the results & their relevancerestatement of the results & their relevance• future works, extrapolation and possible future works, extrapolation and possible

applications for technologyapplications for technology

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Back MaterBack Mater Page numbers continue as Arabic Page numbers continue as Arabic

numeralsnumerals AppendixAppendix Bibliography or ReferencesBibliography or References GlossaryGlossary Index (optional)Index (optional)

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AppendixAppendix

Labeled as Appendix A, Appendix Labeled as Appendix A, Appendix B, so on.B, so on.

Observe the margins and the page Observe the margins and the page numbering.numbering.

Include materials that are too long Include materials that are too long and technical or unnecessary in and technical or unnecessary in the appendix.the appendix.

See text page 55See text page 55

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BibliographyBibliography

Single space all lines of each entry, Single space all lines of each entry, but double space between entries.but double space between entries.

Use numbered reference list.Use numbered reference list. At least three references should be At least three references should be

given.given. References include course notes, text References include course notes, text

books, journal articles, conference books, journal articles, conference proceedings, and thesis.proceedings, and thesis.

See text page192See text page192

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Reference should includeReference should include

• authorauthor• title of worktitle of work• title of journal or texttitle of journal or text• volume numbervolume number• datedate• page numberpage number• publisherpublisher• publisher’s citypublisher’s city

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Bibliography ExamplesBibliography Examples

1.1. Samir S. Soliman and Mandyam D. Samir S. Soliman and Mandyam D. Srinath. Continuous And Discrete Srinath. Continuous And Discrete Signals And Systems,2Signals And Systems,2ndnd ed. New ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1998Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1998

2.2. Khotandzal A. and et al, “ Neural Khotandzal A. and et al, “ Neural Networks--Generation Three,” IEEE Networks--Generation Three,” IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, Vol. 8, No. 4, Trans. Neural Networks, Vol. 8, No. 4, July 1997July 1997

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GlossaryGlossary List of selected terms on particular subject List of selected terms on particular subject

that are defined and explained.that are defined and explained. Arrange alphabeticallyArrange alphabetically Follow dictionary style.Follow dictionary style.

AbbreviationAbbreviation DefinitionDefinitionAMAM Amplitude ModulationAmplitude Modulation

FMFM Frequency ModulationFrequency Modulation

LANLAN Local Area NetworkLocal Area Network

HDHD Hard driveHard drive

SISOSISO Single Input Single OutputSingle Input Single Output

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IndexIndex

Alphabetical list of all the major Alphabetical list of all the major topics discussed in the report.topics discussed in the report.

Cites the pages where each topic can Cites the pages where each topic can be found thus allows readers to find be found thus allows readers to find information on topics quickly and information on topics quickly and easily.easily.

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Title page exampleTitle page example

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Title page exampleTitle page example

TITLE OF THE SENIOR PROJECTTITLE OF THE SENIOR PROJECTBYBY

YOUR NAMEYOUR NAME

Senior Project submitted to the Electrical & Computer Engineering Senior Project submitted to the Electrical & Computer Engineering In partial fulfillment of the requirements In partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the degreeFor the degreeBachelor of Science, Electrical EngineeringBachelor of Science, Electrical Engineering

Specialization in: CommunicationSpecialization in: Communication

Islamic University of GazaIslamic University of GazaGaza, Gaza StripGaza, Gaza Strip

July 2007July 2007

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DEDICATIONDEDICATION

To my parents and to my family To my parents and to my family who made this accomplishment who made this accomplishment

possiblepossible

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to thank the First and foremost, I would like to thank the chairman of my committee, Dr. xxxxxx, for his chairman of my committee, Dr. xxxxxx, for his support, outstanding guidance and support, outstanding guidance and encouragement throughout my senior project.encouragement throughout my senior project.

I would also like to express my gratitude and I would also like to express my gratitude and appreciation to Dr. xxx for all the help and appreciation to Dr. xxx for all the help and guidance he provided throughout my guidance he provided throughout my education, and to the other members of my education, and to the other members of my instructors, Dr. xxxxxxx and Dr. xxxxxxxx.instructors, Dr. xxxxxxx and Dr. xxxxxxxx.

