Zimbabwe’s Agrarian Zimbabwe’s Agrarian Reform and Prospects for Reform and Prospects for Recovery Recovery Sam Moyo 29 June 2009 Presented at University of South Africa, “UNISA African Visiting Scholars Lecture Series” (28-30 June 2009) Pretoria South Africa
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Zimbabwe’s Agrarian Reform and Prospects for Recovery Sam Moyo 29 June 2009 Presented at University of South Africa, “UNISA African Visiting Scholars Lecture.
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Zimbabwe’s Agrarian Reform Zimbabwe’s Agrarian Reform and Prospects for Recoveryand Prospects for Recovery
Sam Moyo
29 June 2009
Presented at University of South Africa, “UNISA African Visiting Scholars Lecture
Series” (28-30 June 2009) Pretoria South Africa
Global Political Agreement (GPA) Global Political Agreement (GPA) FRAMING THE DEBATEFRAMING THE DEBATE
1. Political Aspects: National healing; Integration and Deepened Democracy and Rights
2. Economic Policy Framework Liberalisation of Prices, