5 bioenergética

• LEHNINGER

• PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY • Fifth Edition

© 2008 W. H. Freeman and Company

CHAPTER 13

Bioenergetics and Biochemical

Reaction Types

Dr Daniel Turyn

The Second Law and Entropy: An Orderly

Way of Thinking About Disorder

The second law of thermodynamics has been described and

expressed in many

different ways, including the following.

1. Systems tend to proceed from ordered (low entropy or low to

disordered (high entropy or high probability) states.

2. The entropy of the system plus surroundings is unchanged by

reversible

processes; the entropy of the system plus surroundings increases for

irreversible

processes.

3. All naturally occurring processes proceed toward equilibrium, that

is, to a

state of minimum potential energy. probability) states