A Survey on Sensor Networks - Seoul National Universitydcslab.snu.ac.kr/courses/dip2016f/StudentPaperPresenta...Introduction} Recent advancement in wireless communications and electr

ASurveyonSensorNetworks DonghyunKang,DongkwonLee

Contents

}  Introduction}  SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture}  ProtocolStack

}  PhysicalLayer}  DataLinkLayer} NetworkLayer}  TransportLayer}  ApplicationLayer

}  Conclusion

Introduction

}  Recentadvancementinwirelesscommunicationsandelectronicshasenabled…

}  SensorNode}  Consistofsensing,dataprocessing,andcommunicatingcomponents} Cooperating–Thenodesarefittedwithanonboardprocessor} Useprocessingabilities

}  Low-cost,Low-power,Multifunctional,Smallsize

Introduction

}  SensorNetwork}  Becomposedofalargenumberofsensornodesthataredenselydeployed

}  Positionofsensornodesneednotbepredetermined}  Cooperateeffortofsensornodes} Widerangeofapplicationsareensured

} Health} Military} Home

Introduction

}  Protocolsfortraditionalwirelessadhocnetworkarenotwellsuitedtothesensornetworks

Feature Sensornetwork Traditionalwirelessadhocnetwork #ofsensornodes Verylarge Notthatlarge Density Denselydeployed Lowdensity Failure Pronetofailures Lowfailure Topology Frequentlychanged Rarelychanged Communication Broadcastcommunication Pointtopointcommunication Resource Limitedinpower,computationca

pacitiesandmemory Notthatlimited

Globalidentification Maynothave Yes

Contents

}  Introduction}  SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture

}  Overview}  DesignFactors

}  ProtocolStack}  PhysicalLayer}  DataLinkLayer}  NetworkLayer}  TransportLayer}  ApplicationLayer

}  Conclusion

SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture

}  Overview}  Sensornodes

} Sensorfield

}  Sink

SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture

} ManyDesignFactors}  FaultTolerance}  Scalability}  ProductionCosts}  HardwareConstraints}  SensorNetworkTopology}  Environment}  TransmissionMedia}  PowerConsumption

DesignFactors

}  FaultTolerance}  Abilitytosustainsensornetworkfunctionalitieswithoutanyinterruptionduetosensornodefailures

}  Scalability}  Hundreds~millionsofsensornodes

}  ProductionCosts

DesignFactors

}  HardwareConstraints}  Sensingunit

}  Sensors}  Analogsignal

}  ADC}  AnalogtoDigitalConverter

}  Processingunit}  Transceiverunit}  Powerunit}  Application-dependentcomponents

}  Locationfindingsystem,mobilizer,powergenerator,…

}  Size(weight)&powerconstraint

DesignFactors

}  SensorNetworkTopology}  Pre-deployment&deployment}  Post-deployment}  Redeployment

}  Environment

DesignFactors

}  TransmissionMedia}  Radio}  Infrared} Opticalmedia(light)

}  PowerConsumption}  Lifetime}  Conservation&management}  Power-awareprotocols&algorithms

Contents

}  Introduction}  SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture}  ProtocolStack

}  PhysicalLayer}  DataLinkLayer} NetworkLayer}  TransportLayer}  ApplicationLayer

}  Conclusion

ProtocolStack

}  Layers}  PhysicalLayer

}  Transmission&receivingtechniques}  DataLinkLayer

}  Mediumaccesscontrolprotocolw/consideringconstraints

}  NetworkLayer}  Takecareofroutingthedatasuppliedbythetransportlayer

}  TransportLayer}  Helptomaintaintheflowofdata

}  ApplicationLayer}  Applicationsoftware

ProtocolStack

}  Planes}  Powermanagementplane

} Managehowasensornodeusesitspower

} Mobilitymanagementplane} Detectandregisterthemovementofsensornodes

}  Taskmanagementplane} Balanceandschedulethesensingtasks

Contents

}  Introduction}  SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture}  ProtocolStack

}  PhysicalLayer}  DataLinkLayer} NetworkLayer}  TransportLayer}  ApplicationLayer

}  Conclusion

PhysicalLayer

}  Beresponsiblefor}  Frequencyselection}  Carrierfrequencygeneration}  Signaldetection} Modulation}  Dataencryption

