GreekWords for Teach RoyB. Zuck TEACHINGof the Bibleshouldbe
patternedafterteaching intheBible.Inotherwords,the
principlesofteaching youfollowand thetechniquesyou use shouldbe
inaccord withand not inconflictwiththoseprinciplesstatedor
illus-tratedin the Bible. Thisis why a studyof the Hebrew1 and
Greekwords for "teach"and"learn"are
basictoeffectiveteaching.Several educationalprinciples are
indicated by the followingwords in theGreekNew
Testamenttranslatedby "teach,""learn," or related words. GNORIZO
This verb is the casual form of ginosk,"to know." Ginosk means"to
makeknown,to causeto know."Itsuggestscom-municating in such a way
that those addressedknow what the
communicatorwantsthemtoknow.Thiscommunicationof factsfromone person
to anotheris indicated by the factthat theverbisoftenfollowedby an
accusativeand adative of person.2 Itis interestingthatin
abouthalfthe occurrencesofthis wordGod is the One makingsomething
known. He has made knownHis powerthroughthe vessels of
wrath(Rom.9:22), therichesof His gloryto the
vesselsofmercy(Rom.9:23), andhas madeknownHis
manifoldwisdom(Eph.3:10), the mysteryofHis will(Eph. 1:9), and the
mysteryofChrist (Rom. 16:26, Eph. 3:3, 5, Col. 1:27). The idea of
revealing previouslyunknownfacts is included in this verb gnoriz.
Paul said he "declared" the gospel(I Cor.
See"HebrewWordsforTeach,"BibliothecaSacra,121:228-35,July-September,1964.
2Forexample,"Wemadeknownuntoyouthepowerandcomingofour
LordJesusChrist"(IIPet1:16). 158 GREEKWORDSFOR"TEACH" 159 15:1) ;
theshepherdsspokeofthemessageaboutthebirthof Christ which the
angels had made known to them(Luke 2:15) ; then the shepherds made
known to others what they hadheard andseen(Luke2:17). Though gnoriz
is not translated"teach" in the Authorized Version,thisverbdoes
suggest
thatteachinginvolvesthere-vealingoffactstoothersandthushelpingotherscometo
knowthesefacts. DIANOIGO This word,whichmeans"toopen,"was
thewordusedby ourLordwhenHe healedadeafman'sears(Mark7:34).In
amorefigurativesense,thisverbisusedoftheopeningof
one'seyes,mind,andheartsothepersonmayunderstand
spiritualtruths.Thisstressesthedivineelementessentialin Bible
teaching. Only Christ could open the eyes of theEmmaus disciplesso
theywouldknow thatHewastheOne withthem
(Luke24:31).OnlyChristcouldopentheScripturestothem so they would
appreciate them and know theirmeaning(Luke
24:32).OnlyChristcouldopenthemindsofHisdisciplesso
theycouldunderstandtheScriptures(Luke24:45). Only God
couldopentheheartofLydia,thatis,"rousein(her)the
facultyofunderstandingor the desireoflearning."3
Everyteacherofspiritualtruthmustrecognizethat whereas he mayapply
the WordofGod toothersandseekto helpthemapplyittotheirlives,
onlyGodHimselfcanmake thepupils' heartsopenorreceptive tothetruth.
DIDASKO Thisis thecommon verb forteach.Itis interestingto ob-serve
thatof the almostone hundredoccurrences ofthis verb,
seventy-fiveareintheGospels andActs. Almost without exception,
didask refersto the teaching of groups. Forexample Jesus taught the
multitudes(Mark2:13 ;
4:2),thepeople(Luke5:2;John8:2),andHisdisciples
(Matt.5:2;Mark9:31).ThefactthatHetaughtinthe
synagogues(Matt.4:23;Mark1:21;Luke4:15; John6:29), andin the
temple(Matt. 21:23;Mark14:29; John7:14),and
inthevillages(Mark6:6),suggeststhatHisteachingwas 3
JosephHenryThayer,AGreek-English LexiconoftheNewTestament, p. 140.
160BIBLIOTHECASACRAApril,1965
directedtowardgroups.Paul,too,taught"everywherein
everychurch"(ICor.4:17),andhetaughttheeldersofthe
Ephesianchurch(Acts20:20).4Thustheusageofdidask
indicatesthatthisverbmeanspublicinstruction,orteaching
ofgroups.ThoughourLordoccasionallytutoredindividuals
oneatatime,Hecertainlydidnotneglectfrequentoppor-tunitiestoteachpupilsin"classes."AndHisclassesvaried
insizetoo fromtwelve(thedisciples)toseveralhundred.
Didaskisusedinvariousways : sometimesintransitively
(withnoobject),sometimeswiththeaccusativeoftheperson
(usuallyplural,asalreadynoted),sometimeswiththeaccu-sativeofthe
thing taught,andsometimes withtwoaccusatives
onethepersonandtheotherthesubjectmatter.Thislater
usagesuggeststhatteachingincludestheimpartingofdivine
contenttopersons. Thecontentthatwasgiveninpublicdiscourseincluded
"thewayofGodint rut h"(Matt.22:16;Mark12:14;Luke
20:21),"thewordoftheLord"(Acts15:35),"thewordof
God"(Acts18:11),"thethingsoftheLord"(Acts18:25),
and"thosethingswhichconcerntheLordJesusChrist"(Acts
28:31).Thus,withoutquestion,thecontentofBibleteaching
istobeBible-basedandChrist-centered.
ThepublicteachingofGod'sWordhaspurpose.Results
aresought,beyondthemereacquisitionoffacts.Thisisillus-tratedbytheinfinitivethatoftenfollowstheverbdidask.
Forexample,Christ'sdisciplessaidtoHim,"Lordteachus
topray"(Luke11:1).AndChristcommandedthemtoteach
others"observeallthingswhatsoeverIhavecommanded you"(Matt.28:20).
Fivenounsrelatedtodidaskgiveadditionallightonthe
meaningofthisverb.Theadjectivedidaktokos,whichoccurs
onlytwice,means"aptorskillfulinteaching."Thisistobe
aqualificationofbishops(ITim.3:2),andacharacteristic
ofallservantsoftheLord(IITim.2:24).
Didaktos,anotheradjective,alsooccursonlytwiceinthe New
Testament,and both times itdescribessomeoneinstructed
byGod(seeJohn6:45andICor.2:13). 4 Only threeofthealmost onehundred
occurrences ofdidaskappear to be
exceptionstothisobservationthatthisverbreferstotheteachingofgroups:
John8:28("AsmyFathertaughtme") ;Romans2:21("Thou... teachest
another");andRevelation2:14("Balaam... taughtBalak").
GREEKWORDSFOR"TEACH"161
Adidaskaloswasonewhopubliclyinstructedotherscon-cerningthethingsofGod.ThiswordisusedofJesus(itcor-respondstotheHebrewrabbi),ofJohntheBaptist(Luke
3:12),ofJewish learned men(didaskaloiis rendered"doctors" inLuke
2:46),ofPaul(ITim.2:7;IITim1:11)ofleadersin
thechurch,includingBarnabas,Lucius,andManaen(Acts
13:1),andofothergiftedmeninthebodyofChrist(ICor. 12:28;Eph.4:11).
Twoothernouns,didachanddidaskalia,seemsimilarin
meaning.Theyarebothfrequentlytranslatedbytheword
"doctrine."Perhapssomedistinctionbetweenthetwocanbe
notedifdidachistranslated"doctrine"(suggestingwhatis
taught)andifdidaskaliaistranslated"instruction"or"in-structing"(suggestingtheactofteaching).
ThusthosewhopreachtheWordareto"rebukewi t h. . .
doctrineIdidach]"(IITim.4:2).WhatChristtaughtthe
contentofHisteaching didnotoriginatewithHimself.It
wasthedoctrine(didach)ofGodtheFather,theOnewho
sentHim(John6:16).Believersare to avoidthosewhocause
divisions"contrarytothedoctrine(didach)which[they] have
learned"(Rom. 16:17, also see Acts 2:42and Rom.6:17).
