1 Metodologi Penelitian - Ketentuan Umum

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Metodologi Penelitian

Sony Sulaksono Wibowo, PhD

FTSL-5098

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Metodologi Penelitian

Sony Sulaksono Wibowo, PhD

SI-5098; TL-5098

KL-5098; SJ-5098

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Ketentuan Umum

Matakuliah wajib bagi semua mahasiswa program magister yang belum memulai penelitian, atau mahasiswa program doktor yang belum pernah mengambil matakuliah serupa.

Kuliah diberikan dalam bentuk pertemuan kelas dan tugas-tugas

Jadwal pertemuan:

Kamis: 13:00 – 15:00

Referensi: Paul D. Leedy and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod, “Practical Research, Planning

and Design, 8th edition, 2005 Dawson, D., “Practical Research Methods, 2002 Kumar, R., “Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners,

2nd Ed., 2006

3

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Deskripsi Matakuliah

Deskripsi Ringkas

Kuliah ini memperkenalkan mahasiswa tentang konsep dasar

penelitian ilmiah sebagai landasan bagi penyusunan proposal,

pelaksanaan penelitian dan diseminasi hasil penelitian dalam bentuk

karya ilmiah, tesis atau disertasi. Selain diberi membantu

pemahaman tentang berbagai konsep dan aspek-aspek penting dari

beragam spektrum penelitian, pada kuliah ini mahasiswa juga

dikenalkan pada format penyusunan proposal penelitian dan

penulisan tesis dan disertasi.

TujuanInstruksionalUmum

Kuliah ini bertujuan untuk membangkitkan pemahaman tentang

konsep dasar penelitian ilmiah, sehingga mahasiswa mampu

menyusun suatu proposal, melaksanakan penelitian ilmiah dan

mendiseminasikannya dengan baik dalam bentuk karya ilmiah,

tesis atau disertasi.

Luaran

Melalui kuliah ini mahasiswa akan memiliki pemahaman yang baik

tentang konsep penelitian ilmiah secara keseluruhan, dan mampu

berdialog secara ilmiah tentang penelitian pada berbagai bidang dari

spektrum ilmu yang luas.

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Organisasi Kegiatan

Kegiatan perkuliahan dilakukan dalam bentuk:

Kuliah tatap muka

Diskusi kelompok

Tugas mandiri

Kegiatan perkuliahan dilakukan dalam 3 kelompok:

Kuliah Bersama (SI, TL, KL, SJ) S2 dan S3

Kuliah Program Studi

Bimbingan Kelompok Keahlian (KK)

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Organisasi Kuliah

K U L I A H B E R S A M A F T S L

KULIAH

PROGRAM STUDI

T. SIPIL

KULIAH

PROGRAM STUDI

T. LINGKUNGAN

KULIAH

PROGRAM STUDI

T. KELAUTAN

BIMBINGAN

KK

BIMBINGAN

KK

BIMBINGAN

KK

BIMBINGAN

KK

BIMBINGAN

KK

P R O P O S A L P E N E L I T I A N

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Ringkasan SAP

No Topik Sub TopikTujuan Instruksional Khusus

(TIK)

1

Pengenalan konsep,

prinsip dan

terminologi umum

tentang penelitian

ilmiah

• Posisi penelitian dan kegiatan ilmiah

• Pengertian tentang hypotheses, paradigm,

research objective, reasoning (deductive

vs. inductive arguments), positivism,

Membangkitkan pemahaman arti dan fungsi

penting penelitian dan kegiatan ilmiah dan

ilmu pengetahuan

2 Spektrum penelitian

• Jenis-jenis penelitian ilmiah (action

research, etnographics hingga

experimental research, fundamental vs.

Applied research, qualitative vs.