}  915MHzISMbandhasbeenwidelysuggestedforsensornetworks

PhysicalLayer

}  Signalpropagationeffects&PowerEfficiency} Minimumoutputpower(proportionalto𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒↑2~4 )} Multi-hopcommunication

} Modulationschemes}  Binarymodulation} M-arymodulation

}  UWB(UltraWideband)/IR(ImpulseRadio)

Contents

}  Introduction}  SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture}  ProtocolStack

}  PhysicalLayer}  DataLinkLayer

} MediumAccessControl(MAC)}  ErrorControl

}  NetworkLayer}  TransportLayer}  ApplicationLayer

}  Conclusion

DataLinklayer

}  Itensuresreliablepoint-to-pointandpoint-to-multipointconnectionsinacommunicationnetwork

}  Itisresponsiblefor…}  Multiplexingofdatastreams}  Dataframedetection}  Mediumaccesscontrol(MAC)

}  Twogoalsinasensornetwork}  Thecreationofnetworkinfrastructure}  Shareresourcesfairlyandefficiently

}  Errorcontrol

MAC(MediumAccessControl)

}  ExistingMACProtocolsCannotBeUsed}  ExistingMACprotocols

}  VersusCellularsystem}  Basestation–mobilenode<->nocentralcontrollingagent}  Goal:provisionofhighqualityofservice(QoS)&bandwidthefficiency}  Powerconservationissecondaryimportant(Replenishingbattery,unlimitedpowersupplement)<->itispri

meimportanceinasensornetwork}  VersusBluetoothandthemobileadhocnetwork(MANET)

}  Bluetooth}  Starnetwork(masternode–upto7slavenodes)}  Transmissionpower:~20dBm&transmissionrange:orderoftensofmeters

}  MANET}  Goal:theprovisionofhighQoSundermobileconditions}  Powerisnotimportant(Replaceablebattery)}  <->Lessmobilityrate,frequenttopologychange

<->sensornetworkhasmorelargernumberofnodes.<->~0dBmtransmissionpowerandlessradiorange

MAC(MediumAccessControl)

} MACforSensorNetworks}  Demand-basedschemesmaybeunsuitableforsensornetworks

}  Largemessagingoverhead&linksetupdelay}  FixedallocationandRandomaccessversionaresuggested

}  SMACS&EAR}  CSMA-basedMediumAccess}  HybridTDMA-FDMAbased

}  PowerSavingOperation

MAC(MediumAccessControl) }  SMACSandEAR

}  SMACS:Self-OrganizingMediumAccessControlforSensorNetworks}  Distributedinfrastructure-buildingprotocol

}  Enablenodestodiscovertheirneighborsandestablishtransmission/receptionschedulesforglobalcommunicationwithoutanyglobalorlocalmasternodes

}  Neighbordiscoveryandchannelassignmentphasesarecombined}  Hearalltheirneighbors->formaconnectednetwork

}  Communicationlink–pairoftimeslotsoperatingatarandomlychosenbutfixedfrequency<Powerconservation>

}  Availablebandwidth>>maximumdatarateforsensornodes}  Nonetworkwidesynchronization

}  EAR:Eaves-drop-And-RegisterAlgorithm}  Offercontinuousservicetothemobilenodesunderbothmobileandstationaryconditions}  Decidewhentodropconnectionswhileminimizingmessagingoverhead}  TransparentwithSMACS;EAR+SMACSavailable}  Networkisassumedtobemainlystaticandmobilenodehasanumberofstationarynodes

}  Drawback}  Possibilitythatmembersalreadybelongingtodifferentsubnetsmightnevergetconnected

MAC(MediumAccessControl) }  CSMA-BasedMediumAccess

}  CSMA:Acarriersensemultipleaccess}  TraditionalCSMA-basedschemes

}  Fundamentalassumptionofstochasticallydistributedtraffic}  Tendtosupportindependentpoint-to-pointflows}  <->Mustbeabletosupportvariablebuthighlycorrelatedanddominantlyperiodictraffic

}  Listeningmechanism&backoffscheme}  Constantlistenperiod–energyefficient}  IntroductionofrandomdelayàRobustnessagainstrepeatedcollisions}  Fixedwindow&backupschemesàmaintainproportionalfairness

