1 PAKISTAN Wind energy Basics November 2006 Mechanics of Wind Energy PAKISTAN March 2007.

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PAKISTANWind energy Basics

November 2006

Mechanics of Wind Energy

PAKISTAN

March 2007

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Index

IPEK energyWind Energy – An IntroductionWind Energy – Global ScenarioLegal Frame / AEDB and Role of AEDBWind Resources in PakistanWind Energy – Some Practical IssuesWind Energy – An Analysis / Outlook Pakistan

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IPEK energy GmbH

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IPEK energy GmbH

We

are an independent engineering & consultancy company

support you from acquisition to turnkey ready construction of renewable power generation systems worldwide

offer skilful support with international financing and after commissioning

take the technical business management

are very flexible and act in close cooperation with our clients exactly to the requirements of the international markets

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Key Services

Engineering & Consulting acquire suitable sitescomplete permitting proceduresnegotiate required Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)organize international fundingsupervision of construction till take over of the plancontrol operations management

Wind Measuring standard IEC confirm measuring trough Wind Mastand SODAR measuring

Bankable Feasibility Studies Due Diligence Emissions Trading

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Osman Ipek – Managing Director

Electrical Engineer (Main Branch Renewable Energies)Active in Wind Branch since 2000

project developmentproject managementproject implementationengineeringdue diligencemeasurement and monitoring systemswind resource assessmentteaching and education, concepts; strategies; system layout

18 Wind farm Projects realizedMore than 800MW projects developed in 6 countriesDue Diligence of more than 220MW wind projectsFeasibility studies for more than 40 wind farmsCurrently on going Projects of >500MW in Turkey, Iran and Pakistan

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Osman Ipek – Managing Director

Countries of Work Experience (alphabetical order):

CroatiaGermanyHungaryIranItalyLithuaniaPakistanSpainTurkeyYemen

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Membership/ Partners

Memberships Partners

German Wind Energy Association

The Association of German Engineers

WINDTEST Grevenbroich GmbH

Wind Rose Consultancy

Pakistan Wind Energy Association

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Wind Energy – An Introduction

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How wind is converted to power?

A wind turbine obtains its power input by converting the force of the wind into a torque (turning force) acting on the rotor bladesThe amount of energy which the wind transfers to the rotor depends

on the density of the airthe rotor areaand the wind speed.

In other words you can get more energy:the "heavier" the airthe “bigger” the rotorthe “higher” the wind speed

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Key Components of a Wind Farm

Wind Turbines

Civil WorksFoundationsRoad NetworkCrane PlacesService buildingsResidential Quarter

Electrical WorksStep-up transformersWiringSub-station for power delivery

Wind Measuring Towers

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690V

Components of Wind Turbine

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Wind Energy – Global Scenario

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Global Cumulative Installed Capacity 1995-2006

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

MW

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Global Annual Installed Capacity 1995-2006

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

MW

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Capacity Addition - 2006

India , 1,840 , 12%

Spain , 1,587 , 10% China , 1,347 ,

9%

France , 810 , 5%

Canada , 776 , 5%

Portugal , 694 , 5%

UK , 634 , 4%

Italy , 417 , 3%

Germany , 2,233 , 15%

US , 2,454 , 16%

Rest of theworld , 2,405 , 16%

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Annual Installed Capacity by Region

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

Africaand ME

Asia Europe LatinAmerica

NorthAmerica

PacificRegion

MW

2004

2005

2006

Pakistan ?

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Turbine Size Growth

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Basis Frame of Wind Energy Investment

Legal Frame

Wind Energy potential

Tariff

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Legal Frame in Pakistan

Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB)

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Background

Government of Pakistan created the Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) in May 2003 to act as the central national body on the subject of Renewable Energy

Air Marshal (Retd) Shahid Hamid was appointed as the Chairman of the Board

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Target of AEDB

Ensure 10% Share of Alternative Energy Technologies in National Grid by Year 2015

Act as Central Agencya- Awarenessb- Policiesc- Facilitate Creation of Base in Pakistan for Alternative Energy (AE) Technologies

Develop National Plans and Policies for AEa- Tax Holidaysb- Encourage Private Sectorc- Facilitate Investment

Foster Sustainable Development a- Facilitate Enhancement of Technical Skills.b- Initiate & Incubate Projects

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Achievements

Working actively in the fields of:

Wind PowerSolar PowerMicro HydelsBiomass

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Why Wind Power for Pakistan

Vast resources (estimated capacity around 40,000 MW)

Area closer to the Grid resulting in easier off-take by power purchaser

Wind Energy is a proven technology which can be trusted and guaranteed for project life

Most Cost effective (after small hydro which are located in remote inaccessible areas and with grid availability)

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Benefits for Sponsors – Legal Frame

Guaranteed Sale

Wind Risk is covered by the Gov. of Pakistan

Guaranteed Returns for Investors

Protection against foreign exchange rate fluctuations

Protection against inflation in local markets

No Taxes (income / import etc)

Benefit of Carbon Credits shared

Complete Security package to protect Interests of Investors

and Lenders

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AEDB - Wind Power

LOIs have been issued to almost 80 interested InvestorsInvestors are coming from Pakistan but also from Canada, Malaysia, Turkey, USA etc

Policy for development of renewable energy in Pakistan has been approved

PPA is in final stage

Up-front Tariff have been approved by NEPRA to facilitate fast track project development

Several Investors have accept the approved Tariff of NEPRA

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LOI – Procedure in Pakistan

Registration with AEDB Submission of proposal to AEDBIssuance of LOI by AEDB on submission of fee of Rs. 600,000 - after due diligence of financial strength of the companyLand allocation (on availability from Gov. of Sindh) Feasibility Study (for onward submission to NEPRA & NTDC/KESC after AEDB's vetting and approval)Generation License (from NEPRA)Power Purchaser's commitment for purchase of powerTariff acceptance. Energy Purchase AgreementImplementation Agreement LOS (to be issued by AEDB)

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Processing Schedule (< 50MW)

Activity Typical Allowance (Days)

a. Submission of proposal on raw site by the sponsors –

b. Review of proposal by a Project Committee constituted by Chairman, AEDB

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c. Posting of bank a guarantee by sponsors @ US$ 500 per MW

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d. Issuance of Letter of Interest (LoI) by the AEDB 7

e. Initial time allowed to carry out feasibility study and term of the LoI

Up to18 months, to be determined on a case-to-

case basis

f. Tariff negotiations between sponsors and power purchaser 90

g. Approval of tariff by NEPRA 180 (maximum period)

h. Submission of Performance Guarantee @ US$ 2,500/MW by sponsors upon approval of tariff by NEPRA

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i. Issuance of LoS by the AEDB 7

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A Typical Wind Farm Project Plan

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Basis Frame of Wind Energy Investment

Legal Frame

Tariff

Wind Energy potential

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Tariff - International

Pakistan

Wind Tariff onshore 2006 in comparison

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Basis Frame of Wind Energy Investment

Legal Frame

Tariff

Wind Energy potential

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Wind Resources in Pakistan

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Wind Resources in Pakistan

The project area for the wind mapping was 1,100km along Sindh and Balochistan coast and up to 100km deep northward over land from the coast.

44 stations for collecting wind data have been installed to study the wind regime as shown in figures.

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Wind Resources in Baluchistan

List of 23: Aghore, Basol, Bella, Gaddani, Gawadar, Hoshab, Hub-Choki, Jiwani, Liari, Makola, Managi, Mand, Nasirabad, Nelunt, Ormara, Othal, Pasni, Phore, Pishukan, Ramra, Tump, Turbat, Winder.

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Wind Resources in Sindh

List of 21 stations: Badin, Baghan, Churhar-Jamali, Gharo, Golarchi, Hawks-Bay, Hyderabad, Jati, Kadhan, Karachi, Kati-Bandar, Matli, Mirpur-Sakro, Nooriabad, Sajawal, Shah-Bandar, Talhar, Thano-Bula-Khan, Jamshoro, DHA Karachi, Thatta.

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JIWANI ORMARA

PANJGUR

NOKUNDIDALBANDIN

KHUZDAR

QUETTA

SIBI

LORALAI

ZHOB

BARKHAN

KALAT

KARACHI

BADIN

HYDERABAD

SUKKUR

CHOR

NAWABSHAH

JACOBABAD

PADIDAN

BAHAWALPUR

BAHAWALNAGAR

FAISALABAD

LAHORE

ISLAMABAD

KHANPUR

MULTAN

SIALKOT

BALAKOT

CHITRAL

D. I. KHAN

DIR

DROSH

KAKULPARACHINAR

PESHAWAR

ASTOR

BUNJI

CHILAS

GILGITGUPIS

KOTLI

MUZAFFARABAD

SKARDU

8.1

9.05.2

3.4

5.9

6.1

3.0

2.9

3 .3

2 .2

5.1

2 .2

3.1

7.8

9.7

3.6

4.1

2 .5

2 .2

2.5

3.8

2 .3

1.9

1.4

2.5

4.3

4.0

0.9

JHELUM

1.7

4.6

2 .5

1.0

3 .3

1.1

3 .4

1.9

2 .5

2 .5

2 .9

1.5

3.6

3.3

1.3

3.1

MONTHLY WIND MAPPING OF PAKISTAN

DATA SOURCE: METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT OF PAKISTAN

COMPILED BY BRIG DR NASIM A. KHAN

STUDY REPORT BY PAKISTAN COUNCIL FOR APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY

MONTH: JUNE

ANEMOMETER HEIGHT 30 METERS

1 M/S

2 M/S

3 M/S

4 M/S

WIND SPEEDCOLOUR CODE

5 M/S

6 M/S

7 M/S

8 M/S

9 M/S

10 M/S

JUNE

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Average summer wind direction from Gharo to

Hyderabad

“Wind Corridor” in Pakistan

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Monthly Energy Yield vs. Time of Day

Monthly Energy Yield vs Time of Day

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

MW

h

Juli November

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Wind at 80m height (calculated)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean

5,6 6,1 6,2 9,1 11,1 12,1 10,2 11,7 9,4 5,4 4,9 5,6 8,1

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Basis Frame of Wind Energy Investment

Legal Frame

Tariff

Wind Energy potential

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Wind Power in Pakistan

14 Investors have been allocated land for project development

4 Investors have already installed own wind measuring stations

3 Investors have been started the foundation work of own wind measuring stations

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Ground Breaking Ceremony MASTERWIND

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Ground Breaking Ceremony ZORLU

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Wind Energy – Some Practical Issues

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Wind speed

The wind speed is extremely important for the amount of energy a wind turbine can convert to electricity

The energy content of the wind varies with the cube (the third power) of the average wind speed

If the wind speed is twice as high it contains eight times as much energy

2³ = 2 x 2 x 2 =8

Wind measuring is important to get the real wind speed at the specific site

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Wind measuring

The best way of measuring wind speeds at a prospective wind turbine site is to fit an anemometer to the top of a mast which has the same height as the expected hub height of the wind turbine to be used.

This way one avoids the uncertainty involved in recalculating the wind speeds to a different height.

By fitting the anemometer to the top of the mast one minimizes the disturbances of airflows from the mast itself. If anemometers are placed on the side of the mast it is essential to place them in the prevailing wind direction in order to minimize the wind shade from the tower

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50m Wind Mast –Zephyr Power

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60m Wind Measuring Mast- NPE

First 60m Wind Measuring mast in

Pakistan

(www.KonDen.com)

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80m Wind Measuring Mast- BEL

First 80m Wind Measuring mast in

Pakistan (www.windroseone.com)

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Selecting a Wind Turbine Site

Wind Conditions Looking at nature itself is usually an excellent guide to finding a suitable WF site.

trees and shrubs (wind direction)

move along a rugged coastline (notice that centuries of erosion have worked in one particular direction)

Meteorology data, ideally in terms of a wind rose calculated over 30 years is probably your best guide,

Maybe wind turbines are already in the area

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(Source: internet)

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Jhimpir

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Selecting a Wind Turbine Site (2)

Grid Connection Large WTG have to be connected to the electrical grid (10-30 kV)

Grid Reinforcement The electrical grid near the WTG should be able to receive the electricity coming from the turbine.

Soil Conditions Both the feasibility of building foundations of the turbines, and road construction to reach the site with heavy trucks must be taken into account with any wind turbine project.

Pitfalls in Using Meteorology Data Precision measurement of wind speeds, and thus wind energy is not nearly as important for weather forecasting as it is for wind energy planning, however. Wind speeds are heavily influenced by the surface roughness of the surrounding area, of nearby obstacles (such as trees, lighthouses or other buildings), and by the contours of the local terrain.

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Transport

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Transport (2)

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Weights / Numbers

Tower of GE 1,5:64.7m 86 tons85m 98 tons100m 113 tons

Nacelle: 52 tons Hub: 14 tonsBlades: 21 tons

50MW WF with GE1.5 Hub 64.7m:33 x 173 tons = 5,709 tons

Number of Transport Trucks:Tower: 3Nacelle: 1Hub: 1Blades: 3Total: 8

For a WF with 50MW

264 heavy trucks

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Foundation

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Crane

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Tower installation

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Tower installation

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Nacelle and Blade installation

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Transformer / Cable

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Wind Energy – An Analysis

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Worldwide Success Stories

Annual turnover in 2006 of more than 13 billion Euros (17 billion US Dollars)

Estimated 150,000 people employed around the world

In Denmark, 20% of the country’s electricity is currently supplied by the wind

In northern Germany, wind can contribute 35% of the supply

In Spain, Europe’s fifth largest country, the contribution has reached 8%, and is set to rise to 15% by the end of decade

> 2-3 billion Euro possible in Pakistan

> 10% possible in Pakistan

Add of new JOBS in Pakistan

> Local Manufacture and Export ?

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Benefits of Wind Energy

Prices of fuel are expected to go up substantially in coming years

On a long term basis, costs of electricity from renewable sources are more predictable than thermal energy

Wind energy reduces cost of electricity now and in the future

Much lower external costs, and has the benefit of additional earnings from CO2 certificates

Wind is an indigenous resource. Does not require foreign exchange expenditure on import of fuel. Also adds security to countries energy mix. Long term supply of wind is assured

Is environmentally friendly. Very low external costs

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Summary

AEDB has to developed a plan, that the federal goal of 10% of RE in 2015 can be reached

1,800 – 2,700 MW Wind farms are planned till 2015

Annual installation of 200 – 380 MW

Government takes the “wind risk” project financing is possible

Land will be leased from Sindh Government to reasonable rates

No costs for the external grid connection

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Contact

For any further information please contact us:

IPEK energy GmbH

Marktplatz 448431 Rheine- Germany

Tel.:   +49.5971.91 4619-0Fax:   +49.5971.91 4619-20

www.ipek-energy.com