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9/14/2016 1 Facts, Tools, & Tips Deb Zwiefelhofer, RDN, LD NDLTC September 21, 2016 1 Learning Objectives After completing, the learner will: Identify the dietary needs between celiac disease, gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy. Adjust recipes, menus and kitchens workspace to accommodate serving the gluten free diet. Recognize the variety of resources that support glutenfree living. 2 True or False? 1. About one in every five Americans are allergic to at least one food. 2. Food labels must list all allergenic ingredients. 3. Food intolerances cause less severe reactions than food allergies. 4. Restaurant items identified as gluten free are always “safe”. 3
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Zwiefelhofer, Deb-Session 19 Gluten Free - NDLTCAndltca.org/image/cache/Session_19_Zwiefelhofer_Deb_Gluten_Free.pdf · 9/14/2016 3 Allergic Response Response & timing unique to individual

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Page 1: Zwiefelhofer, Deb-Session 19 Gluten Free - NDLTCAndltca.org/image/cache/Session_19_Zwiefelhofer_Deb_Gluten_Free.pdf · 9/14/2016 3 Allergic Response Response & timing unique to individual

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Facts, Tools, & Tips

Deb Zwiefelhofer, RDN, LDNDLTC ‐ September 21, 2016

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Learning ObjectivesAfter completing, the learner will:

Identify the dietary needs between celiac disease, gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy.

Adjust recipes, menus and kitchens workspace to accommodate serving the gluten free diet. 

Recognize the variety of resources that support gluten‐free living. 

2

True or False? 1.  About one in every five Americans are allergic to at least one food. 

2.  Food labels must list all allergenic ingredients.

3.  Food intolerances cause less severe reactions than food allergies.

4.  Restaurant items identified as gluten free are always  “safe”.

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Prevalence Clinically diagnosed Food Allergy

5% of children

4% of adults 

Food Intolerance / Sensitivity

Not quantifiable

1:3 people claim issues

Allergy, Intolerance or Sensitivity? Allergy – body’s immune system reacts to a substance that it identifies as harmful

Intolerance – immune system is not directly involved but there are other adverse reactions to normally harmless substances in food

Sensitivity – A non‐allergic, non‐autoimmune reaction

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Definition ‐ Allergy Abnormal response to a ‘normal’ food

Triggered by immune system

Body produces antibody IgE

Reaction may be immediate to hours after exposure

Response ranges from mild to severe 

Risk is tied to genetics

Proteins in the offending food have survived usual breakdown from cooking, stomach acids and/or digestive enzymes

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Allergic Response Response & timing unique to individual

Protein fragments are introduced and allergic reactions follow

Itching in mouth as food is eaten

Abdominal discomfort with digestion

Vomiting, diarrhea, GI pain

Allergens in bloodstream

Drop in blood pressure

Upon reaching the skin → hives, eczema

Reaching the lungs → wheezing 

Oral Allergy syndrome Allergy to pollen creates an issue with raw fruits/vegetables

Localized to mouth /oral cavity and/or throat

Same item cooked is often tolerated

8 Foods cause 90% of Allergies

Milk

Eggs

Wheat

Soybeans

Peanuts

Tree Nuts

Shellfish

Fish

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BUT…….. Any food can cause an allergic reaction.

Corn, gelatin, grapes, onion, tomato, banana,  apple

Stone fruits: plum, peach, nectarine, cherries

Meats: beef, chicken, mutton, pork, 

Seeds: sesame, sunflower, poppy 

Spices: caraway, coriander, garlic, mustard

Different countries have different “top” allergens

People can have many different types of allergies besides foods.   Sometimes leading to cross‐reactions

Separating Wheat from Gluten

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Wheat Allergy Allergy to the whole protein component in wheat.

Evidenced by allergic reaction

Swelling, itching or irritation– especially around mouth

Nasal congestion

Itchy watery eyes

Difficulty breathing

Anaphylactic shock [swelling of throat, rapid heartbeat, dizziness/fainting]

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Wheat Allergy No:

Wheat

Triticale

Generally tolerated grains: Aramanth

Barley

Buckwheat 

Corn 

Oats

Millet

Rice

Rye

Sorghum

Quinoa

Whereis the Wheat?

