1 The Post-PC Era: It’s All About the New Services-Enabled Internet Prof. Randy H. Katz Computer Science Division, EECS Department University of California,

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The Post-PC Era: It’s All About the New

Services-Enabled Internet

Prof. Randy H. Katz

Computer Science Division, EECS Department

University of California, Berkeley

Berkeley, CA 94720-1776

randy@cs.Berkeley.eduSome slides contributed by Prof. Eric Brewer and Dr. Steve McCanne

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Presentation Outline

• Convergence, Divergence, Competition• The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet• Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”• Content Delivery Networks• Summary and Conclusions

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Presentation Outline

• Convergence, Divergence, Competition• The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet• Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”• Content Delivery Networks• Summary and Conclusions

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Convergence? ...

Eniac, 1947

Telephone,1876

Computer+ Modem

1957

Early WirelessPhones, 1978

First Color TVBroadcast, 1953

HBO Launched, 1972

Interactive TV, 1990

Handheld PortablePhones, 1990

First PCAltair,1974

IBMPC,

1981

AppleMac,1984

ApplePowerbook,

1990

IBMThinkpad,

1992

HPPalmtop,

1991

AppleNewton,

1993

PentiumPC, 1993

Red Herring, 10/99

WinTel

5

… Divergence and Competition

PentiumPC, 1993

Atari HomePong, 1972

AppleiMac, 1998

Pentium IIPC, 1997

Palm VIIPDA, 1999

NetworkComputer,

1996

FreePC, 1999

SegaDreamcast,

1999

Internet-enabledSmart Phones,

1999

Red Herring, 10/99

Game ConsolesPersonal Digital Assistants

Digital VCRs (TiVo, ReplayTV)

CommunicatorsSmart Telephones

E-Toys (Furby, Aibo)

Proliferation of diverseend devices and access networks

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Information Appliances

• Different design constraints based on intended use, enhances ease of use

– Desktop PC– Mobile PC– Desktop “Smart” Phone– Mobile Telephone– Personal Digital Assistant– Set-top Box– Digital VCR– …

• Implications: – Shift from computer design to consumer design– Heterogeneous “standards,” hybrid networking– Interactive networking, access on demand, QoS

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Fast Projected Growth inNon-PC Terminal

Equipment

Red Herring, 10/99

1998 20020

15

45

60

30

MillionsUnitsShipped

All Non-PCInformation Appliances

Videogame ConsolesInternet TVs

Smart Phones

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Presentation Outline

• Convergence, Divergence, and Competition• The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet• Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”• Content Delivery Networks• Summary and Conclusions

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What is the Internet?“It’s the TCP/IP Protocol

Stack”

• Applications– Web– Email– Video/Audio

•TCP/IP• Access Technologies

– Ethernet (LAN)– Wireless (LMDS, WLAN,

Cellular)– Cable– ADSL– Satellite

TCP/IP

Applications

AccessTechnologies

“NarrowWaist”

Transport Services andRepresentation Standards

Open Data NetworkBearer Service

MiddlewareServices

NetworkTechnologySubstrate

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Critical Evolution of the Internet

• NSFNet– 1st Gen (1985): 56 kbps /LSI-11s, six SC centers– 2nd Gen (1988): T1/IBM RTs, SC sites + regional nets– 3rd Gen (1991): T3/RS6000; Migration to MCI PoPs– 1993: Commercialization plan; NSF phase out by 4/95;

NCSA Mosaic– 1994-1995: Privatization of the NSFNet, ISP connectivity,

Network Access Point (NAP) Architecture– 1995- : vBNS, Internet2, Abilene

• WWW, Netscape• Telecommunications Act of 1996

– Massive mergers yielding giants like SBC, MCI-Worldcom-Sprint, AT&T-TCI, AOL-Time Warner, and new service providers like Qwest

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Metropolitan Area Exchanges/

Network Access Points

Tier 1 Connections: High speed FDDI switches + routers with huge routing tablesTier 2 Connections: regional connection pointsMAE does not provide peering, just connection b/w to co-located ISPs