}  ARC(Adaptivetransmissionratecontrol)}  Achievemediumaccessfairness}  Controlthedataoriginationrateofanodeinordertoallowtheroute-throughtraffictopropag

ate}  Linearincreaseandmultiplicativedecreaseapproach

MAC(MediumAccessControl)

}  HybridTDMA/FDMABased}  T(F)DMA:Time/Frequencydivisionmultipleaccess}  Assumption

} Systemismadeupofenergy-constrainedsensornodesthatcommunicatetoasinglenearbyhigh-poweredbasestation}  Themachinemonitoringapplicationofsensornetworkswithstrictdatalatencyrequirementsisconsidered

}  IfthetransmitterconsumesmorepoweràTDMA}  IfthereceiverconsumesmorepoweràFDMA

MAC(MediumAccessControl)

}  Qualitativeoverview

MAC(MediumAccessControl)

}  PowerSavingModesofOperation}  Regardlessofmediumaccessscheme}  Example:Turnthetransceiveroffwhenitisnotrequired}  Dependenttoitshardware}  CharacterizedbyLesspowerconsumptionßàlatencyoverhead

ErrorControl

}  Automaticrepeatrequest(ARQ)}  ForwardErrorCorrection(FEC)

Contents }  Introduction}  SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture}  ProtocolStack

}  PhysicalLayer}  DataLinkLayer}  NetworkLayer

}  Powerefficiencyrouting(choosepath)}  Datacentricrouting(choosesource/sinknode)}  Dataaggregation}  Sensornetworkschemes

}  TransportLayer}  ApplicationLayer

}  Conclusion

NetworkLayer

}  Powerefficiencyrouting(choosepath)}  Datacentricrouting(choosesource/sinknode)}  Dataaggregation}  Sensornetworkschemes

NetworkLayer

}  Powerefficiencyrouting}  Routingpaths(PA:Availablepower,𝛼:requiredpower)

}  Route1:T–B–A–Sink(PA:4,𝛼:3)}  Route2:T–C–B–A–Sink(PA:6,𝛼:6)}  Route3:T–D–Sink(PA:3,𝛼:4)}  Route4:T–F–E–Sink(PA:5,𝛼:6)

NetworkLayer

}  Powerefficiencyrouting}  Routingpaths(PA:Availablepower,𝛼:requiredpower)

}  Route1:T–B–A–Sink(PA:4,𝛼:3)}  Route2:T–C–B–A–Sink(PA:6,𝛼:6)}  Route3:T–D–Sink(PA:3,𝛼:4)}  Route4:T–F–E–Sink(PA:5,𝛼:6)

}  MaximumPAroute

NetworkLayer

}  Powerefficiencyrouting}  Routingpaths(PA:Availablepower,𝛼:requiredpower)

}  Route1:T–B–A–Sink(PA:4,𝛼:3)}  Route2:T–C–B–A–Sink(PA:6,𝛼:6)}  Route3:T–D–Sink(PA:3,𝛼:4)}  Route4:T–F–E–Sink(PA:5,𝛼:6)

}  Minimumenergy(𝛼)route

NetworkLayer

}  Powerefficiencyrouting}  Routingpaths(PA:Availablepower,𝛼:requiredpower)

}  Route1:T–B–A–Sink(PA:4,𝛼:3)}  Route2:T–C–B–A–Sink(PA:6,𝛼:6)}  Route3:T–D–Sink(PA:3,𝛼:4)}  Route4:T–F–E–Sink(PA:5,𝛼:6)

}  Minimumhop(node)route

NetworkLayer

}  Powerefficiencyrouting}  Routingpaths(PA:Availablepower,𝛼:requiredpower)

}  Route1:T–B–A–Sink(PA:4,𝛼:3)}  Route2:T–C–B–A–Sink(PA:6,𝛼:6)}  Route3:T–D–Sink(PA:3,𝛼:4)}  Route4:T–F–E–Sink(PA:5,𝛼:6)

}  Maximum‘minimumPA’route

NetworkLayer

}  DataCentricRouting}  Interestdisseminationfromsinknodes}  Advertiseavailabledatafromsensornodes

