A Survey on Sensor Networks Donghyun Kang, Dongkwon Lee
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ASurveyonSensorNetworks DonghyunKang,DongkwonLee
Contents
} Introduction} SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture} ProtocolStack
} PhysicalLayer} DataLinkLayer} NetworkLayer} TransportLayer} ApplicationLayer
} Conclusion
Introduction
} Recentadvancementinwirelesscommunicationsandelectronicshasenabled…
} SensorNode} Consistofsensing,dataprocessing,andcommunicatingcomponents} Cooperating–Thenodesarefittedwithanonboardprocessor} Useprocessingabilities
} Low-cost,Low-power,Multifunctional,Smallsize
Introduction
} SensorNetwork} Becomposedofalargenumberofsensornodesthataredenselydeployed
} Positionofsensornodesneednotbepredetermined} Cooperateeffortofsensornodes} Widerangeofapplicationsareensured
} Health} Military} Home
Introduction
} Protocolsfortraditionalwirelessadhocnetworkarenotwellsuitedtothesensornetworks
Feature Sensornetwork Traditionalwirelessadhocnetwork #ofsensornodes Verylarge Notthatlarge Density Denselydeployed Lowdensity Failure Pronetofailures Lowfailure Topology Frequentlychanged Rarelychanged Communication Broadcastcommunication Pointtopointcommunication Resource Limitedinpower,computationca
pacitiesandmemory Notthatlimited
Globalidentification Maynothave Yes
Contents
} Introduction} SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture
} Overview} DesignFactors
} ProtocolStack} PhysicalLayer} DataLinkLayer} NetworkLayer} TransportLayer} ApplicationLayer
} Conclusion
SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture
} Overview} Sensornodes
} Sensorfield
} Sink
SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture
} ManyDesignFactors} FaultTolerance} Scalability} ProductionCosts} HardwareConstraints} SensorNetworkTopology} Environment} TransmissionMedia} PowerConsumption
DesignFactors
} FaultTolerance} Abilitytosustainsensornetworkfunctionalitieswithoutanyinterruptionduetosensornodefailures
} Scalability} Hundreds~millionsofsensornodes
} ProductionCosts
DesignFactors
} HardwareConstraints} Sensingunit
} Sensors} Analogsignal
} ADC} AnalogtoDigitalConverter
} Processingunit} Transceiverunit} Powerunit} Application-dependentcomponents
} Locationfindingsystem,mobilizer,powergenerator,…
} Size(weight)&powerconstraint
DesignFactors
} SensorNetworkTopology} Pre-deployment&deployment} Post-deployment} Redeployment
} Environment
DesignFactors
} TransmissionMedia} Radio} Infrared} Opticalmedia(light)
} PowerConsumption} Lifetime} Conservation&management} Power-awareprotocols&algorithms
Contents
} Introduction} SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture} ProtocolStack
} PhysicalLayer} DataLinkLayer} NetworkLayer} TransportLayer} ApplicationLayer
} Conclusion
ProtocolStack
} Layers} PhysicalLayer
} Transmission&receivingtechniques} DataLinkLayer
} Mediumaccesscontrolprotocolw/consideringconstraints
} NetworkLayer} Takecareofroutingthedatasuppliedbythetransportlayer
} TransportLayer} Helptomaintaintheflowofdata
} ApplicationLayer} Applicationsoftware
ProtocolStack
} Planes} Powermanagementplane
} Managehowasensornodeusesitspower
} Mobilitymanagementplane} Detectandregisterthemovementofsensornodes
} Taskmanagementplane} Balanceandschedulethesensingtasks
Contents
} Introduction} SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture} ProtocolStack
} PhysicalLayer} DataLinkLayer} NetworkLayer} TransportLayer} ApplicationLayer
} Conclusion
PhysicalLayer
} Beresponsiblefor} Frequencyselection} Carrierfrequencygeneration} Signaldetection} Modulation} Dataencryption
} 915MHzISMbandhasbeenwidelysuggestedforsensornetworks
PhysicalLayer
} Signalpropagationeffects&PowerEfficiency} Minimumoutputpower(proportionalto𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒↑2~4 )} Multi-hopcommunication
} Modulationschemes} Binarymodulation} M-arymodulation
} UWB(UltraWideband)/IR(ImpulseRadio)
Contents
} Introduction} SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture} ProtocolStack
} PhysicalLayer} DataLinkLayer
} MediumAccessControl(MAC)} ErrorControl
} NetworkLayer} TransportLayer} ApplicationLayer
} Conclusion
DataLinklayer
} Itensuresreliablepoint-to-pointandpoint-to-multipointconnectionsinacommunicationnetwork
} Itisresponsiblefor…} Multiplexingofdatastreams} Dataframedetection} Mediumaccesscontrol(MAC)
} Twogoalsinasensornetwork} Thecreationofnetworkinfrastructure} Shareresourcesfairlyandefficiently
} Errorcontrol
MAC(MediumAccessControl)
} ExistingMACProtocolsCannotBeUsed} ExistingMACprotocols
} VersusCellularsystem} Basestation–mobilenode<->nocentralcontrollingagent} Goal:provisionofhighqualityofservice(QoS)&bandwidthefficiency} Powerconservationissecondaryimportant(Replenishingbattery,unlimitedpowersupplement)<->itispri
meimportanceinasensornetwork} VersusBluetoothandthemobileadhocnetwork(MANET)
} Bluetooth} Starnetwork(masternode–upto7slavenodes)} Transmissionpower:~20dBm&transmissionrange:orderoftensofmeters
} MANET} Goal:theprovisionofhighQoSundermobileconditions} Powerisnotimportant(Replaceablebattery)} <->Lessmobilityrate,frequenttopologychange
<->sensornetworkhasmorelargernumberofnodes.<->~0dBmtransmissionpowerandlessradiorange
MAC(MediumAccessControl)
} MACforSensorNetworks} Demand-basedschemesmaybeunsuitableforsensornetworks
} Largemessagingoverhead&linksetupdelay} FixedallocationandRandomaccessversionaresuggested
} SMACS&EAR} CSMA-basedMediumAccess} HybridTDMA-FDMAbased
} PowerSavingOperation
MAC(MediumAccessControl) } SMACSandEAR
} SMACS:Self-OrganizingMediumAccessControlforSensorNetworks} Distributedinfrastructure-buildingprotocol
} Enablenodestodiscovertheirneighborsandestablishtransmission/receptionschedulesforglobalcommunicationwithoutanyglobalorlocalmasternodes
} Neighbordiscoveryandchannelassignmentphasesarecombined} Hearalltheirneighbors->formaconnectednetwork
} Communicationlink–pairoftimeslotsoperatingatarandomlychosenbutfixedfrequency<Powerconservation>
} Availablebandwidth>>maximumdatarateforsensornodes} Nonetworkwidesynchronization
} EAR:Eaves-drop-And-RegisterAlgorithm} Offercontinuousservicetothemobilenodesunderbothmobileandstationaryconditions} Decidewhentodropconnectionswhileminimizingmessagingoverhead} TransparentwithSMACS;EAR+SMACSavailable} Networkisassumedtobemainlystaticandmobilenodehasanumberofstationarynodes
} Drawback} Possibilitythatmembersalreadybelongingtodifferentsubnetsmightnevergetconnected
MAC(MediumAccessControl) } CSMA-BasedMediumAccess
} CSMA:Acarriersensemultipleaccess} TraditionalCSMA-basedschemes
} Fundamentalassumptionofstochasticallydistributedtraffic} Tendtosupportindependentpoint-to-pointflows} <->Mustbeabletosupportvariablebuthighlycorrelatedanddominantlyperiodictraffic
} Listeningmechanism&backoffscheme} Constantlistenperiod–energyefficient} IntroductionofrandomdelayàRobustnessagainstrepeatedcollisions} Fixedwindow&backupschemesàmaintainproportionalfairness