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Various BackbonesQwest IP Backbone (Late 1999)Digex BackboneGTE Internetworking Backbone

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Presentation Outline

• Convergence, Divergence, Competition• The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet• Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”• Content Delivery Networks• Summary and Conclusions

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New Internet Business Model in the Post-PC Era

Global Packet Network

Application-specificOverlay Networks

(Multicast Tunnels, Mgmt Svrcs)

Application-specific Servers(Streaming Media, Transformation)

Internetworking(Connectivity)

Appl Infrastructure Services(Distribution, Caching,

Searching, Hosting)

Applications(Portals, E-Commerce,

E-Tainment, Media)

ISPCLEC

ASPInternet

Data Centers

AIPISV

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The Evolution of the Enterprise

Private CorporateNetwork

Dedicated facilities/computer centers

Dedicated applications/3rd party DBMS

E.g., Oracle

Late-1980sInternal users

Limited customer/external access

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The Evolution of the Enterprise

Private CorporateNetwork

Dedicated facilities/computer centers

Outsourced“Enterprise Resource

Planning” Appse.g., PeopleSoft, BAAN

1995Internal users

Limited customer/external access

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The Evolution of the Enterprise

OutsourcedWeb Hosting

Dedicated FacilityOutsourcedERP Apps

1997Internal users

Internet

External Customers

Virtual Private Network

ISP Mesh

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The Evolution of the Enterprise

OutsourcedWeb Hosting

Dedicated FacilityOutsourcedERP Apps

1997Internal users

Internet

External Customers

Virtual Private Network

ISPMesh

InternetServices

SearchCachingAdsEComm

Portal

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The Evolution of the Enterprise

ApplicationsService Provider

1999

Customers

Content Delivery “Net”

3rd PartyFacilities Mgmt

Caching +Media Servers

InternetServices

SearchCacheAdsEComm

OutsourcedWeb Hosting

Portal

ISP Mesh

VPNs

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Presentation Outline

• Convergence, Divergence, Competition• The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet• Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”• Content Delivery Networks• Summary and Conclusions

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Services Within the Network: Caching and

Distribution

“Internet Grid”Parallel Network BackbonesInternet Exchange Points

Co-Location

Scalable Servers

WebCaches

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• Move data closer to consumer

• Backbone caches save b/w

• Edge caches for QoS• 4 billion hits/day@AOL!• Even more crucial for

broadband access networks, e.g., cable, DSL

ISP Backbone

Local POP

Local POP

Local POP

Internet

Caching Advantages for Service Providers

$$

$$

Eric Brewer

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Reverse CachingForward Proxy Cache

Cache handles client requestsReverse Proxy

CacheCache fronts origin server

Internet

$Internet

$

Eric Brewer

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Surge Protection viaClustered Caches

Reverse caches buffer load across multiple sites

www.site 3.com

www.site 5.com

www.site 4.com

www.site 6.com

Internet

www.site 1.com

Hosting Provider Network

Reverse ProxyCluster

www.site 2.com

$ $

$ $

Eric Brewer

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$ $

$ $

$ $

$ $

Content DistributionWe can connect these caches!

Internet

Hosting Provider Network

Reverse ProxyCluster

ForwardCaches

ISP Network

Push content out to the edge

Eric Brewer

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Isolatedmulticast

clouds

Traditionalunicastpeering

multicastcloud

multicastcloud

multicastcloud

multicastcloud

multicastcloud

Example: Application-level Multicast

Solve the multicast management and peering problems by moving up the protocol stack

Steve McCanne

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Example: Application-level Multicast

Solve the multicast management and peering problems by moving up the protocol stack

Steve McCanne

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Multicast as anInfrastructure Service

• Global multicast as an “infrastructure service”, not a core network primitive

– Circumvents technical/operational/business barriers of no interdomain multicast routing, management, billing

• No coherent architecture for infrastructure services, because of end-to-end principle