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BREAKFAST

ORANGE JUICECEREAL OF CHOICEBAKED EGG OMELET

TOASTMARGARINE

JELLYCOFFEE/SUGAR/CREAMER /MILK

LUNCHITALIAN CRUSTED FISH

SOUR CREAM MASHED POTATOESSEASONED PEAS

BREAD / MARGARINERASPBERRY PARFAIT SQUARE

COFFEE/SUGAR/CREAMER/MILKGARNISH LEMON WEDGE

SLICED TURKEYKEY LARGO VEGETABLES 

Definition ‐ Intolerance Intolerance / Hypersensitivity ‐ not a true allergy

Non‐IgE mediated

Not linked to genetics

Abnormal physiological response to food or food compound

Varied mechanisms of action:

Metabolic: absence of chemicals/enzymes to digest a food Lactose, fructose  intolerance

GI: Inability to absorb nutrients Fructose malabsorption

Pharmacologic: natural/artificial food chemical sensitivity Salicylate, sulphites, nitrate

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Intolerance/Sensitivity Response Chronic vs. acute, less obvious

Dose / exposure dependent 

Symptoms vary greatly

Skin: rash, hives, dermatitis, eczema

Respiratory: nasal congestion, sinusitis, throat irritation, asthma, cough

GI: mouth ulcers, cramping, nausea, gas, diarrhea, IBS

Anaphylaxis

What is Celiac Disease? An intolerance

Triggered by gluten in wheat (gluten), rye (hordein), and barley (secalin) in the diet

Inflammation of the small intestine mucosa

Causes malabsorption of nutrients

Sets off intestinal symptoms &/or extra‐intestinal symptoms

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Effect on Mucosal Villi

Healthy Mucosal Villi

Compromised Villi

Death of Villi

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Clinical PresentationYounger Age Onset Adult Onset

Abdominal pain, gas &

distention

Chronic diarrhea

Vomiting

Constipation

Pale, foul‐smelling or fatty stool

Weight loss

Failure to thrive/short stature

Unexplained iron ‐deficiency anemia

Bone / joint pain

Arthritis

Bone loss or osteoporosis

Depression or anxiety

Tingling numbness

Infertility and recurrent miscarriages

Dermatitis Herpetiformis

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Complications Short or long term reactions affect many body systems 

Malabsorption

“Starvation”

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Gluten Generic term for the proteins found in grains and grasses 

Corn and rice gluten are NOT implicated with Celiac disease

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Wheat, rye and barley and all forms of these grains or hybrids of these grains are implicated in Celiac disease 

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Common Sources of Gluten

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BulgurCouscousDurum EinkornEmmerFarinaTriticaleKamut

Graham flourMatzo flour & mealSpelt/speltaWheat germWheat starchBarley malt & extractSemolinaHydrolyzed Vegetable  Protein (HVP)

BranOrzoPankoSeitanUdonFaro

Common Sources of Gluten Breads and bread products

Cakes, cookies, pies

Pasta and noodles

Rice mixes

Cereal

Pancakes, waffles, sweet rolls

Tea

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Hidden Sources of Gluten Processed dairy products

Processed fruits and vegetables

Processed meats, fish, poultry

Soups and bouillon

Matzo and communion wafers

Lipstick, toothpaste, chewing gum, mints

Licorice and some candies

Breading, coating mixes, croutons, stuffing/dressing mixes

Roux, thickeners

Soy sauce, marinades

Modified food starch, malt and malt flavoring

Supplements

Medications

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Naturally Gluten‐Free Foods Plain fruits and vegetables

Plain dairy products, milk, cheeses

Fresh meat, poultry, fish, eggs, legumes, plain nuts and seeds

Rice, corn, potatoes, buckwheat, sorghum

Margarine, butter, oils, nuts, other fats

Spices (Spice blends – Read label)

Water, most coffees, some teas, juices, most sodas, wines

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Treatment Strict, life long compliance with a gluten‐free diet

Daily multivitamin with minerals

Diet education with knowledgeable RD

Label reading and product manuals

Access to gluten‐free products

Gluten free cookbooks

Support from family and advocacy groups

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Fix the Recipe  Chicken Noodle SoupIngredients

1 tablespoon butter 

1/2 cup chopped onion 

1/2 cup chopped celery 

4 (14.5 ounce) cans chicken broth 

1 (14.5 ounce) can vegetable broth 

1/2 pound chopped cooked chicken breast 

1 1/2 cups egg noodles 

1 cup sliced carrots 

1/2 teaspoon dried basil 

1/2 teaspoon dried oregano 

salt and pepper to taste 

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Gluten Sensitivity Non‐celiac gluten sensitivity

Difference clinically

Similar complaints / symptoms to celiac disease

Most often GI related

No intestinal inflammation

Does not cause  long‐term damage to intestinal villi

Affects ~18 million people in US

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Celiac Disease (CD)

Gluten Sensitivity (GS)

Wheat Allergy(WA)

Time between gluten exposure & symptoms

Weeks – Years Hours – Days Minutes ‐ Hours

Pathogenesis Autoimmunity Immunity? (Innate) Allergic ImmuneResponse

HLA HLA DQ2/8 restricted(~97%  positive)

