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Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2016 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2016 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
Zuul @ NetflixBy Mikey Cohen - Manager Cloud Gateway, Netflix
@moldfarm
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Global Streaming of TV Shows and Movies
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Over 42 Billion Hours of Streaming in 2015
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Over 83 Million Subscribers
In nearly every country5
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The Gateway : From the Internet to Services in the Cloud
GatewayGatewayGATEWAY
Origin (API)Origin (API)
API
Origin (API)Origin (API)
Website
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Our Gateway (Zuul) @ Netflix
• Handles most netflix.com hosts• More than 1000 device types
– Hundreds of permutations of protocols and device versions
• Fronted by over 50 elbs • Handling tens of billions of requests per day• 3 AWS regions• Over 20 production Zuul clusters• Fronting about 10 “Origin” systems
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• Evolution• Scale• Success• Failure
Our Journey to Zuul
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Why Have a Gateway?
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Daniel Jacobson
great image. do you provide attribution for the images used?
Mike Cohen
All images I used are open license without restriction
Daniel Jacobson
ok, great. just to be sure, you mean they dont even require or request attribution?
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Why have a Gateway?
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Isn’t (fill-in-the-blank) Good Enough?
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Netflix’s Idea of a Gateway●Deeply rooted in Microservice ecosystem●Dynamic routing logic●Deep Insights●Load balancing●Availability focused●Service protection●Quality assurance tool
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Evolving to a Gateway...Evolving to the Cloud
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Netflix’s Public API (2008)
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...The world was a simpler place...
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A Public Developer’s Gateway
• Simple static rule-based routing• API portal• Access Control• Request authentication (OAuth)• Throttling - request caps• Basic Monitoring and Analytics• Caching• 3rd Party managed and developed• Weeks and months development cycles
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Streaming Devices using public API
• Early Streaming Devices - 2009 – Windows Media Center– XBox– PS3
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Migration to AWS - 2010
• Apigee• Device traffic, not
public• Controlling DC ->
cloud migration• Running in AWS• Netflix controlled
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2011 - Streaming Success / General Instability
• Massive Growth• Rapid device
expansion• Pushing AWS limits• Netflix Nascent in
AWS
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Instability makes way for Innovation
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Shortcomings of what we had
• Ecosystem Mismatch• Static configuration• Deployment time - Hours• Manual deployment - Error prone• Critical bugs go through vendor• Automated testing not possible
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Netflix’s Microservice Ecosystem
Netflix Platform (Karyon, Hystrix)
Data Pipeline (Kafka, etc)
Discovery (Eureka)
Real-time analytics(Mantis)
Monitoring(Atlas)
Dynamic Properties (ARCHAIS)
Deployment Pipeline
AWS
EC2 S3
CryptoAuthentication Database (Cassandra)
Micro Service(Zuul)
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Spring Platform Microservice Ecosystem
Spring Platform (Karyon, Hystrix)
Discovery (Eureka)
Monitoring(Atlas)
Dynamic Properties (ARCHAIS)
Deployment Pipeline
AWS
EC2 S3
Micro Service(Zuul)
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2012 - Zuul Created
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Zuul in a Nutshell
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Request Lifecycle of a Request
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Example Filterclass DeviceDelayFilter extends ZuulFilter { def static Random rand = new Random() @Override String filterType() { return 'pre' } @Override int filterOrder() { return 5 } @Override boolean shouldFilter() { return RequestContext.getRequest().getParameter("deviceType")?equals("BrokenDevice"):false } @Override Object run() { sleep(rand.nextInt(20000)) //Sleep for a random number of seconds between [0-20] }}
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What Zuul Got Us:
• Handle Edge Cases• React quickly• Service Resiliency• Move fast• Microservice Insights
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What Engineers Saw:• Handle Edge Cases
• React quickly!• Service Resiliency
• Move fast! ←• Microservice Insights
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Zuul : Early Successes!