NetworkLayer

}  Dataaggregation}  Toavoidimplosionandoverlap

NetworkLayer

}  Sensornetworkschemes}  SMECN}  FLOODING}  GOSSIPING}  SPIN}  SAR}  LEACH}  DirectedDiffusion

NetworkLayer

}  SMECN(SmallMinimumEnergyCommunicationNetwork)

}  Createsasubgraphofthesensornetworkthatcontainstheminimumenergypath

NetworkLayer

}  FLOODING} Oldtechnique,broadcastdatatoallneighbornodesregardlessiftheyreceivebeforeornot

}  Implosion,Overlap,Resourceblindnessproblem

}  GOSSIPING}  Sendsdatatoonerandomneighbornode}  Avoidimplosionproblem,lowperformance

NetworkLayer

}  SPIN(SensorProtocolsforInformationviaNegotiation)

}  Sendsdatatosensornodesonlyiftheyareinterested}  3typesofmessage;ADV,REQ,DATA

NetworkLayer

}  SAR(SequentialAssignmentRouting)

}  Createsmultipletreeswheretherootofeachtreeisaonehopneighborfromthesink

}  Treesgrowoutwardfromthesink}  Choosepathbasedonenergyresources,additiveQoSmetric,packet’sprioritylevel.

NetworkLayer

}  LEACH(Low-EnergyAdaptiveClusteringHierarchy)

}  Formsclusterstominimizeenergydissipation}  Randomlyselectsensornodesasclusterheads}  Highenergydissipationincommunicatingwiththebasestationisspreadtoallsensornodes

}  Twophases

NetworkLayer

}  LEACH(Low-EnergyAdaptiveClusteringHierarchy)

}  SetupPhase} Clusterheadsareselectedrandomly} Eachsensornodeisassociatedwithitsclusterhead

}  SteadyPhase} Sensornodesbeginsensingandsendingdatatohead} Clusterheadsaggregatedataandsendittothebasestation

NetworkLayer

}  DirectedDiffusion1.  Sinksendsinterest2.  Gradientsaresetup3.  Sourcesendsthedata4.  Sinkrefreshesand

reinforcestheinterest

}  Basedondatacentricrouting

Contents

}  Introduction}  SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture}  ProtocolStack

}  PhysicalLayer}  DataLinkLayer} NetworkLayer}  TransportLayer}  ApplicationLayer

}  Conclusion

TransportLayer

}  AccesstoInternetorotherexternalnetwork}  Hybridapproach

}  TCP(sink–internet)+UDP(sink–sensornodes)

Contents

}  Introduction}  SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture}  ProtocolStack

}  PhysicalLayer}  DataLinkLayer}  NetworkLayer}  TransportLayer}  ApplicationLayer

}  Largelyunexploredregion}  Applicationlayerprotocols

}  Conclusion

ApplicationLayer

}  Largelyunexploredregion}  Applicationlayerprotocols

}  SMP}  TADAP}  SQDDP

ApplicationLayer

}  SMP(SensorManagementProtocol)}  Systemadmininteractswithsensornetworks}  Administrativetasks

}  Introducingrulesaboutdataaggregation,attributebasednamingandclusteringtosensornodes

}  Exchangingdatarelatedtothelocationfindingalgorithms}  Timesynchronization} Movingsensornodes}  Turningsensornodeson/off}  Queryingnetworkconfiguration,nodes`status}  Reconfiguringsensornetworks}  Authentication,security

ApplicationLayer

}  TADAP(TaskAssignmentandDataAdvertisementProtocol)

}  Efficientinterestdisseminationinterface}  Interestdisseminationbyusers} Dataadvertisementbysensornodes

}  Helpsdata-centricroutingsinlowerlayers

ApplicationLayer

}  SQDDP(SensorQueryandDataDisseminationProtocol)

}  Providesuserapplicationswithinterfacestoissuequery,respondtoqueriesandcollectingincomingreplies

}  Attribute,locationbasedquerying

Contents

}  Introduction}  SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture}  ProtocolStack

}  PhysicalLayer}  DataLinkLayer} NetworkLayer}  TransportLayer}  ApplicationLayer

}  Conclusion

Conclusion

}  Realizationofsensornetworksneedstosatisfyconstraints

}  Sincetheconstraintsarespecificforsensornetworks,newwirelessadhocnetworkingtechniquesarerequired