00-1450 CE

00-1450 CE

Chapter 8AP World History

Africa &the Spread of

Islam

Africa & Islam Timeline

Africa & Islam Map Exercise Empires of

the Western Sudan

Map of Africa 600-1450

Bantu Migrations (Approx. 500BCE -1000CE)

Bantu Migrations (Approx. 500BCE -1000CE)

P- Stateless Societies Village= organized around families led by a

respected family member Later- Bantu concepts of kingship and state-

building were used in the Kingdom of Kongo R- Animistic= Spirits inhabiting natural world C- Brought common language (mixes with Arabic –

becomes Swahili) [no writing] Slavery

Bantu Migrations (Approx. 500BCE -1000CE)

I- Interactions - Herders– moved W to E and S. Africa.

Population Increase as migration slowly happened Taught techniques of cattle raising along the way Spread the knowledge of ironworking Farmers who spread iron agriculture which

increased crop cultivation Cultural diffusers – used of cereal grains and

terracing crops.

Trans-Saharan Trade Berbers were the native desert dwellers of North Africa300 C.E. camels replaced horses and donkeys astransport animals (3:1 ratio in distance) Speeds travel across the Sahara Trade in gold, salt, and ivory flourished Islam arrives in 7th century

Trans-Saharan trade led tothe rise of the kingdoms in

the Sudan Rise of Sudanic States

Common characteristicsLed by patriarch or council of eldersBased upon ethnic coreRulers were considered sacred

Islam reinforced kingship

Sub-Saharan Empires (West Africa)Ghana 750 -1076CE

“Land of Gold” in Sahel – savannah grasslands south and west of the Sahara.

Used territorial expansion to control Trans-Saharan trade routes Arabs traded copper, horses, textiles and figs for gold, honey, slaves, and ivory from Ghana.

Trade led urbanization Kings converted to Islam by the 10th century Did not force Islam upon others Nomadic raids from the Sahara weakened Ghana in the early 13th century

Cultural mix of Muslims and non-Muslims.

Sub-Saharan Empires Mali – 1230CE -1450CE

•Sundiata “the Lion Prince” monarch is credited with beginning Malinke expansion and creating the Mali Empire•Malinke people created an empire in the early 13th centuryGriots – professional oral historians, keepers of traditions, advisors to kings.Mansa Musa – devout Muslim – 1324 made pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca with much gold (draws more traders to Africa) Juula - The African traders associated with the Mali Empire • Agriculture, with the gold trade, was the base of the economy• More Muslim converts

Mali Timbuktu – political, economic, and cultural center

of all West Africa during this time period. On trans-Saharan trade route exchanging gold from

the south for salt from the desert. Also tradedivory and slaves. Islamic social structure withmany mosques and a center of Islamic learning.

Sub-Saharan Empires Songhay (Songhai) 1468-1591 Leader Sonni Ali conquered all the

old Ghana and Mali Empires Largest West African Empire Insisted on total obedience in Islam Timbuktu became a major cultural

center including a university: Pope Leo X was impressed with Timbuktu in 1513,

he said, “Here is a great store of doctors, judges, priests, and other learned men, that are bountifully maintained at the king’s court.”

** Note Dates above are outside AP timeframe for 600-1450CE, but guidelines require it to be in this unit with Ghana, Mali, & Songhay.

Sub-Saharan Empires Songhay (Songhai) 1468-1591

Sunni Ali Ber Conqueror & Founder

Askia Muhammad the Great He set up administration

through out the various lands Economy- Trade gold for

equal quantities of salt Nobles Free Men & Traders Low class farmers Lower European Slaves

Christianity in Africa Axum (Ethiopia) was a naval and trading power 400BCE-1000CE. King Ezana converted to Christianity 250 CE, then converted his people. Adopted the Egyptian or Coptics version that Christ is only divine nature Only Christian majority in Africa 600-1450 CE.

Great ZimbabweDominates central Africafrom 9th-16th centuries Built massive stoneenclosures (zimbabwe) Supplied gold to theSwahili coast Declined due to internaldivisions by the 16th

century

The Swahili City StatesFounded by Bantu settlers in approx 900CE Bantu and Arabic languages mixed into

the distinct Swahili language (remains today)

Islamic merchants settled in coastal villages

Swahili culture emerges by 13th century Major role in Indian Ocean trade

network Islamic merchants traded gold, slaves, &

Ivory for pottery, glass, & textiles from China, Persia, & India

Remember Admiral Zheng He brought his Ming Dynasty ships there

The Swahili Coast

Major Comparisons Analyze gender systems & changes Interactions between Jews, Christians, &

Muslims Compare European & sub-Saharan African

contacts with Islamic World Compare/contrast the different cultures within

Africa

Change over Time Nomadic to Settled Arrival of Islam Increase in trading

Continuities over Time Patriarchy arrived with Islam Nomadic conflict with settled, advanced,

urban cultures Major cities centers of trade and culture Christianity Bantu Migrations Oral literature- histories

& stories passed from one generation to the next