12345 Luther Burbank produced over 800 varieties of plants by 1.genetic engineering. 2.transformation. 3.selective breeding. 4.DNA sequencing.

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Luther Burbank produced over 800 varieties of plants by

1. genetic engineering.

2. transformation.

3. selective breeding.

4. DNA sequencing.

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Which of the following have been produced by selective breeding?

1. horse breeds

2. cat breeds

3. dog breeds

4. all of the above

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Selective breeding produces

1. more offspring.

2. fewer offspring.

3. desired traits in offspring.

4. transgenic organisms.

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Which of the following is NOT an example of selective breeding?

1. allowing only the best milk-producing cows to reproduce

2. crossing disease-resistant plants with plants that produce high food yields

3. mating cats that have long hair with cats that have long tails

4. allowing dogs to mate only once a year

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Which of the following is most likely to bring together two recessive alleles for a genetic

defect?1. inbreeding

2. hybridization

3. genetic engineering

4. transformation

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To make a new line of plants, Burbank used the process of

1. inbreeding.

2. hybridization.

3. transformation.

4. genetic engineering.

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The crossing of buffalo and cattle to produce beefalo is an example of

1. inbreeding.

2. hybridization.

3. genetic engineering.

4. transformation.

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Which of the following statements is NOT true?

1. Inbreeding and hybridization are opposite processes.

2. A hybrid plant has all the characteristics of both its parents.

3. Inbreeding can produce an offspring that has a defect that neither parent shows.

4. Hybridization is used to produce new varieties of plants and animals.

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Scientists produced oil-eating bacteria by

1. making bacteria polyploid.

2. inbreeding bacteria.

3. inducing mutations in bacteria.

4. hybridizing bacteria.

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What is the ultimate source of genetic variability?

1. inbreeding

2. radiation

3. hybridization

4. mutations

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Breeders induce mutations in organisms to

1. increase diversity in populations.

2. make organisms more alike.

3. avoid selective breeding.

4. produce organisms with undesirable characteristics.

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Which of the following includes all the others?

1. hybridization

2. inbreeding

3. selective breeding

4. induced mutations

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Polyploidy instantly results in a new plant species because it

1. changes a species’ number of chromosomes.

2. produces a hardier species.

3. causes mutations.

4. all of the above

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Mutations are useful in selective breeding because they

1. help maintain the desired characteristics of animal breeds.

2. are usually found in hybrids.

3. are usually beneficial.

4. can be used to enhance the process of hybridization.

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What does Figure 13–1 show?

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2. DNA sequencing

3. a restriction enzyme producing a DNA fragment

4. polymerase chain reaction

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In Figure 13–1, between which nucleotides is the DNA cut?

1. adenine and thymine

2. cytosine and guanine

3. thymine and cytosine

4. adenine and guanine

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One function of gel electrophoresis is to

1. separate DNA fragments.

2. cut DNA.

3. recombine DNA.

4. extract DNA.

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The process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism is called

1. selective breeding.

2. genetic engineering.

3. inbreeding.

4. hybridization.

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A DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from different sources is known as

1. a mutant.

2. a hybrid.

3. a polyploid.

4. recombinant DNA.

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Knowing the sequence of an organism’s DNA allows researchers to

1. reproduce the organism.

2. mutate the DNA.

3. study specific genes.

4. cut the DNA.

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Analyzing DNA by gel electrophoresis allows researchers to

1. identify similarities and differences in the genomes of different kinds of organisms.

2. determine whether a particular allele of a gene is dominant or recessive.

3. compare the phenotypes of different organisms.

4. cut DNA with restriction enzymes.

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On an electrophoresis gel, band B is closer to the positive end of the gel than is band A. Which of the following statements is true?

1. Band B is more negatively charged than band A.

2. Band B moved faster than band A.

3. Band A is smaller than band B.

4. Band B consists of larger DNA fragments than does band A.

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Genetic engineering involves

1. reading a DNA sequence.

2. editing a DNA sequence.

3. reinserting DNA into living organisms.

4. all of the above

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Which of the following are NOT used to read DNA sequences?

1. nucleotides

2. gels

3. fluorescent dyes

4. double-stranded DNA molecules

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AAGCTT

TTCGAA

Suppose a restriction enzyme recognizes the six-base sequencein a double strand of DNA. Between which two nucleotides on each strand would the enzyme have to cut to produce a fragment with sticky ends that are four bases long?

1. GC

2. CT

3. AA

4. AG

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If two DNA samples showed an identical pattern and thickness of bands produced by gel electrophoresis, the samples contained

1. the same amount of DNA.