} ARC(Adaptivetransmissionratecontrol)} Achievemediumaccessfairness} Controlthedataoriginationrateofanodeinordertoallowtheroute-throughtraffictopropag
ate} Linearincreaseandmultiplicativedecreaseapproach
MAC(MediumAccessControl)
} HybridTDMA/FDMABased} T(F)DMA:Time/Frequencydivisionmultipleaccess} Assumption
} Systemismadeupofenergy-constrainedsensornodesthatcommunicatetoasinglenearbyhigh-poweredbasestation} Themachinemonitoringapplicationofsensornetworkswithstrictdatalatencyrequirementsisconsidered
} IfthetransmitterconsumesmorepoweràTDMA} IfthereceiverconsumesmorepoweràFDMA
MAC(MediumAccessControl)
} Qualitativeoverview
MAC(MediumAccessControl)
} PowerSavingModesofOperation} Regardlessofmediumaccessscheme} Example:Turnthetransceiveroffwhenitisnotrequired} Dependenttoitshardware} CharacterizedbyLesspowerconsumptionßàlatencyoverhead
ErrorControl
} Automaticrepeatrequest(ARQ)} ForwardErrorCorrection(FEC)
Contents } Introduction} SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture} ProtocolStack
} PhysicalLayer} DataLinkLayer} NetworkLayer
} Powerefficiencyrouting(choosepath)} Datacentricrouting(choosesource/sinknode)} Dataaggregation} Sensornetworkschemes
} TransportLayer} ApplicationLayer
} Conclusion
NetworkLayer
} Powerefficiencyrouting(choosepath)} Datacentricrouting(choosesource/sinknode)} Dataaggregation} Sensornetworkschemes
NetworkLayer
} Powerefficiencyrouting} Routingpaths(PA:Availablepower,𝛼:requiredpower)
} Route1:T–B–A–Sink(PA:4,𝛼:3)} Route2:T–C–B–A–Sink(PA:6,𝛼:6)} Route3:T–D–Sink(PA:3,𝛼:4)} Route4:T–F–E–Sink(PA:5,𝛼:6)
NetworkLayer
} Powerefficiencyrouting} Routingpaths(PA:Availablepower,𝛼:requiredpower)
} Route1:T–B–A–Sink(PA:4,𝛼:3)} Route2:T–C–B–A–Sink(PA:6,𝛼:6)} Route3:T–D–Sink(PA:3,𝛼:4)} Route4:T–F–E–Sink(PA:5,𝛼:6)
} MaximumPAroute
NetworkLayer
} Powerefficiencyrouting} Routingpaths(PA:Availablepower,𝛼:requiredpower)
} Route1:T–B–A–Sink(PA:4,𝛼:3)} Route2:T–C–B–A–Sink(PA:6,𝛼:6)} Route3:T–D–Sink(PA:3,𝛼:4)} Route4:T–F–E–Sink(PA:5,𝛼:6)
} Minimumenergy(𝛼)route
NetworkLayer
} Powerefficiencyrouting} Routingpaths(PA:Availablepower,𝛼:requiredpower)
} Route1:T–B–A–Sink(PA:4,𝛼:3)} Route2:T–C–B–A–Sink(PA:6,𝛼:6)} Route3:T–D–Sink(PA:3,𝛼:4)} Route4:T–F–E–Sink(PA:5,𝛼:6)
} Minimumhop(node)route
NetworkLayer
} Powerefficiencyrouting} Routingpaths(PA:Availablepower,𝛼:requiredpower)
} Route1:T–B–A–Sink(PA:4,𝛼:3)} Route2:T–C–B–A–Sink(PA:6,𝛼:6)} Route3:T–D–Sink(PA:3,𝛼:4)} Route4:T–F–E–Sink(PA:5,𝛼:6)
} Maximum‘minimumPA’route
NetworkLayer
} DataCentricRouting} Interestdisseminationfromsinknodes} Advertiseavailabledatafromsensornodes
NetworkLayer
} Dataaggregation} Toavoidimplosionandoverlap
NetworkLayer
} Sensornetworkschemes} SMECN} FLOODING} GOSSIPING} SPIN} SAR} LEACH} DirectedDiffusion
NetworkLayer
} SMECN(SmallMinimumEnergyCommunicationNetwork)
} Createsasubgraphofthesensornetworkthatcontainstheminimumenergypath
NetworkLayer
} FLOODING} Oldtechnique,broadcastdatatoallneighbornodesregardlessiftheyreceivebeforeornot
} Implosion,Overlap,Resourceblindnessproblem
} GOSSIPING} Sendsdatatoonerandomneighbornode} Avoidimplosionproblem,lowperformance
NetworkLayer
} SPIN(SensorProtocolsforInformationviaNegotiation)
} Sendsdatatosensornodesonlyiftheyareinterested} 3typesofmessage;ADV,REQ,DATA
NetworkLayer
} SAR(SequentialAssignmentRouting)
} Createsmultipletreeswheretherootofeachtreeisaonehopneighborfromthesink
} Treesgrowoutwardfromthesink} Choosepathbasedonenergyresources,additiveQoSmetric,packet’sprioritylevel.