• Needed: Service stack to complement the IP protocol stack

– Open redirection– Content-level peering

Steve McCanne

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The Service Stack

TCPservice

IP service

ApplicationsEndHost

Router

Network

Services

End host

Services

End-to-endargument

here

Steve McCanne

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The Service Stack

IP service

Applications

DNS

EndHost

Overlay

Router

Network

Services

End host

Services

Infrastructure

Services

TCPservice

DNSstub

Steve McCanne

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The Service Stack

TCPservice

IP service

CacheServices

ProxyServices

Applications

DNS

EndHost

Overlay

Router

Network

Services

End host

Services

Infrastructure

Services

DNSstub

Steve McCanne

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The Service Stack

IP service

CacheServices

ProxyServices

Applications

DNS

redirection

EndHost

Overlay

Router

Network

Services

End host

Services

Infrastructure

Services

TCPservice

DNSstub

Steve McCanne

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Service Elements for Internet Broadcast

TCPservice

IP and Scoped IP Multicast

Network

Services

End host

Services

Infrastructure

ServicesBroadcast Redirection

DNSstub

Applications

DNS

EndHost

Overlay

Router

redirectionstub

Steve McCanne

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Incremental Path

TCPservice

IP and Scoped IP Multicast

Network

Services

End host

Services

Infrastructure

ServicesBroadcast Redirection

ApplicationsEndHost

Overlay

Router

DNS

DNSstub

G2, WMT, QT4RTSP, RTP

Steve McCanne

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Broadcast Overlay Architecture

Clients

Broadcasters

Content Broadcast

ManagementPlatform and

Tools

Steve McCanne

EdgeServers

Load Balancing ThruServer Redirection;

Content BroadcastNetwork

Content DistributionThrough MulticastOverlay Network

RedirectionFabricInter-ISP Redirection

Peering

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A New Kind of Internet

• Actively push services towards the edges: caches, content distribution points

• Manage redirection, not routes• New applications-specific protocols

– Push content to the edge– Invalidate remote content for freshness– Collate remote logs into a single log– Internet TV/Radio: streaming media that works

• Twilight of the end-to-end argument– Trusted service providers/network intermediaries– Service providers create own application-specific overlays,

e.g., cache and streaming media content distribution

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ApplicationServices

Web Site CachingComparison ShoppingInteractive TV GuideLocal Ad InsertionStreaming Media

A New Kind of Internet

InfrastructureServices

Terminal Equipment &Access Network

PC, Set-top Box.Smart Phone, GameConsole, E-toys

Server Computing

Web HostingServer “Platform”ISP CachingSearch Engine

Applications Web, E-mail, Chat, E-commerce,E-tainment

Regional Communications ISP

Wide-Area Communications High PerformanceBackbone

Customer

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Presentation Outline

• Convergence, Divergence, Competition• The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet• Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”• Content Delivery Networks• Summary and Conclusions

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The Post-PC Era

• Services spanning access networks, to achieve high performance and manage diversity of end devices

• Not about specific Information Appliances • Builds on the New Internet: multiple application-

specific “overlay” networks, with new kinds of service-level peering

• Pervasive support for services within “intelligent” networks

– Automatic replication– Document routing to caches– Compression & mirroring – Data transformation

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Edge Services vs. Core Services

• Potentially high local b/w over access networks• Wide-area bandwidth efficiency• Fast response time (and more predictable)• Integrate localized content• Associated with client (actually ISP), not server• Examples:

– Caching: exploits response time, b/w efficiency, high local b/w– Filtering: form of local content transformation– Internet TV: b/w efficiency, high local b/w, predictable response– Transformation: adapt content for end user/diverse access devices– Software Rental: sxploits high local b/w– Games, chat rooms, ….

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The Post-PC Research Agenda

• New Definition of “Quality of Service”– Perceived quality depends on services in the network– Manage caches, redistributors, NOT bandwidth

• Bandwidth Issues– Tier 1 ISP backbones rapidly moving towards OC 192 (9.6 gbs!)– Better interconnection: hops across ASs decreasing over time– Emerging broadband access networks: cable, DSL, ...– End-to-end latency/server load dominate performance

• Supporting Old Services in the New Internet– IP Multicast, DNS, …– Rethinking the End-to-End Principle– Service/content-level peering, just like routing-level peering– Secure end-to-end connection compatible with service model?