• Easy and convenient• Instant results• High adoption• Happy customers
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Zuul - A Victim of Success
• Business logic in Zuul• Affects system
resiliency • Gateway team in
critical path
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Creating a Gateway Strategy
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Principles of Netflix’s Gateway Strategy • Creative Routing• Dynamic Routing• Delivery Focused• Traffic Shaping• React Fast • Insights
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Creative Routing - Subclusters with Purpose
GatewayGateway
Gateway
Origin (API)
v1
v2
test
debug
Instrumented
squeeze
“sticky” canarybaseline
“sticky” baseline
v1
v2
test
debug
baseline canary
“sticky” canary
“sticky” baselineFIT
Instrumented
squeeze
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Red / Green Deployments
GatewayGateway
Gateway
Origin (API)
v1
v2
test
debug
canary
Instrumented
squeeze
“sticky” canarybaseline
“sticky” baseline
v1
v2
test
debug
baseline canary
“sticky” canary
“sticky” baselineFIT
InstrumentedInstrumented
squeezesqueeze
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Developer Test Branches
GatewayGateway
Gateway
Origin (API)
v1
v2
test
debug
canary
Instrumented
squeeze
“sticky” canarybaseline
“sticky” baseline
v1
v2
test
debug
baseline canary
“sticky” canary
“sticky” baselineFIT
InstrumentedInstrumented
squeezesqueeze
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Instrumented Clusters (Trickling traffic)
GatewayGateway
Gateway
Origin (API)
v1
v2
test
debug
canary
Instrumented
squeeze
“sticky” canarybaseline
“sticky” baseline
v1
v2
test
debug
baseline canary
“sticky” canary
“sticky” baselineFIT
Instrumented
squeezesqueeze
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Squeeze Testing
GatewayGateway
Gateway
Origin (API)
v1
v2
test
debug
canary
Instrumented
squeeze
“sticky” canarybaseline
“sticky” baseline
v1
v2
test
debug
baseline canary
“sticky” canary
“sticky” baselineFIT
Instrumented
squeeze
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Targeted Routing
GatewayGateway
Gateway
Origin (API)
v1
v2
test
debug
canary
Instrumented
squeeze
“sticky” canarybaseline
“sticky” baseline
v1
v2
test
debug
baseline canary
“sticky” canary
“sticky” baselineFIT
Instrumented
squeeze
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Service “Canarying”
GatewayGateway
Gateway
Origin (API)
v1
v2
test
debug
canary
Instrumented
squeeze
“sticky” canarybaseline
“sticky” baseline
v1
v2
test
debug
baseline canary“sticky” canary
“sticky” baselineFIT
Instrumented
squeezesqueeze
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“Sticky” Canary
GatewayGateway
Gateway
Origin (API)
v1
v2
test
debug
canary
Instrumented
squeeze
“sticky” canarybaseline
“sticky” baseline
v1
v2
test
debug
baseline canary
“sticky” canary
“sticky” baselineFIT
Instrumented
squeezesqueeze
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Failure Injection Testing
GatewayGateway
Gateway
Origin (API)
v1
v2
test
debug
Instrumented
squeeze
“sticky” canarybaseline
“sticky” baseline
v1
v2
test
debug
baseline canary
“sticky” canary
“sticky” baselineFIT
Instrumented
squeezesqueeze
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Degraded Experience Testing
GatewayGateway
Gateway
Origin (API)
v1
v2
test
debug
Instrumented
squeeze
“sticky” canarybaseline
“sticky” baseline
v1
v2
test
debug
baseline canary
“sticky” canary
“sticky” baselineFIT
Instrumented
squeezesqueeze
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Gateway Features of Deployment Pipeline
Gateway Features Completing the Continuous Delivery Pipeline
Version Control Build Unit
TestsFunctional TestingDeploy Service
Canary
Sticky Canary
Failure Injection Testing
Squeeze Testing
Instrumented Servers
Production Push
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Traffic Shaping
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A Global Cloud Deployment
Persistence Tier
Business services Tier
Presentation Tier
Network Tier
Websites API
Zuul
DB
Persistence Tier
Business services Tier
Presentation Tier
Network Tier
Websites API
Zuul
DB
Persistence Tier
Business services Tier
Presentation Tier
Network Tier
Websites API
Zuul
DB
US-West-2
US-East-1 EU-West-1
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Global Cloud Routing
Persistence Tier
Business services Tier
Presentation Tier
Network Tier