NetworkLayer
} LEACH(Low-EnergyAdaptiveClusteringHierarchy)
} Formsclusterstominimizeenergydissipation} Randomlyselectsensornodesasclusterheads} Highenergydissipationincommunicatingwiththebasestationisspreadtoallsensornodes
} Twophases
NetworkLayer
} LEACH(Low-EnergyAdaptiveClusteringHierarchy)
} SetupPhase} Clusterheadsareselectedrandomly} Eachsensornodeisassociatedwithitsclusterhead
} SteadyPhase} Sensornodesbeginsensingandsendingdatatohead} Clusterheadsaggregatedataandsendittothebasestation
NetworkLayer
} DirectedDiffusion1. Sinksendsinterest2. Gradientsaresetup3. Sourcesendsthedata4. Sinkrefreshesand
reinforcestheinterest
} Basedondatacentricrouting
Contents
} Introduction} SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture} ProtocolStack
} PhysicalLayer} DataLinkLayer} NetworkLayer} TransportLayer} ApplicationLayer
} Conclusion
TransportLayer
} AccesstoInternetorotherexternalnetwork} Hybridapproach
} TCP(sink–internet)+UDP(sink–sensornodes)
Contents
} Introduction} SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture} ProtocolStack
} PhysicalLayer} DataLinkLayer} NetworkLayer} TransportLayer} ApplicationLayer
} Largelyunexploredregion} Applicationlayerprotocols
} Conclusion
ApplicationLayer
} Largelyunexploredregion} Applicationlayerprotocols
} SMP} TADAP} SQDDP
ApplicationLayer
} SMP(SensorManagementProtocol)} Systemadmininteractswithsensornetworks} Administrativetasks
} Introducingrulesaboutdataaggregation,attributebasednamingandclusteringtosensornodes
} Exchangingdatarelatedtothelocationfindingalgorithms} Timesynchronization} Movingsensornodes} Turningsensornodeson/off} Queryingnetworkconfiguration,nodes`status} Reconfiguringsensornetworks} Authentication,security
ApplicationLayer
} TADAP(TaskAssignmentandDataAdvertisementProtocol)
} Efficientinterestdisseminationinterface} Interestdisseminationbyusers} Dataadvertisementbysensornodes
} Helpsdata-centricroutingsinlowerlayers
ApplicationLayer
} SQDDP(SensorQueryandDataDisseminationProtocol)
} Providesuserapplicationswithinterfacestoissuequery,respondtoqueriesandcollectingincomingreplies
} Attribute,locationbasedquerying
Contents
} Introduction} SensorNetworksCommunicationArchitecture} ProtocolStack
} PhysicalLayer} DataLinkLayer} NetworkLayer} TransportLayer} ApplicationLayer
} Conclusion
Conclusion
} Realizationofsensornetworksneedstosatisfyconstraints
} Sincetheconstraintsarespecificforsensornetworks,newwirelessadhocnetworkingtechniquesarerequired
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