Not HLA DQ2/8 restricted(50% positive)

Not HLA DQ2/8 restricted35‐40% positive)

Autoantibodies Almost always present

Always absent Always absent

Enteropathy Almost always present

Always absent Always absent

Symptoms Both intestinal and extra intestinal(indistinguishable form GS & WA with GI symptoms)

Both intestinal and extra intestinal(indistinguishableFrom CD & WA with GI symptoms)

Both intestinal and extra intestinal(indistinguishablefrom CD & GS when presenting with  GI symptoms

Adapted from the book Gluten Freedom by Alessio Fasano, MD 

Menu Activity

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Setting up the Gluten‐Free Kitchen Store gluten‐free products and prep equipment separate from gluten containing products / prep items.

Identify and organize an area for GF food preparation.

Designate certain appliances for use only with gluten‐free products.  

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Equipment To prevent cross contamination, purchase new items and store separately.  

Any rubber, plastic/acrylic or wooden utensils need a dedicated gluten‐free duplicate. 

Think about:

Colanders Cutting boards

Baking pans Rubber spatula

Pastry brushes Grater or shredder

Flour sifter       Rolling pin

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Equipment Review menu cycle and consider needs:

Toaster

Countertop fryer

Waffle maker

Microwave

Blender

What else?

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…more kitchen thoughts Metal small wares and china must be properly washed and sanitized

Best practices with food handling, equipment and serving.

Use wet cleaning systems

Cross contamination prevention

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Don’t Forget to Train all Staff

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ChecklistProcedure for handling food allergiesHow is person identified?

How is [all] staff informed?

Who / how are concerns addressed?

Who answers the individuals food questions?

Who [regularly] checks recipes / ingredients?

Who is trained?

What are they trained on?

Procedure for a reaction situationPost‐review of the situation to improve procedures

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Menu Activity

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Food Allergen Labeling

Consumer Protection Act 

(FALCPA) of  2004

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Thou Shalt Not Hide the top 8http://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/FoodAllergensLabeling/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/ucm106187.htm

Labels must list ingredients using common names Sodium caseinate (milk)

Every ingredient source from the top 8 allergens must be disclosed

Species must be declared for nuts, fish & shellfish Gluten Free rule – just came into law in 2013 NOT covered under this law 

Meat, poultry & eggs fall under USDA Alcohol falls under ATTB Drugs (Rx & OTC), Cosmetics, Health & Beauty items Kosher Labeling Restaurant foods

Gluten‐Free Labeling Published Sept. 2013 Enforced August 5th 2014

“Gluten‐free”; “No Gluten”; “Free of Gluten”; Without Gluten

Means the food does NOT contain:

An ingredient that is a gluten‐containing grain

An ingredient derived from a gluten‐containing grain 

Unless it has bee processed to remove the gluten

<20 ppm of gluten  is threshold

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Foods Not Subject to FALCPA Raw foods

Whole fruits, vegetables

Foods approved as exempt

Molluscan shellfish

Oysters, clams, mussels, scallops

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Caveats… Any law is only as good as the ability to enforce it.

Label omission vs. commission

Imported goods – should follow rules of destination country

Label Sleuthing Know the source

USA major manufacturer 

Imported vs. US based

If in doubt…

Call the manufacturer and ask

Don’t serve the item

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Voluntary Labeling How many ways can we say “maybe”?

May Contain: Peanuts

Produced on equipment that also makes product containing peanuts.

Processed in a manufacturing plant that also processes peanuts.

Produced in a facility that also handles peanuts.

This product is manufactured on equipment that also processes peanut containing products.

FOOD SHOW

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Resources Celiac Disease Foundation 

www.celiac.org

Celiac Sprue Association www.csaceliac.org

Food Allergy Research & Education  www.foodallergy.org

Gluten Intolerance Group  www.gluten.org

National Foundation for Celiac Awarenesswww.beyondceliac.org

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References Catassi, C et al.  A prospective, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial to 

establish a safe gluten threshold for patients with celiac disease. Am J Clin Nutr.  2007; 85:160‐166.

Celiac Disease.  National Digestive Disease Information Clearinghouse.  US Dept of Health and Human Services. NIH Publ. No. 08‐4269  Sept. 2008

NIH Consensus Statement on Celiac Disease.  NIH Consens State Sci Statements.  2004 Jun28‐30; 21(1) 1‐22.

Celiac Disease Facts and Figures.  University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center.  Accessed on‐line at www.CeliacDisease.net 2010.

Gluten Freedom.  Alessio Fasano, MD.  2014  Wiley New York, New York. 

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