29 Sept 2011Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR Food security: meeting the challenges of climate variability and change iCED Workshop on Institutional Framework.

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Food security:meeting the challenges of climate variability

and change

iCEDWorkshop on

Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Contents-thinking and intervening for food

security-• Institutions• Food and environmental security• Institutional frameworks- locating agriculture

and food security• Agriculture vs or in the environment

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Institutions

• Rules, norms, values, ways of working- • Institutions are not organizations Three schools in economics- Institutions exist and matter- Institutions do not matter- Institutions matter and can be measured

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Meanings of agriculture

• Resources• Production• Employment• Food Security• Trade• Environment• Energy• Gender• Knowledge

17 July 2010 Rajeswari S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Institutions governing agriculture and food

• Productionism• Stewardship• Administrative rationality• Radical ecology --- etc.

Ecological democracy – for sustainable development

Scope for evolution of both

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

NMSA:Administrative Rationality

• 3 elements of policy making - Technocracy- Target and control mechanisms- Selective perception

Limits -for biological or natural resource based production processes

- for all industrial development without contexts, evolution and change

17 July 2010 Rajeswari S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Agriculture and the Development Imperative- Surplus extraction

• Too many living on a thinning share of the economic pie – 50 % to 14.6 %

• Un- and under- employment – 64 %• Hunger, malnutrition, poverty persist – 48%

THE DEVELOPMENT SOLUTION - Move the small peasantry out -86 %- Industrial agriculture -< 40%- Food supply to the displaced, destitute -???

17 July 2010 Rajeswari S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR1-3 Nov 2010 SIID team, India

Source: Government of India, 2009; RBI, 2009.

Figure 1: Irrigation and fertilizer based production

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Disjuncturebetween agriculture and food

• Green revolution – history – • Institutionalization of a paradigm• State and science• Production for nourishment ??

- malnutrition- soils- water- bio-diversity

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Food Security

• Availability• Access• Affordability• Stability

Environmental security??Food security policy interventions ignore and interfere

irrevocably into the close relationships between “many of the constituents of well-being and the provisioning, regulating and enriching components of eco systems” (UNEP, 2004; 2009)

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Successful green revolution in South Asia?

5-8-2011 R. S. Raina, NISTADS (CSIR)

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Major challenges• Labour – uneven availability/use• Less water• Less arable land• Increasing land policy conflicts• Loss of biodiversity: genetic, species and

ecosystems• Increasing levels of pollution• Changing climate + variabilitySo how do we face future challenges?

17 July 2010 Rajeswari S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Projected Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture(from IAASTD, 2009- based on IPCC, 2008)

28-29 Sept 2010 R. S. Raina, NISTADS

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

The epoch of fossil fuel based agriculture in human history

Finish about 2400 AD

Settled agriculture

Agricultural revolution About 1750 AD

Agricultural expansion & growth 19th – 20th century

Likely end of fossil fuel-based agriculture

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Production increases come from the rainfed cropping systems -

5-8-2011 R. S. Raina, NISTADS (CSIR)

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Are we equipped?

• NMSA – dryland agriculture, risk management, access to information, use of biotechnology

• Dryland agriculture – undulating terrains and pre-dominant crops/ crop-livestock systems of rainfed farming, soil fertility + soil moisture management, research – contextual understanding & technology generation, extension – decentralized action research capacities for adaptation and responsiveness, rapid response capacities – human and material resources …?

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Rainfed farming – in an alternative institutional framework

Agro-ecological systems approach- involves a context specific (spatial and temporal) set of

principles - methods to understand and analyse agro-ecosystems- focus is on the dynamism of ecological and social processes- no universal formula or silver bullet for maximizing the

productivity- well-being and sustainability of an agro-ecosystem sets the

evolving borders/boudaries- principles of agro-ecological knowledge=> offer a framework

for analysis and design of technologies and policy interventions.

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Alternative Institutional Frameworks- the IAASTD example

• The IAASTD - a recent debate

17 July 2010 Rajeswari S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Ignored• By almost all the sponsors• By almost all the governments who

approved and accepted• By many scientists• By major industries• By all mainstream economists- Discussed and promoted within

environmental movements, CSOs, third world networks, and some international (UN) agencies, …

17 July 2010 Rajeswari S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Why?

• Institutional alternatives- demand self-reflection- need learning capacities- depend on information flows and exchanges- -- some crucial but missing capacities –

Wittgenstein – our faith in economic growth, technological solutions - - will not ‘heal the sickness of our age’.

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Agriculture-Environment

• Food and Environmental security • From vs. to in – alternative institutional

frameworks

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Agriculture in the Environment

• Current production strategies – food insecurity, social and environmental disruption

• State enabled degradation – legitimized?• Contexts – marginal/small farmers, state and

peasantry lock-in, malnutrition, repetitions…• Climate change – adaptation strategies that

are also mitigation strategies

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Debates…policies

• Tackle each problem – rational production policy

• Tackle each problem with its environmental consequence/cost – balanced production and environmental policy

• Understand each issue, causal relationships, intended and un-intended consequences – discursive, iterative policy processes

- beyond mere environmental accounting -

17 July 2010 Rajeswari S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

Institutional reform? New institutional frameworks?

• Institutional changes emerge from – (i) need to escape repeated patterns (ii) desire to learn, to experiment – Veblen’s workmanship

• Dominant institutions – agenda setting norms – translated into development policy

• Economics legitimizations -2nd school of institutional economics

• Institutional reform – needs facilitated capacity development, iterative policy research and learning.

7 March 2011 R. S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi

29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR

• Dr Rajeswari S Raina email: rajeswari.raina@gmail.com Mobile: +919810956469 Office: 011-25843227

7 March 2011 R. S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi