8. F2011 Antonine wall and Scotland
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Roman Scotland – Again, and Again
Antonine WallSeverusDivision of Britannia
Hadrian’s Successors
AntoninusAntoninus never willing made war
Pausanias
They prefer to preserve their empire rather than extend it indefinitely to profitless, barbarian peoples
Appian (~96-165)
They surround the empire with a circle of great camps
Aelius Aristides (120-189)
Antoninus Pius
• Generally shied away from military adventure• Pressure from the north• Reconstruction of base at Corbridge• Victory over barbarians• Antonine Wall
Corbridge – New Construction 139
Antonine Occupation of
Scotland
Military Occupation – Antonine Period
Interests of the Military
• Rank and file – pensions and booty• Commanders of equestrian class
– Patronage– Better posts in the Mediterranean
Reuse of Gask Ridge Forts
Elements of the Antonine Wall
• Rampart• Ditch and mound to the north• Military road to the south
Antonine vs Hadrian Walls
• Forts interspersed with smaller stations. • No Vallum. • Double the number of troops along smaller
distance than Hadrian's Wall• Turf not stone – stone reinforcement• 14-16’ wide, probably 10’ high
Antonine Siege Fort
Wall at Rough Castle
Annex
Rough Castle
Principia, Bar Hill
Latrine, BearsdenArtist’s reconstruction
Wall with Fortlet
Distance Slabs
Bridgeness Distance Slab
Old Kirkpatrick
Summerston Farm, near Balmuildy IIIDCLXVIS = 3,666 ½ paces
Distance Slab Hutcheson Hill
Legio II Duntocher
Other victory commemorations
Consequences of Antonine Wall
• Forces involved ~6-7,000• Pax Romana• No evidence for native rule• Increased use of stone construction• New civilian communities follow the army• Increased mining for iron and surface mining
of coal• Production of food for army
Continuation of Native Life
• Round houses• No new concentrated
settlements except near forts
• Natives reuse bronze but not iron from Romans
• Roman brooches
Roman Artefacts
Dunure (South Ayrshire)
Wigtownshire
Antonine Itinerary
• Fourteen numbered roads• List stations along the roads with distances
between them
Example
Iter III
(From London to the port of Dover)
Roman Name 1000 paces Miles Current Name
Durobrivis xxvii 31 Rochester
Duroverno xxv 28 Canterbury
Ad portum Dubris xiiii 18 Dover
Along the Way
• Mansiones, inns, every 30 miles or so– A bed for man and horse– Food ” “– A hot bath– Storage of government goods– Postal and police services
• Mutationes, changing stops
Chelmsford Mansio
Godmanchester
Mansio
Baths
80’
Dining room
Abandonment of Antonine Wall
• Under Governor Julius Verus the wall was abandoned (c. 154-8 CE)
• Hadrian’s wall was refurbished• “Military Road” to supply Hadrian wall forts• Outpost forts north of Hadrian’s Wall
abandoned by 185 CE
Maintenance
Breach of Hadrian’s Wall?
Victory in Britain
Commodus• Breach of Hadrian's Wall• C. 180 Governor Ulpius Marcellus
sent to put down rebellions• 184-5 Victory in Britain• 185 Protest by British legions
against prefect, Perennis
Numeri
• Non-citizens• Small units• Legionary officers• Identified with nations• No entitlement to citizenship• Less-well armed than regulars
– Exploratores - scouts
Sarmatians
• 175 Brought to Britain by Marcus Aurelius• Brougham cemetery
– Sword and belt fittings– Horses– Unusual burial - women
Archaeology • May/June 2005
Sarmatian Treasure - Gaul
Pertinax
• 126 Son of freeman and clothmaker • c. 150 Teacher of literature• 161 Volunteers for military, commander of
auxiliary cohort, successful in battles in Asia• 165 Legionary tribune in York, raised to
equestrian rank• 168 Procurator in N. Italy, Dacia• Commander of units against Germans
Pertinax
• Made Senator and legionary commander• 175 Consul• 176 Series of governorships of provinces
– 185-187 Governor of Britain• 189 Mayor of Rome• 192 Consul• Emperor
1/1/193 to 3/28/193
Clodius Albinus
• c.140 Born near Carthage, Senatorial rank– 175 Governor of Bithynia– 187 Consul– 189 Governor fo Germany
• 191-2 Governor of Britain• 193 Made Caesar by Septimius Severus• 195 Severus names his own sons successors, forcing out
Albinus– Supported by legions on German frontier and from Spain– Defeated near Lugdunum (Lyon); suicide?
Lugdunum - SeverusSeverus• Pannonia
– XIIII Gemina
• Moesia– XI Claudia
• Germania Superior– XXII Primigenia
• Germania Inferior– I Minerva– XXX Ulpia Traiana
Albinus• Britannia
– II Augusta– VI Victrix– XX Valeria
• Hispania– VII Gemina
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