Ifdidaskaliais translated"instruction"(ratherthan"doc-trine," as it
is frequentlyrendered in the AuthorizedVersion),
thenitismoreeasilydistinguished,fromdidach.*Thusbe-lieversareto"giveattendancet
o . . .instruction"(theartof
teaching;ITim.4:13),should"takeheed...untoinstruc-tion"(ITim.4:16),and
should not be "carriedabout byevery
windofinstruction"(Eph.4:14).Christiansareexpectedto
speakofthingspertainingto"wholesome(orpure)instruc-tion"("sounddoctrine";Titus2:1).
EKT1THEMI Thisverbliterallymeans"to setout,expose."Figuratively
itmeans"toexplain,expound,setforththemeaningof."In
thislattersense,ektithmiisusedonlythreetimes,allinthe
bookofActs.Peter"expounded[thematter]byorderunto
them"(Acts11:4).AquilaandPriscilla"expoundedunto
[Apollos]thewayofGodmoreperfectly"(Acts18:26).In
RomePaul"expoundedandtestifiedthekingdomofGod"to 5
Itisinterestingtonotethat15ofthe21usesofdidaskaliaareinthe
pastoralepistles. 162 BIBLIOTHECASACRAApril,1965 many who came to
him(Acts 28:23). Ektithmi,then,suggeststhatteachinginvolvessetting
the meaning of truths before the minds of the listeners so that
theymay understandthose truths.Beforepupilscan live out
theWordofGod,itmustbesetbeforethembytheBible
teacherinsuchawaythatitstruthsareunmistakablyclear
andunderstandable.Explanationleadstounderstanding,and
understandingmustprecede personalapplication. KATEKEO
FromtheverbkatkewegettheEnglishword"cate-chism."Katkeoacompoundofkata("down")and
hakeo ("tosound")literallymeans"to sounddownon." Fromthis
thederivedmeaningis"toinform"or"toinstructorally." It is used seven
times in the NewTestament. Luke wrote hisGospelso thatTheophilus
might know the
certaintyofthosethingsconcerningwhichhehadbeenin-formed orally or
catechized(Luke 1:4). Apollos was catechized ororallyinformedabout
the wayoftheLord(Acts18:25).6 The Jews had been orally informed by
Paul(Acts21:21, 24). The Jews were taught orally out of the
law(Rom. 2:18). Paul preferredtospeak five
understandablewordsthantenthou-sandwords inanotherlanguage,so
thathecould thenorally teachothers(ICor.14:19).God
commandsthattheperson
whohasbeenorallyinformedaboutHisWordshouldshare with him who orally
teaches(Gal.6:6).7 Teaching, then, involves the oral passing on
ofinformation about the things ofGod. It iscatechizing,informingby
word of mouth. MATHETEO TheverbmatheteisusedonlyfourtimesintheNew
Testament,butthenounmathtsisused228timesinthe Gospels and 28 times
in Acts(256 timesin all).8 In Matthew 6
ThreewordsforteachareusedinActe18:25-26.Apolloswasorally
informed(katke)aboutthewayoftheLord,hehimselfpubliclyanddili-gentlytaught(didask)thethingsoftheLord,andAquilaandPriscillaset
before(ektithmi)ApollosthemeaningofthewayofGodmorethoroughly.
Apolloswasquitealearner andteacher ! 7
Thethoughtofthisversemaybethatlearnersshouldhelpsupporttheir
teachersfinancially,oritmaybethatthelearnersshouldsharewiththeir
teachersinallvirtues,i.e.,theyshouldimitatetheirvirtues. *
MathtsoccursnowhereelseintheNewTestamentotherthaninthe
GospelsandActs. GREEKWORDSFOR"TEACH" IBS 27:57 mathte is used
intransitivelyand means "to be a pupil
ordisciple."JosephofArimatheahadbecomeadisciple ofJesus.
Inthethreeotheroccurrences,mathteisusedtransi-tivelyandmeans"tomakeadiscipleof,toteachso
thatone becomesadisciple."Christreferredtoscribeswhobecame
disciplesofthekingdomofheaven(Matt.28:19).Pauland
Barnabas"preachedthegospel"andmadedisciplesofmany
peopleinthecityofDerbe(Acts14:21).Thepreachingof
thegospelwasaccompaniedbythemakingofloyaldisciples. The use
ofmathteinMatthew28:19is interesting.Itis the one command in
Matthew 28:19-20 ; the other verbalforms ("go," "baptizing," and
"teaching")are all present participles.
"Goyetherefore"shouldberendered,"Thereforeasyeare going."
Thesuggestionis thatwhereverthedisciplesgo, they
shouldmakedisciples,andthewaytomakedisciplesisby
baptizingthem(implyingandtestifyingtopersonalaccept-ance
ofChrist)andinstructing(didaskontes)them. The mak-ing of a disciple
ofChrist, then, includes leading him toChrist
asSavior,helpinghimmakepublicprofessionofthatfaith,
andteachinghimtoobserveorpracticeallthethingscom-mandedbyChrist.AsA.B.Bruceexplains:"didaskontes
[isa]presentparticiple,implyingthatChristianinstruction is to be a
continuous process, not subordinate to andpreparing
forbaptism,butcontinuingafterbaptismwithaviewtoen-ablingdisciplestowalkworthilyoftheirvocationter
ein: theteachingiswithaview nottognosis buttopractice ; the aim
notorthodoxopinion butrightliving."?
Thenounmathts,"discipleorpupil,"isusedofthe twelve disciples
ofJesus(e.g., Matt. 10:1), ofJesus'followers ingeneral(e.g.,
Luke6:17),ofindividualssuchasAnanias (Acts 9:10),Timothy(Acts16:1),
andMnason(Acts 21:16). IntheGospels"thedisciples" sometimesrefersto
theTwelve (Matt.13:10).InthebookofActstheterm"thedisciples"
usuallyreferstoChristiansingeneral(Acts6:1, 7). The word mathtoi
suggests those who accept the teachings
ofsomeoneandbecomehisfollowers.Itinvolvesnotonly learning about the
teachings of the instructorbut being a loyal 9
AlexanderBalmainBruce, "TheSynopticGospels,"TheExpositor's Greek
Testament,I,340. 16 UBIBLIOTHECASACRAApril,1965 followerofthatone
andhis teachings. Suchare truedisciples ofChrist
thosewhoknowHisteachingsandareloyal followersofHim. MANTHANO
Sometimes manthan means "to learn in the sense ofstudy-ingorinsome
wayincreasingone's knowledge."Othertimes
itmeans"tolearninthesenseofpracticingorexperiencing habitually."The
formermeaning is suggestedin ICorinthians
14:31,"Foryemayallprophesyonebyone,thatallmay
learn."OurLordknewvariouswritingsthoughHenever
studied(manthan)them(John7:15),forHeinHisomni-scienceknowsallthings.HetoldHisdisciplestolearna
parable(Matt.24:32).PaulexhortedTimothyto"continue . . .in the
thingswhichthouhastlearned"(IITim. 3:14),for he
hadlearnedtheScripturesfromPaul. As
forthesecondmeaningofmanthan,ArndtandGing-richsuggest thatitis
to"appropriatetooneselflessthrough
instructionthanthroughexperienceorpractice."10Forex-ample, Paul
states that he had learned to be contentregardless of his
circumstances(Phil. 1:11). Paulurges childrentolearn toshow
pietyathome"forthatis good andacceptablebefore
God"(ITim.5:4).Believersaretolearntomaintaingood
works(Titus3:14).Christlearnedtheultimateinobedience by
thethingswhichHesuffered(Heb.5:8).
Itisinterestingtonotethatthislearningcantakeplace
throughfollowingtheexampleofothers,aswellasthrough
instructionbyothers(seeICor.4:6).Christurgesmento
"learnfrom(apo)me"(Matt.11:29),thatis,tolearnHis teachingsandalso
tolearnfromHisexample.
TheultimateinChristianlearningisto"learnChrist" (Eph.4:20)notsimply
tolearnaboutHim(thoughthatis certainlyessential), buttogo
astepbeyondthatandtolearn
Him.ThisiswhatPaulreferstoinPhilippians3:10,"that Imayknowhim."
According to this verb manthan, learning is a matterofa pupil
acquiring knowledge ofcontent througha teachertothe extentthatsuch
knowledgeis experiencedinthelife. 10
WilliamF.ArndtandF.WilburGingrich,AGreek-English Lexicon
oftheNewTestamentandOtherEarlyChristian Literature,p. 491.
GREEKWORDSFOR"TEACH"165 KATAMANTHANO This verb, a compoundof the
verbmanthan, "to learn by study or practice," means "to study
carefullyso that one learns thoroughly." It is used only in Matthew
6:28 where it is trans-latedintheAuthorizedVersion,"Considerthe
liliesof the field."Brucesuggeststhatitmeans"toobserve[the lilies]
well that ye may well learn thoroughly the lesson they teach."11
InGenesis24:21theSeptuagintuseskatamanthan.Abra-ham'sservant"observed"Rebekah,thuslearning
her disposi-tion by seeing her actions. PAIDEUO The verb paideu is
translatedseveral times in theAuthor-ized Version by the word
"chastise." But as Trench points out, thiswas not
theoriginalmeaningoftheword.12"For the Greek,paideiawas
simply'education'."^ButmanyGreeks felt,as Trenchpointsout,
"thateffectualinstructionfor the sinfulchildrenof menincludesand
implieschastening, or . . . 'correction'."1*
Itisclearfromthecognatenounspais,achild,and paidion, a
youngchild,thatpaideu pertains to children. The noun
paideia(translated"nurture" in Eph. 6:4 ; "instruction" in II Tim.
3:16; and "chastening" in Heb. 12:5, 7,11)initially meant"the
wholetrainingand educationofchildren(which relates to the
cultivation of mind and morals)and employs for thispurposenow
commandsandadmonitions,nowreproof andpunishment."1* In other words,
paidembasically means "to bring up, train, oreducate." Moses was
trainedor educated"in all the culture ofthe
Egyptians"(Acts7:22),andPaulwas educated "ac-cording to the law of
the fathers"(Acts 22:3). ThegraceofGod
has"educationalbenefits."Itteaches (educates)us to the
intentthat(hina),denyingungodliness
andwordlylusts,weshouldlivesoberly,righteously,and
godly(Titus2:11-12).And the WordofGod is profitablefor
"education['instruction'intheA.V.]inrighteousness"(II
Tim.3:16).Fathersare tobringuptheirchildren"in the "Bruce,op. cit.,
I,126. 12 RichardChenevixTrench,Synonyms of the OldTestament,p.111.
13 Ibid. M Ibid. 15 Thayer,op. cit., p.473. 166BIBLIOTHECASACRA
April,1965 education['nurture'intheA.V.]andadmonishingofthe
Lord"(Eph.6:4).* The corrective element in paideu is seen in I
Timothy1:20. Hymenaeus andAlexanderwere given over toSatanthatthey
might be trained(or corrected or chastened)not to blaspheme. God's
servants mustin meekness corrector chastenthose who
putthemselvesinoppositiontothetruth(IITim.2:25).
WhomtheLordlovesHechastensorcorrects,muchasa
fatherchastenshisownchildren(Heb.12:6,7,9-11;Rev.
3:19).Believerswhodo notjudgeandcorrectthemselvesare correctedby
the Lord(ICor. 11:31-32). PARAT1THEM1 Paratithmi,"to set or place
before or beside," is commonly usedwithregardto food
"tosetfoodbeforesomeone."But
inMatthew13:24,31Christset(paratithmi)aparable beforeHisdisciples
asHetaught.Inotherwords,Heplaced the truthbeforethemso
theycouldcomprehendit. Inthemiddle
voiceparatithmimeans"tosetforthfrom
orforone'sself."ThusPaulsetforthtotheThessalonians that Jesus was
the Messiah(Acts 17:3, "alleging" in the A.V.).
Nodoubthedidthisinsuchawaythattheyunderstoodit, because"someofthem
believed"(Acts17:4). Paulset beforeTimothya charge(ITim. 1:18).