Websites API
Proxy
DB
Persistence Tier
Business services Tier
Presentation Tier
Network Tier
Websites API
Proxy
DB
Persistence Tier
Business services Tier
Presentation Tier
Network Tier
Websites API
Proxy
DB
Zuul
Zuul
Zuul
US-West-2
US-East-1 EU-West-1
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A Failing Region
Persistence Tier
Business services Tier
Presentation Tier
Network Tier
Websites API
Proxy
DB
Persistence Tier
Business services Tier
Presentation Tier
Network Tier
Websites API
Proxy
DB
Persistence Tier
Business services Tier
Presentation Tier
Network Tier
Websites API
Proxy
DB
Zuul
Zuul
Zuul
US-West-2
US-East-1 EU-West-1
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Gateway routing to other regions
Persistence Tier
Business services Tier
Presentation Tier
Network Tier
Websites API
Proxy
DB
Persistence Tier
Business services Tier
Presentation Tier
Network Tier
Websites API
Proxy
DB
Persistence Tier
Business services Tier
Presentation Tier
Network Tier
Websites API
Proxy
DB
Zuul
Zuul
Zuul
US-West-2
US-East-1 EU-West-1
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Attack Detection & Prevention
GatewayGateway
Gateway
Origin (API)Origin (API)
API
Origin (API)Origin (API)
Website
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Other Zuul Responsibilities @ Netflix• Top Level request context
– Geolocation– Cookie / Token decryption
• Authentication– Hand off to Authentication Services
• Request/Response “normalization”– Device specific “weirdness”
• Chunked Encoding• Header truncations• URL fixes
• Testing / Debug support– Verbose Headers
– Geolocation overrides– Error Context
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Smart Load Balancing
GatewayGateway
Gateway
Origin (API)
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Smart Load Balancing - Bad Nodes
GatewayGateway
Gateway
Origin (API)
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Gateway Backoff and Blacklists Bad Nodes
GatewayGateway
Gateway
Origin (API)
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Zone Failure - Blacklist the Zone automatically
GatewayGateway
Gateway
Origin (API)
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React Quickly - Runtime Filter changes
GatewayGateway
Gateway
Origin (API)Origin (API)
API
Origin (API)Origin (API)
Website
Runtime Filter Injection
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A Room with a View - Insights
GatewayGateway
Gateway
Origin (API)Origin (API)
API
Origin (API)Origin (API)
Website
Insights
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What’s new on with Zuul
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Zuul 2!!
• Zuul 2.0– Netty (non-blocking, async)– RxJava chained filters– Coming to OSS soon.
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Why Zuul 2?
• 100M+ Persistent connections– Push notifications– Events
• Transport protocol agnostic– HTTP/2– Websocket– HTTP– etc..
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Async Non-blocking vs Blocking
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What’s Next?
• Auto-remediation • Gateway as a service
–Self-service dynamic routing / route validation
–Control APIs for special routing functions
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Top Lessons Learned
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Ask Why?
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Build for handling Failures
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Take Advantage of your Microservice Ecosystem
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Use Routing Creatively
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Shard to Reduce Blast Radius
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Devices are WeirdProtocols are Weird
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Devices are ForeverProtocols are Forever
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Keep Business Logic out of your Gateway
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Unless otherwise indicated, these slides are © 2013-2016 Pivotal Software, Inc. and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
Learn More. Stay Connected.
Mikey Cohen - @moldfarm
https://github.com/Netflix/zuulhttp://techblog.netflix.com
@springcentralspring.io/blog
@pivotalpivotal.io/blog
@pivotalcfhttp://engineering.pivotal.io
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