1 PAKISTAN Wind energy Basics November 2006 Mechanics of Wind Energy PAKISTAN March 2007.
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Index
IPEK energyWind Energy – An IntroductionWind Energy – Global ScenarioLegal Frame / AEDB and Role of AEDBWind Resources in PakistanWind Energy – Some Practical IssuesWind Energy – An Analysis / Outlook Pakistan
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IPEK energy GmbH
We
are an independent engineering & consultancy company
support you from acquisition to turnkey ready construction of renewable power generation systems worldwide
offer skilful support with international financing and after commissioning
take the technical business management
are very flexible and act in close cooperation with our clients exactly to the requirements of the international markets
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Key Services
Engineering & Consulting acquire suitable sitescomplete permitting proceduresnegotiate required Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)organize international fundingsupervision of construction till take over of the plancontrol operations management
Wind Measuring standard IEC confirm measuring trough Wind Mastand SODAR measuring
Bankable Feasibility Studies Due Diligence Emissions Trading
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Osman Ipek – Managing Director
Electrical Engineer (Main Branch Renewable Energies)Active in Wind Branch since 2000
project developmentproject managementproject implementationengineeringdue diligencemeasurement and monitoring systemswind resource assessmentteaching and education, concepts; strategies; system layout
18 Wind farm Projects realizedMore than 800MW projects developed in 6 countriesDue Diligence of more than 220MW wind projectsFeasibility studies for more than 40 wind farmsCurrently on going Projects of >500MW in Turkey, Iran and Pakistan
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Osman Ipek – Managing Director
Countries of Work Experience (alphabetical order):
CroatiaGermanyHungaryIranItalyLithuaniaPakistanSpainTurkeyYemen
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Membership/ Partners
Memberships Partners
German Wind Energy Association
The Association of German Engineers
WINDTEST Grevenbroich GmbH
Wind Rose Consultancy
Pakistan Wind Energy Association
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How wind is converted to power?
A wind turbine obtains its power input by converting the force of the wind into a torque (turning force) acting on the rotor bladesThe amount of energy which the wind transfers to the rotor depends
on the density of the airthe rotor areaand the wind speed.
In other words you can get more energy:the "heavier" the airthe “bigger” the rotorthe “higher” the wind speed
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Key Components of a Wind Farm
Wind Turbines
Civil WorksFoundationsRoad NetworkCrane PlacesService buildingsResidential Quarter
Electrical WorksStep-up transformersWiringSub-station for power delivery
Wind Measuring Towers
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Global Cumulative Installed Capacity 1995-2006
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
MW
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Global Annual Installed Capacity 1995-2006
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
MW
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Capacity Addition - 2006
India , 1,840 , 12%
Spain , 1,587 , 10% China , 1,347 ,
9%
France , 810 , 5%
Canada , 776 , 5%
Portugal , 694 , 5%
UK , 634 , 4%
Italy , 417 , 3%
Germany , 2,233 , 15%
US , 2,454 , 16%
Rest of theworld , 2,405 , 16%
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Annual Installed Capacity by Region
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Africaand ME
Asia Europe LatinAmerica
NorthAmerica
PacificRegion
MW
2004
2005
2006
Pakistan ?