AndPaul toldTimothythatthethingsthathe hadheardfromPaulhe
wastosetbeforereliablemensotheywouldinstructothers
(IITim.2:2).Thisisthe"endlesschainofteachertraining
andGospelpropaganda."1? SUMBIBAZO This verbmeans"to
bringtogetherorunite"(Eph.4:16;
Col.2:2,19),"toconcludeinone'smindbyputtingfacts
together"(Acts16:10),and"tocauseapersontounitewith
oneinaconclusion,ortoprovebyputtingfactstogether"
(Acts9:22).Perhapsthislastmeaningisthewaytounder-standthewordinICorinthians2:16,"Forwhohathknown
16Whereaspaideiasuggestseducation,withcorrective,disciplinarymeas-uresincluded,nouthesia(translated"admonition")is"trainingbyword
by
thewordofencouragement,whenthisissufficient,butalsobythatofremon-strance,ofreproof,ofblame,wherethesemayberequired"(Trench,op.cit.,
p.112). 17 ArchibaldThomasRobertson,WordPicturesintheNewTestament,
IV,616. GREEKWORDSPOR"TEACH" 167 the mind of the Lord that he may
instruct(sumbibaz)him?" Inotherwords, who can cause God to agree
withhim, as ifhe canteachGod anything? Andofcourse
theimpliedansweris "No one." Acts 9:22 and I Corinthians 2:16 are
the only verses intheNewTestamentinwhichsumbibaz hasthismeaning
ofteaching. Butin theSeptuagintthe word hasthismeaning
severaltimes(cf.Ex. 4:12,15; 18:16; Lev.10:11;Deut.4:9;
Isa.40:13-14; Dan.9:22). SUNIEMI This verbmeans"to
understand,comprehend,gaininsight into something." The basic
underlying meaning is "to putfacts
togetherandthusarriveatanunderstanding." Several times in the
Gospels sunimi is followed by an
accu-sative,eachtimewithreferencetoChrist'steachings.Inthe
parableofthesower,theseedinthegoodgroundrepresents
thepersonwhohearstheWordandunderstandsit(Matt. 13:19,23).
AfterChristspokeseveralparables,Hisdisciples said they understood
them(Matt. 13:51). But when Christ told
HisdisciplesaboutHisdeathandresurrection,they"under-stoodnoneofthesethings"(Luke18:34).ThenafterHis
resurrection,Heopened(dianoig)theirunderstanding
(nous)thattheymightunderstand(sunimi)theScriptures (Luke 24:45).
AfterChrist told the parableofthe leaven to the disciples,
Hehadtoexplainittothembeforetheyunderstood(Matt. 16:11-12).
LikewiseHisdisciplesdid
notunderstandHisref-erencetoElijahuntilHeexplainedtothemthatHemeant
JohntheBaptist(Matt.17:11-13).Thisverbisalsousedin
Ephesians5:17,"understandingwhat the will of the Lord is."
Thustheverbsunimisuggestsinsightintoandcompre-hensionofthethingsofGod.
Suchinsightcomes tobelievers as they are taughtby the HolySpirit.
CONCLUSION TheseGreekwordsgive
usseveralindicationsoftheedu-cationalphilosophyandpracticeofourLordandofchurch
leaders. We would do well to heed andfollowthese principles.
Teachingiscommunicatingfactsfromonepersontoan-other(orothers).Itincludes
theexplainingoftruthssothat theyareclearandunderstandableby
thepupils. Thisimplies 168BIBLIOTHECASACRAApril,1965
relatingBibletruthstothelearners'age-levelandlevelof comprehension.
Teachingisa"helpingministry"helpingpupilsknow
andliveGod'struths.Itincludesmotivatingpupilstolearn and helping
them to be willing to receive and apply the content beingtaught.
Teaching was oftendone in groups, but not to the exclusion of
teaching individuals. Education is acatechetical process, an
informingofothersbyoralinstruction. Teaching "the things of the
Lord"(Acts 18:25)is to result in godly living. The aim ofsound
doctrine is uprightpractice. Knowledge acquiredis to be
experiencedin thelife. A disciple oftheLordis one who, in addition
to learning factsaboutthe Lord,is aloyal followerofthe Lord,devoted
tofollowingHis teachingsas well as comprehendingHis teachings.
Learningisanactiveprocessinwhichthepupilseeksto
understand,toconsidercarefully,tobereceptivetothebody
oftruthbeingtaught. Teachersshouldteachbyexampleoflifeaswellasby
oralinstruction. Theeducationofchildreninvolvestotaltraininginthe
waysoftheLord,to be done primarilyinthe home.
Christianeducationmustrecognizethedivineelement essential in Bible
teaching. Only God can really open the hearts ofhearers toreceive
and appropriateHis Word to their lives. ^ s Copyright and Use: As
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