Aftermath of the Rebellion New Frontiers Scotland I
Jul 08, 2015
Aftermath of the Rebellion
New Frontiers
Scotland I
Rebuilding
Colchester
Roman Foundations
Glassware - Colchester
Jar depicting
circus scene
Colchester area
Circus Maximus
Circus Nero
Colchester Circus
Rebuilding London
c. 100 CE Basilica
Questions
• Withdraw from Britain?
• Adopt defensive measures?
• Ireland or Scotland?
Sussex - A Gift to the King
Import
Fishbourne-Proto-Palace
Roman Squabbles and British Legions
• Otho incorporates XIV Gemina
• New governor under Vitelliue, Vettius Bolano
– Resists committing auxiliaries to Vettius
• Vespasian seeks support of XIV and II (where he
had served earlier)
68-69 CEDate Emperors Fate
8 June 68 Galba Declared Emperor by Praetorian Guard in Hispania
9 June 68 NeroGalba
Suicide
15 January 69
GalbaOtho
Killed by supporters of Otho
16 April OthoVitellus
Suicide after a battle loss
1 July Vespasian Declared Emperor by troops in the East
22 December VitellusVespasian
Executed by Vespasian’s soldiers
Mining in Roman Britain
Earliest ingot found dated to 49 CE at Charterhouse in the Mendip Hills region
Roman Cornwall
Dolaucothi gold mine, Tank used in ‘hushing’
Mining Tools, Llanymynech, WalesCopper, lead, silver
Trivia: This mine was reopened in 1194 but was not productive.
Why was it reopened?
Millstones, Dolaucothi Gold Mine
Georgius Agricola, Stamp Mill 1556
Exploiting the resources of Wales
[Cast] while the Emperor
Vespasian was consul for the
seventh time, and Titus,
imperator, consul for the fifth
time (76 CE)
[territory of the) Deceangeli
Isca (Caerleon) reconstruction from east
Cartimandua and the Brigantes
Yorkshire
• 69 Roman squabbles: New uprising by Venutius
• Cartimandua evacuated by Romans and Venutius
took the kingdom
• 71 Romans begin conquest of the north (Cerialis)
Petillius Cerialis –
How to Become Governor
• Leader of IX routed by Boudica
• Commander of special force against Vitellius –
fails to prevent his forces from burning the capitol
and mishandling Senators
• Perhaps successful in negotiating with rebellious
forces in Lower Germany - Escapes capture
• Married to Vespasian's daughter
• Governor 71 CE
Petillius Cerialis
• Governor 71-73
• Involved with defeat of Venutius and
incorporation of Brigantian territory
• New bases in north
• Did he invade Scotland?
Carlisle Fort
• Timbers date to 72/3
• Reoccupied 78/9 based on coins
• Rebuilt 83-84 based on dendrochronology
• Demolished 103
Carlisle Castle
Frontinus
• Governor 73/74 -77
• Pacification of Silures in S. Wales
• Foundation of Caerwent
• Probably no focus on Scotland
New Bases
• Eburacum (York) IX Hispania, forward post
at Luguvalium (Carlisle
• Lindum (Lincoln) IX replaced by II
Adiutrix
• Viroconium (Wroxter) or Deva (Chester)
XIV Gemina moved to Germany, XX Victrix
• Isca (Caerleon) II Augusta
Status of Roman Britain ~77 CE
Gnaeus Julius Agricola,
• Governor 78-84
• Established roads and bases in Scotland
• Attempted conquest
Agricola’s Campaigns
IrelandI have often heard him say that a single legion with a
few auxiliaries could conquer and occupy Ireland,
and that it would have a salutary effect on Britain for
the Roman arms to be seen everywhere, and for
freedom, so to speak, to be banished from its sight.
Tacitus Agricola 24.
Moray Firth
ForthClyde
Solway Tyne
“Scotland”
Tribal Areas
• Northwest
– Brochs
• Tyne-Solway to Moray
– Hillforts
• Selgovae
– Hillforts, Palisades
• Southwest
– Crannogs
Settlement
Types
Brochs
Uist, Western Isles
Crannogs
Roads
Construction
Construction - Layers
A Road Near Manchester
Other Roads
Milestone
(milliarium)
1 Roman mile = 1000 passi
(double paces)
1 passi = 5 pedes (Roman feet)
1 pes = 11.65 inches
Chester Area Buildup
Wilderspool Industrial AreaCheshire ~ 22 miles SW of Chester
pottery glass iron bronze
Novantae ~81 CE
• Dalwinston/Dumfries
– ~80 CE
• Glenlochar
– 81 Marching camps and large fort
– 90 rebuilt following retreat
• Gatehouse of Fleet
– 81 Fortlet
Bases in
Scotland
Gask Ridge Fortifications
Military Installations
• Legionary Forts
• Forts 1-7 acres
• Fortlets ~0.5 acres; No HQ
• Watch tower - round
Gask RidgeDetailed map
South and central
Gask Ridge signal tower -
model
Signaling
Ardoch
Ardoch
Inchtuthil
Legionary fortress
Inscriptions – Medical
Apalocrocodes (Mild) (Salve from saffron – crocus)
Nails
Possible Roman Presence further North
Mons Graupius-Site?
Mons Graupius
• The Romans
– ? Legionaries
– 8000 auxiliaries
– 3000 cavalry
– Losses 360 among auxiliaries only
• Caledonians
– 30,000
– Losses 10,000
Calgacus
Robbers of the world, having by their universal
plunder exhausted the land, they rifle the deep. If the
enemy be rich, they are rapacious; if he be poor, they
lust for dominion; neither the east nor the west has
been able to satisfy them. Alone among men they
covet with equal eagerness poverty and riches. To
robbery, slaughter, plunder, they give the lying name
of empire; they make a solitude and call it peace.
Trumpeters
Trumpet
Deskford
Battle-Mons Graupius
Testudo
Abandonment
of Scotland-
Inchtuthil
Abandonment
of Scotland
Reasons for Abandonment
• Withdrawal of troops to Germany
• Lack of local administrators
• Devastated area
Stanegate Frontier
Vindolanda