I would like to thank my family, especially my I would like to thank my family, especially my parents, for their encouragement, patience, parents, for their encouragement, patience, and assistance over the years. I am forever and assistance over the years. I am forever indebted to my parents, who have always kept indebted to my parents, who have always kept me in their prayers.me in their prayers.

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ABSTRACTABSTRACT

Title of the senior projectTitle of the senior projectBYBY

Your nameYour name

The design of controllers for nonlinear The design of controllers for nonlinear systems in industry is a complex and systems in industry is a complex and difficult task. The development of difficult task. The development of nonlinear control techniques has been nonlinear control techniques has been approached in many different ways with approached in many different ways with varied results. One approach which has varied results. One approach which has been shown promise for solving nonlinear been shown promise for solving nonlinear control problems is the use of XXXXXXXX control problems is the use of XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX

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Table of ContentsTable of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ………..……………………….……………..…….…………1 1. INTRODUCTION ………..……………………….……………..…….…………1 1.1 Introduction ……...…………………….…………………….………..11.1 Introduction ……...…………………….…………………….………..1 1.2 Literature Review …………………….……………………….……..31.2 Literature Review …………………….……………………….……..3 1.3 Contribution ….………….………………..……………………….…….41.3 Contribution ….………….………………..……………………….…….4 1.4 Outline of This Thesis……………….……………………………….51.4 Outline of This Thesis……………….……………………………….5

2. CLASSICAL CONTROL SYSTEM.…..……………………………………...82. CLASSICAL CONTROL SYSTEM.…..……………………………………...8 2.1 Background ..…..………..…………………….……..………,..……82.1 Background ..…..………..…………………….……..………,..……8 2.2 Controller Design…………………………………….……….……….92.2 Controller Design…………………………………….……….……….9 2.3 Proportional-Integral-Derivative ….………………………..112.3 Proportional-Integral-Derivative ….………………………..11

3. DESIGNING PID CONTROLLER FOR NONLINEAR SYSTEM..143. DESIGNING PID CONTROLLER FOR NONLINEAR SYSTEM..14 3.1 Introduction ..………………………………………….……………….143.1 Introduction ..………………………………………….……………….14 3.2 Inverted Pendulum Problem ..………………………………….153.2 Inverted Pendulum Problem ..………………………………….15 3.3 Nonlinear case ..…..………….………………………………………173.3 Nonlinear case ..…..………….………………………………………17 3.4 linearization case….…………..………………..……………………3.4 linearization case….…………..………………..……………………1919

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Table of Contents ContinueTable of Contents Continue

7.7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH …….…..99CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH …….…..99

REFERENCES ……………………..……………………….……..103REFERENCES ……………………..……………………….……..103

APPENDICES APPENDICES A. THE FUZZY RULES OF MAMDANI MODEL FOR A. THE FUZZY RULES OF MAMDANI MODEL FOR INVERTED PENDULUM PROBLEM…….………….109INVERTED PENDULUM PROBLEM…….………….109

B. THE FUZZY RULES OF SUGENO MODEL FOR B. THE FUZZY RULES OF SUGENO MODEL FOR INVERTED PENDULUM PROBLEM …..…….……112INVERTED PENDULUM PROBLEM …..…….……112

C. COMPUTER PROGRAMS ……………………………..115C. COMPUTER PROGRAMS ……………………………..115

D. PHASE PLAINS ……….…………………………..………121D. PHASE PLAINS ……….…………………………..………121

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LIST OF TABLESLIST OF TABLESTable 3.1 Table 3.1 Inverted Pendulum Parameter Values ……………21Inverted Pendulum Parameter Values ……………21

Table 5.1 Table 5.1 Inverted Pendulum Equations …….………..………..53Inverted Pendulum Equations …….………..………..53

Table 5.2 Table 5.2 Inverted Pendulum Parameter Values ……....…..54Inverted Pendulum Parameter Values ……....…..54