Quantitative research

Menjelaskan jenis/metoda penelitian pada

berbagai ranah ilmu pengetahuan

3Metoda pengumpulan

data

• Metoda experimental

• Teknik survey

Memberikan pengetahuan tentang berbagai

metoda pengambilan /pengumpulan data

4 Etika penelitian • Etika penelitian

Memberikan pengetahuan dan pemahaman

tentang etika penelitian, termasuk dalam

pengambilan data dan pemanfaatan hasil

penelitian

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Ringkasan SAP

No Topik Sub TopikTujuan Instruksional Khusus

(TIK)

5 Penyusunan Proposal • Bimbingan Penyusunan Proposal

Penyusunan kerangka proposal penelitian

(latar belakang, perumusan masalah, tujuan

penelitian)

Dilakukan di lingkungan KK

6

Pengambilan dan data

(sampling) dan rencana

pengambailan contoh

• Kebutuhan dan manfaat sampling

• Konsep dasar sampling

• Teori sampling

• Perhitungan kesalahan

• Rancangan sampling

Menjelaskan jenis/metoda/teknik pengambilan

data / sampling

7Teknik Pengukuran dan

Penskalaan• Skala pengukuran

Memberikan pengetahuan dan pemahaman

tentang teknik pengukuran, sumber

kesalahan pengukuran, dan teknik

penskalaan data

8 Ujian Tengah Semester

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Ringkasan SAP

No Topik Sub TopikTujuan Instruksional Khusus

(TIK)

9 Penyusunan Proposal • Bimbingan penyusunan proposal

Studi literatur, rancangan metoda penelitian,

analisis data

Dilakukan di lingkungan KK

10Metoda dan teknik

pengumpulan data

• Data dan jenis data

• Metoda pengumpulan data (primer,

sekunder)

Menjelaskan jenis/metoda/teknik

pengumpulan data

11Format penulisan karya

ilmiah, thesis, disertasi

• Format karya ilmiah, paper, thesis,

disertaso

Memberikan pengetahuan dan pemahaman

tentang forma dan teknik penyusunan tulisan

ilmiah

12Pengujian kesimpulan

awal (hipotesis)

• Hipotesis vs teori

• Konsep dasar

• Perumusan hipotesis dan

permasalahannya

• Karakteristik dan Tipe hipotesis

• Standar uji (Z-test, t-test, F-test, Chi-

sqare test)

• Non-parametric distribution free test

Memberikan pengetahuan dan pemahanan

tentang pengujian hipotesis

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Ringkasan SAP

No Topik Sub TopikTujuan Instruksional Khusus

(TIK)

13

Teknik statististik untuk

pengolahan dan

interpretasi data

• Peran statistik dalam penelitian

• Jenis data (kuantitatif, kualitatif)

• Organisasi dan pengolahan data

• Teknik statistik

• Interpretasi hasil analisis

Memberikan pengetahuan dan pemahaman

tentang pentingnya statistik dalam penelitian

14 Penyusunan proposal • Bimbingan penyusunan proposalBimbingan penyususnan proposal di masing-

masing KK

15 Penyusunan proposal • Bimbingan penyusunan proposa;Presentasi proposal penelitian di masing-

masing KK

16 Ujian Akhir Semester

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Research Basic

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What is a research?

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What Research Is Not

Research isn’t information gathering:

Gathering information from resources such as books or magazines isn’t a research

It might be information discovery or something about reference skills

Research isn’t the transportation of facts:

Merely transporting facts from one resource to another

No contribution to new knowledge although this might make existing knowledge more accessible

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What Research Is

Research is:

“…the systematic process of collecting and analyzing

information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the

phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested.”1

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Research

A voyage of discovery; an experience method of critical thinking; a careful critical inquiry in seeking facts from principles

An art of scientific investigation

A systemized effort to gain new knowledge, a movement from known to the unknown

An activity caused by instinct of inquisitiveness to gain fresh insight / find answer to questions / acquire knowledge

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Research Methodology; Research Method;

Research Technique

Research Methodology

is a science of studying how research is done scientifically

Research Method

Behavior and instruments used in selecting and constructing technique for gathering data

Research Technique

Behavior and instruments used in research operation

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Nature of Research

Characteristic of scientific research

careful search, investigation,

seeking answer to (a) question (s)

systematically adds/contributes to knowledge

for PhDs, research makes an original (incremental) contribution

Research is a critical process of asking and attempting to answer questions about the world.

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Research Characteristics

Originates with a question or problem.

Requires clear articulation of a goal.

Follows a specific plan or procedure.

Often divides main problem into sub-problems.

Guided by specific problem, question, or hypothesis.

Accepts certain critical assumptions.

Requires collection and interpretation of data.

Cyclical (helical) in nature.

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In principle

Prove in research can be done:

Empirically hypothesis is proven based on facts (gathered or measured)

Rationally hypothesis or postulate is proven through logical reasoning based on given law

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Research Cycle

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Research Process

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Basic Format of Research Process

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Research Report Schema

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Data Analysis Spiral

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Research Projects

Research begins with a problem.

This problem need not be Earth-shaking.

Identifying this problem can actually be the hardest part of research.

In general, good research projects should:

Address an important question.

Advance knowledge.

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Research Project

The following kinds of projects usually don’t make for good research:

Self-enlightenment.

Comparing data sets.

Correlating data sets.

Problems with yes / no answers.

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High-Quality Research

Good research requires:

The scope and limitations of the work to be clearly defined.

The process to be clearly explained so that it can be reproduced and verified by other researchers.

A thoroughly planned design that is as objective as possible.

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High-Quality Research… continued

Good research requires:

Highly ethical standards be applied.

All limitations be documented.

Data be adequately analyzed and explained.

All findings be presented unambiguously and all conclusions be justified by sufficient evidence.

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Research Process

Research is an extremely cyclic process.

Later stages might necessitate a review of earlier work.

This isn’t a weakness of the process but is part of the built-in error correction machinery.

Because of the cyclic nature of research, it can be difficult to determine where to start and when to stop.

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Step 1: A Question Is Raised

A question occurs to or is posed to the researcher for which that researcher has no answer.

This doesn’t mean that someone else doesn’t already have an answer.

The question needs to be converted to an appropriate problem statement like that documented in a research proposal.

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Step 2: Suggest Hypotheses

The researcher generates intermediate hypotheses to describe a solution to the problem.

This is at best a temporary solution since there is as yet no evidence to support either the acceptance or rejection of these hypotheses.

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Step 3: Literature Review

The available literature is reviewed to determine if there is already a solution to the problem.

Existing solutions do not always explain new observations.

The existing solution might require some revision or even be discarded.

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Step 4: Literature Evaluation

It’s possible that the literature review has yielded a solution to the proposed problem.

This means that you haven’t really done research.

On the other hand, if the literature review turns up nothing, then additional research activities are justified.

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Step 5: Acquire Data

The researcher now begins to gather data relating to the research problem.

The means of data acquisition will often change based on the type of the research problem.

This might entail only data gathering, but it could also require the creation of new measurement instruments.

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Step 6: Data Analysis

The data that were gathered in the previous step are analyzed as a first step in ascertaining their meaning.

As before, the analysis of the data does not constitute research.

This is basic number crunching.

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Step 7: Data Interpretation

The researcher interprets the newly analyzed data and suggests a conclusion.

This can be difficult.

Keep in mind that data analysis that suggests a correlation between two variables can’t automatically be interpreted as suggesting causality between those variables.

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Step 8: Hypothesis Support

The data will either support the hypotheses or they won’t.

This may lead the researcher to cycle back to an earlier step in the process and begin again with a new hypothesis.

This is one of the self-correcting mechanisms associated with the scientific method.

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Assignmentdue date: 12 September 2011

by email: sonyssw@hotmail.com

format: nama_nim.doc atau nama_nim.docx

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Membangun sebuah penelitian dapat dimulai daribentuk-bentuk pertanyaan seperti: apa (what?), mengapa (why?), dimana (where?), kapan (when?), bagaimana (how?), siapa (who?). Buatlah Research Plan yang singkat dan jelas (maksimal 2000 kata) dengan memuat minimal:• Problem definition and research question• Research objective and research limitation• Literature review• Research methodology and design experiment• Expected result and its implication

Topic: Sustainable Infrastructure

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