2. fragments of the same size.

3. the same DNA molecules.

4. all of the above

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During transformation,

1. a prokaryote is changed into a eukaryote.

2. a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell.

3. foreign DNA is inserted into a plasmid.

4. a cell is mutated.

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Scientists can transform plant cells by

1. using the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

2. removing the plant cell walls and then mixing the cells with DNA.

3. injecting DNA into the plant cells.

4. all of the above

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A recombinant plasmid gets inside a bacterial cell by

1. inducing mutations.

2. injecting itself into the cell.

3. transformation.

4. recombining with the cell.

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Which of the following includes all the others inside it?

1. plasmid

2. transformed bacterium

3. foreign gene

4. recombinant DNA

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Which of the following steps is NOT essential in producing recombinant DNA?

1. Cut out a piece of DNA from a DNA molecule.

2. Splice a piece of DNA into DNA from another organism.

3. Use a restriction enzyme to form sticky ends in DNA.

4. Read the DNA sequence of the piece of DNA to be cut and spliced.

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A gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid (and the foreign DNA)

from those that don’t is called a(an)

1. resistance gene.

2. antibiotic.

3. genetic marker.

4. clone.

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Which of the following is often used as a genetic marker?

1. a foreign gene

2. a gene for antibiotic resistance

3. a DNA sequence that serves as a bacterial origin of replication

4. a nucleotide labeled with a fluorescent dye

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The transformation of a plant cell is successful if

1. the plasmid that entered the cell reproduces inside the cell.

2. the foreign DNA is integrated into one of the cell’s chromosomes.

3. the cell reproduces.

4. a plasmid has entered the cell.

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Which of the following is an example of successful transformation?

1. injection of bacterial DNA into plant cells

2. a defective gene in a cell being replaced with a normal gene

3. bacterial cells taking in plasmids that have a genetic marker

4. none of the above

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Suppose a bacterial culture were mixed with recombinant plasmids containing a gene for resistance to penicillin. The bacterial culture was then treated with penicillin. Which of

the following statements is NOT true?

1. Those bacteria that contain the plasmid will survive.

2. The penicillin will kill the bacteria that were transformed.

3. The gene for antibiotic resistance is expressed in the bacteria that survive.

4. Those bacteria that are successfully transformed will survive.

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What kind of technique do scientists use to make transgenic organisms?

1. hybridization

2. inbreeding

3. inducing of mutations

4. genetic engineering

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What is an advantage of using transgenic bacteria to produce human proteins?

1. The human proteins produced by transgenic bacteria work better than those produced by humans.

2. Transgenic bacteria can produce human proteins in large amounts.

3. The human proteins produced by transgenic bacteria last longer than those produced by humans.

4. Transgenic bacteria can produce human proteins used to make plastics.

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What has been an advantage of producing transgenic plants?

1. increasing the food supply

2. using more pesticides

3. producing clones

4. studying human genes

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To produce transgenic bacteria that make insulin, which of the following steps did

scientists have to take first?1. Insert the human insulin gene

into a plasmid.

2. Extract the insulin from the bacterial culture.

3. Use a restriction enzyme to cut out the insulin gene from human DNA.

4. Transform bacteria with the recombinant plasmid.

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What are scientists more likely to learn from transgenic animals than from transgenic

bacteria or transgenic plants?1. the structure of

human proteins

2. the process of cloning

3. how human genes function

4. how plasmids reproduce

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The Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut cloned a

1. bacterium.

2. sheep.

3. plant.

4. cow.

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Which of the following is a clone?

1. the adult female sheep whose DNA was used to produce Dolly

2. a transgenic mouse

3. a bacterium taken from a bacterial colony

4. the tobacco plant with the luciferase gene

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What kind of cell or cells were used to make Dolly?

1. body cell only

2. egg cell only

3. egg cell and sperm cell

4. body cell and egg cell

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Why is Dolly a clone?

1. The source of her DNA was a single body cell.

2. The DNA molecules in all her cells are identical.

3. She was produced using the DNA from an adult’s egg cell.

4. She is genetically identical to her offspring.

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People have used selective breeding to produce many different dog breeds.

_________________________1. True

2. False

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Without genetic engineering, horses would not have been domesticated.

______________________________1. True

2. False

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Without selective breeding, dogs today would probably be less similar. _________________________

1. True

2. False

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Hybrids are often hardier than either of their parents. _________________________

1. True

2. False

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Animal breeders maintain cat and dog breeds by the process of hybridization.

_________________________1. True

2. False

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Exposing a population of plants to radiation or certain chemicals can increase the frequency of mutations that

occur within the population. _________________________

1. True

2. False

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A polyploid plant has more than two copies of each gene.

_________________________1. True

2. False

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During DNA sequencing, if all the bands on an electrophoresis gel are the same color, the single-stranded

DNA sample consisted of one kind of fragment. _________________________

1. True

2. False

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To transform a plant, scientists inject DNA into an adult plant.

_________________________1. True

2. False

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To produce a recombinant plasmid, the plasmid and the foreign DNA are cut with a different restriction enzyme.

_________________________

1. True

2. False

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Scientists use genetic markers to determine which animal cells have been successfully

transformed. _________________________1. True

2. False

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Bacterial cells that have been transformed with a plasmid that carries a genetic marker for resistance to the antibiotic

tetracycline will not survive in a culture treated with tetracycline. _________________________

1. True

2. False

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The fact that human genes inserted into bacteria produce proteins shows that the basic mechanisms of gene expression are different in bacteria and humans.

_________________________

1. True

2. False

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Some transgenic animals grow faster because they have extra copies of growth hormone genes.

_________________________

1. True

2. False

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To produce Dolly, Ian Wilmut removed the nucleus from a sheep’s body cell and fused it with a cell taken from

another adult. _________________________

1. True

2. False

Participant Scores

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Humans use selective breeding to pass desired _________________________ on

to the next generation of organisms.

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____________________ is the technique of selective breeding that has led to deformities

in certain dog breeds.

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To produce a fruit that has some characteristics of an orange and some of a grapefruit, you would use the

selective breeding technique of _________________________.

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Eliminating an undesirable trait from a dog breed would probably require the technique of selective breeding called _________________________.

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Scientists use radiation and chemicals to induce ____________________.

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The mutations that breeders induce in organisms are passed on to the organisms’

____________________.

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The sequence of a DNA fragment can be determined by observing the ____________________ of fluorescent

bands on an electrophoresis gel.

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A DNA sample will form a single band on an electrophoresis gel if all the fragments are

the same ____________________.

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The process of polymerase chain reaction is similar to the process of _________________________, which occurs in

cells.

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Plasmids are naturally found in some ____________________.

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Some plasmids have genetic markers that make them resistant to

____________________.

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A transgenic organism that has extra copies of a gene produces more of the ____________________ that is

coded for by that gene.

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The insulin produced by transgenic bacteria is identical to the insulin produced by humans because both are coded

for by ______________________________.

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Dolly is not a transgenic animal because all of her genes are from the

____________________ kind of organism.

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DNA samples taken from Dolly and the sheep that donated the body cell would show ____________________ patterns

of bands on an electrophoresis gel.

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A mule is produced by mating a male donkey with a female horse. What can you conclude, in

general, about the characteristics of a mule?

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How are the selective breeding techniques of hybridization and inbreeding opposites?

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What is a polyploid organism?

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Why would breeders want to increase a population’s mutation rate?

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What is the likely effect of treating a sample of DNA with more than one kind of

restriction enzyme?

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What does polymerase chain reaction enable scientists to make?

Figure 13–1

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What are structures C and D in Figure 13–1, and what is their significance?

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What is a plasmid?

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What are two ways in which scientists transform plant cells without using

plasmids?

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How can gel electrophoresis be used to tell whether a transformation experiment was

successful?

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What is a transgenic organism?

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Why do transgenic bacteria that have the gene for human insulin produce insulin in

great abundance?

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Why does the human insulin gene produce the same protein in humans and in

transgenic bacteria?

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Compare the genes in Dolly and the sheep from which she was cloned.

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Compare the sexes of an animal clone and the animal from which it was cloned. Explain

your answer.

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In what ways has selective breeding been useful to humans today and in the past?

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Explain an advantage and a disadvantage of inbreeding.

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Suppose you want to produce a new animal breed or plant species with certain desirable traits. Write a brief description of the traits you would want the organism to have. Then, explain how you would use selective

breeding techniques to produce an organism with those traits.

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Compare and contrast the techniques used in genetic engineering and in selective breeding to

produce organisms with desired traits.

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Suppose you are a scientist trying to help people who cannot produce an enzyme needed for proper digestion.

How could you use genetic engineering techniques to make transformed bacteria that produce the enzyme?

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Explain how a plant cell might contain a recombinant plasmid but not be successfully

transformed.

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Will an animal grown from a successfully transformed egg cell pass the foreign gene

to its offspring? Explain

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In what general ways are transgenic organisms useful to people today?

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How might cloning be useful to animal breeders?

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How could Ian Wilmut be sure that the sheep that gave birth to Dolly wasn’t Dolly’s

biological parent?