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Background
Government of Pakistan created the Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) in May 2003 to act as the central national body on the subject of Renewable Energy
Air Marshal (Retd) Shahid Hamid was appointed as the Chairman of the Board
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Target of AEDB
Ensure 10% Share of Alternative Energy Technologies in National Grid by Year 2015
Act as Central Agencya- Awarenessb- Policiesc- Facilitate Creation of Base in Pakistan for Alternative Energy (AE) Technologies
Develop National Plans and Policies for AEa- Tax Holidaysb- Encourage Private Sectorc- Facilitate Investment
Foster Sustainable Development a- Facilitate Enhancement of Technical Skills.b- Initiate & Incubate Projects
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Why Wind Power for Pakistan
Vast resources (estimated capacity around 40,000 MW)
Area closer to the Grid resulting in easier off-take by power purchaser
Wind Energy is a proven technology which can be trusted and guaranteed for project life
Most Cost effective (after small hydro which are located in remote inaccessible areas and with grid availability)
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Benefits for Sponsors – Legal Frame
Guaranteed Sale
Wind Risk is covered by the Gov. of Pakistan
Guaranteed Returns for Investors
Protection against foreign exchange rate fluctuations
Protection against inflation in local markets
No Taxes (income / import etc)
Benefit of Carbon Credits shared
Complete Security package to protect Interests of Investors
and Lenders
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AEDB - Wind Power
LOIs have been issued to almost 80 interested InvestorsInvestors are coming from Pakistan but also from Canada, Malaysia, Turkey, USA etc
Policy for development of renewable energy in Pakistan has been approved
PPA is in final stage
Up-front Tariff have been approved by NEPRA to facilitate fast track project development
Several Investors have accept the approved Tariff of NEPRA
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LOI – Procedure in Pakistan
Registration with AEDB Submission of proposal to AEDBIssuance of LOI by AEDB on submission of fee of Rs. 600,000 - after due diligence of financial strength of the companyLand allocation (on availability from Gov. of Sindh) Feasibility Study (for onward submission to NEPRA & NTDC/KESC after AEDB's vetting and approval)Generation License (from NEPRA)Power Purchaser's commitment for purchase of powerTariff acceptance. Energy Purchase AgreementImplementation Agreement LOS (to be issued by AEDB)
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Processing Schedule (< 50MW)
Activity Typical Allowance (Days)
a. Submission of proposal on raw site by the sponsors –
b. Review of proposal by a Project Committee constituted by Chairman, AEDB
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c. Posting of bank a guarantee by sponsors @ US$ 500 per MW
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d. Issuance of Letter of Interest (LoI) by the AEDB 7
e. Initial time allowed to carry out feasibility study and term of the LoI
Up to18 months, to be determined on a case-to-
case basis
f. Tariff negotiations between sponsors and power purchaser 90
g. Approval of tariff by NEPRA 180 (maximum period)
h. Submission of Performance Guarantee @ US$ 2,500/MW by sponsors upon approval of tariff by NEPRA
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i. Issuance of LoS by the AEDB 7
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Wind Resources in Pakistan
The project area for the wind mapping was 1,100km along Sindh and Balochistan coast and up to 100km deep northward over land from the coast.
44 stations for collecting wind data have been installed to study the wind regime as shown in figures.
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Wind Resources in Baluchistan
List of 23: Aghore, Basol, Bella, Gaddani, Gawadar, Hoshab, Hub-Choki, Jiwani, Liari, Makola, Managi, Mand, Nasirabad, Nelunt, Ormara, Othal, Pasni, Phore, Pishukan, Ramra, Tump, Turbat, Winder.
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Wind Resources in Sindh
List of 21 stations: Badin, Baghan, Churhar-Jamali, Gharo, Golarchi, Hawks-Bay, Hyderabad, Jati, Kadhan, Karachi, Kati-Bandar, Matli, Mirpur-Sakro, Nooriabad, Sajawal, Shah-Bandar, Talhar, Thano-Bula-Khan, Jamshoro, DHA Karachi, Thatta.
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JIWANI ORMARA
PANJGUR
NOKUNDIDALBANDIN
KHUZDAR
QUETTA
SIBI
LORALAI
ZHOB
BARKHAN
KALAT
KARACHI
BADIN
HYDERABAD
SUKKUR
CHOR
NAWABSHAH
JACOBABAD
PADIDAN
BAHAWALPUR
BAHAWALNAGAR
FAISALABAD
LAHORE
ISLAMABAD
KHANPUR
MULTAN
SIALKOT
BALAKOT
CHITRAL
D. I. KHAN
DIR
DROSH
KAKULPARACHINAR
PESHAWAR
ASTOR
BUNJI
CHILAS
GILGITGUPIS
KOTLI
MUZAFFARABAD
SKARDU
8.1
9.05.2
3.4
5.9
6.1
3.0
2.9
3 .3
2 .2
5.1
2 .2
3.1
7.8
9.7
3.6
4.1
2 .5
2 .2
2.5
3.8
2 .3
1.9
1.4
2.5
4.3
4.0
0.9
JHELUM
1.7
4.6
2 .5
1.0
3 .3
1.1
3 .4
1.9
2 .5
2 .5
2 .9
1.5
3.6
3.3
1.3
3.1
MONTHLY WIND MAPPING OF PAKISTAN
DATA SOURCE: METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT OF PAKISTAN
COMPILED BY BRIG DR NASIM A. KHAN
STUDY REPORT BY PAKISTAN COUNCIL FOR APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
MONTH: JUNE
ANEMOMETER HEIGHT 30 METERS
1 M/S
2 M/S
3 M/S
4 M/S
WIND SPEEDCOLOUR CODE
5 M/S
6 M/S
7 M/S
8 M/S
9 M/S
10 M/S
JUNE
.
Average summer wind direction from Gharo to
Hyderabad
“Wind Corridor” in Pakistan
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Monthly Energy Yield vs. Time of Day
Monthly Energy Yield vs Time of Day
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
MW
h
Juli November
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Wind at 80m height (calculated)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean
5,6 6,1 6,2 9,1 11,1 12,1 10,2 11,7 9,4 5,4 4,9 5,6 8,1
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Wind Power in Pakistan
14 Investors have been allocated land for project development
4 Investors have already installed own wind measuring stations
3 Investors have been started the foundation work of own wind measuring stations
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Wind speed
The wind speed is extremely important for the amount of energy a wind turbine can convert to electricity
The energy content of the wind varies with the cube (the third power) of the average wind speed
If the wind speed is twice as high it contains eight times as much energy
2³ = 2 x 2 x 2 =8
Wind measuring is important to get the real wind speed at the specific site
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Wind measuring
The best way of measuring wind speeds at a prospective wind turbine site is to fit an anemometer to the top of a mast which has the same height as the expected hub height of the wind turbine to be used.
This way one avoids the uncertainty involved in recalculating the wind speeds to a different height.
By fitting the anemometer to the top of the mast one minimizes the disturbances of airflows from the mast itself. If anemometers are placed on the side of the mast it is essential to place them in the prevailing wind direction in order to minimize the wind shade from the tower
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Selecting a Wind Turbine Site
Wind Conditions Looking at nature itself is usually an excellent guide to finding a suitable WF site.
trees and shrubs (wind direction)
move along a rugged coastline (notice that centuries of erosion have worked in one particular direction)
Meteorology data, ideally in terms of a wind rose calculated over 30 years is probably your best guide,
Maybe wind turbines are already in the area
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Selecting a Wind Turbine Site (2)
Grid Connection Large WTG have to be connected to the electrical grid (10-30 kV)
Grid Reinforcement The electrical grid near the WTG should be able to receive the electricity coming from the turbine.
Soil Conditions Both the feasibility of building foundations of the turbines, and road construction to reach the site with heavy trucks must be taken into account with any wind turbine project.
Pitfalls in Using Meteorology Data Precision measurement of wind speeds, and thus wind energy is not nearly as important for weather forecasting as it is for wind energy planning, however. Wind speeds are heavily influenced by the surface roughness of the surrounding area, of nearby obstacles (such as trees, lighthouses or other buildings), and by the contours of the local terrain.
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Weights / Numbers
Tower of GE 1,5:64.7m 86 tons85m 98 tons100m 113 tons
Nacelle: 52 tons Hub: 14 tonsBlades: 21 tons
50MW WF with GE1.5 Hub 64.7m:33 x 173 tons = 5,709 tons
Number of Transport Trucks:Tower: 3Nacelle: 1Hub: 1Blades: 3Total: 8
For a WF with 50MW
264 heavy trucks
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Worldwide Success Stories
Annual turnover in 2006 of more than 13 billion Euros (17 billion US Dollars)
Estimated 150,000 people employed around the world
In Denmark, 20% of the country’s electricity is currently supplied by the wind
In northern Germany, wind can contribute 35% of the supply
In Spain, Europe’s fifth largest country, the contribution has reached 8%, and is set to rise to 15% by the end of decade
> 2-3 billion Euro possible in Pakistan
> 10% possible in Pakistan
Add of new JOBS in Pakistan
> Local Manufacture and Export ?
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Benefits of Wind Energy
Prices of fuel are expected to go up substantially in coming years
On a long term basis, costs of electricity from renewable sources are more predictable than thermal energy
Wind energy reduces cost of electricity now and in the future
Much lower external costs, and has the benefit of additional earnings from CO2 certificates
Wind is an indigenous resource. Does not require foreign exchange expenditure on import of fuel. Also adds security to countries energy mix. Long term supply of wind is assured
Is environmentally friendly. Very low external costs
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Summary
AEDB has to developed a plan, that the federal goal of 10% of RE in 2015 can be reached
1,800 – 2,700 MW Wind farms are planned till 2015
Annual installation of 200 – 380 MW
Government takes the “wind risk” project financing is possible
Land will be leased from Sindh Government to reasonable rates
No costs for the external grid connection
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