{ Psychology in Action (9e) Chapter 12: Motivation & Emotion.
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Theories & Concepts of Motivation: Important Definitions
Motivation: set of factors that activate, direct, & maintain behavior, usually toward some goal
Emotion: subjective feeling including arousal, cognitions, & expressions
Major Theories of Motivation—Biological Theories
Instinct: inborn, unlearned behaviors universal to species explain motivation
Drive-Reduction: internal tensions “push” toward satisfying basic needs
Arousal: motivated toward optimal level of arousal
Major Theories of Motivation—Psychosocial Theories
Incentive: motivation results from the “pull” of external environmental stimuli
Cognitive: motivation affected by attributions & expectations
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: interaction of biological, psychological, & social needs; lower motives (physiological & safety) must be met before higher needs (belonging, self-esteem)
Biopsychosocial Theories
Motivation & Behavior: Hunger & EatingBiological
factors: stomach, biochemistry, the brain
Note the size difference in these rats. The rat on the left had the ventromedial area of its hypothalamus destroyed.
Motivation & Behavior: Hunger & Eating
Psychological factors: visual cues, cultural conditioning
Obesity is more common in Pima Indians living in U.S., but not for those in nearby Mexico with traditional diet.
• Obesity appears to result from numerous biological & psychosocial factors.
• Anorexia nervosa & bulimia nervosa are both characterized by an overwhelming fear of becoming obese & explained by multiple biological & psychosocial factors.
Hunger & Eating--Eating Disorders
Critical Thinking About Motivation & Emotion
Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation--
extrinsic rewards may lower interest & motivation.
Motivation & Behavior—Achievement
• Characteristics of a high need for achievement (nAch):
– Prefers moderately difficult tasks
– Prefers clear goals with competent feedback
– Competitive– Prefers responsibility – Persistent– More accomplished
Theories & Concepts of Emotion Three Components
of Emotions1. Physiological--
arousal comes from brain (particularly the limbic system) & autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Mirror Neurons: brain cells that fire both when performing specific actions and when observing specific actions or emotions of another; this “mirroring” may explain empathy, imitation, language, etc.
Theories & Concepts of Emotion
Three Components of Emotion (Cont’d)
2. Cognitive--thoughts, values, & expectations
3. Behavioral--expressions, gestures, & body positions
Theories & Concepts of Emotion
Can you identify the social smile vs. the genuine smile?
Real smiles involve muscles around both the eyes & cheeks.
James-Lange: subjective experience of emotion follows bodily arousal
Cannon-Bard: arousal & emotion occur simultaneously
Facial-Feedback: facial movements elicit arousal & specific emotions
Schachter’s Two-Factor: arousal & label (or interpretation) produce emotion
Theories & Concepts of Emotion-- Four Theories of Emotion
Critical Thinking About Motivation & Emotion: The Polygraph
Polygraph: measures changes in sympathetic arousal, which in turn supposedly reflects lying versus truthfulness
Critical Thinking about Motivation & Emotion: The Polygraph
The subject’s response on the GSR does rise in response to the second question. But remember that error rates on the polygraph range from 25% to 75%.
Critical Thinking About Motivation & Emotion: Emotional Intelligence (EI)
Emotional Intelligence (EI): ability to know & manage one’s emotions, empathize, & maintain satisfying relationships
Cultural similarities & differences: 7 to10 culturally universal emotions, but each culture has its own display rules governing how, when, & where to express emotions
Role of evolution: strong biological, evolutionary basis for emotional expression & decoding
Culture, Evolution, & Emotion
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