Table 5.3 Table 5.3 Fuzzy Associative Memory (FAM) ………….…..…..59Fuzzy Associative Memory (FAM) ………….…..…..59

Table 5.4Table 5.4 Set of Input-Output Data for First Rule …….……70Set of Input-Output Data for First Rule …….……70

Table 5.5Table 5.5 Finding Parameters of First Rule Using Least Finding Parameters of First Rule Using Least Square Method ………………………………………..….….70Square Method ………………………………………..….….70

Table 5.6Table 5.6 The Eigenvalues of Sugeno Fuzzy Control Using The Eigenvalues of Sugeno Fuzzy Control Using State Variable Feedback ……..……………….……...85State Variable Feedback ……..……………….……...85

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LIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Figure 2.1 Closed-Loop Controller …………………………..…………………………….……. Closed-Loop Controller …………………………..…………………………….…….

…..8 …..8 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.2 A PID Controller ……………………………………………...…………………….….... A PID Controller ……………………………………………...…………………….…....

…12…12

Figure 3.1 Figure 3.1 PID Controller for Inverted Pendulum ………………..…..…………..….…..18 PID Controller for Inverted Pendulum ………………..…..…………..….…..18

Figure 3.2 Figure 3.2 The Cart Position of the Inverted Pendulum (Nonlinear Case) ….….18 The Cart Position of the Inverted Pendulum (Nonlinear Case) ….….18

Figure 3.3Figure 3.3The Position of the Inverted Pendulum (Nonlinear Case)……………….19The Position of the Inverted Pendulum (Nonlinear Case)……………….19

Figure 3.4 Figure 3.4 The Cart Position of the Inverted Pendulum (Linearized Case) …..22The Cart Position of the Inverted Pendulum (Linearized Case) …..22

Figure 3.5Figure 3.5The Position of the Inverted Pendulum (Linearize Case)………………..23The Position of the Inverted Pendulum (Linearize Case)………………..23

Figure 4.1 Figure 4.1 The Venn diagram of a fuzzy set ……………………….….………………….…..27The Venn diagram of a fuzzy set ……………………….….………………….…..27

Figure 4.2 Figure 4.2 Intersection of fuzzy sets A and B …………………………………………..……29 Intersection of fuzzy sets A and B …………………………………………..……29

Figure 4.3 Figure 4.3 Union of fuzzy sets A and B …………………………..………………………..…...29Union of fuzzy sets A and B …………………………..………………………..…...29

Figure 4.4 Figure 4.4 Complement of fuzzy set A ……………………………..………………………....30 Complement of fuzzy set A ……………………………..………………………....30

Figure 4.5 Figure 4.5 A bell-shaped membership function ………….. …………………….....…..31 A bell-shaped membership function ………….. …………………….....…..31

Figure 4.6 Figure 4.6 A triangular membership function …………………….………………….....…31 A triangular membership function …………………….………………….....…31

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GLOSSARYGLOSSARY

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 This is a Section Heading1.1 This is a Section Heading

This is a sentence to take up space and look like text.This is a sentence to take up space and look like text.

This is a sentence to take up space [1]. This is a This is a sentence to take up space [1]. This is a

sentence to take up space and look like text.sentence to take up space and look like text.

1.1.1 This is a Subsection Heading1.1.1 This is a Subsection Heading

This is a sentence to take up space and look like text. This is a sentence to take up space and look like text. This is a sentence to take up space [2]. This is a This is a sentence to take up space [2]. This is a sentence to take up space and look like text. sentence to take up space and look like text.

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BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY

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APPENDIXAPPENDIX

APPENDIX A THIS IS AN APPENDIXAPPENDIX A THIS IS AN APPENDIX

This is a sentence to take up space and look like text. This is a sentence to take up space and look like text. This is a sentence to take up space and look like text.This is a sentence to take up space and look like text.

A.1 A Section Heading Inside an AppendixA.1 A Section Heading Inside an Appendix

This is how equations are numbered in an appendix:This is how equations are numbered in an appendix:

This is a sentence to take up and look like textThis is a sentence to take up and look like text spacespace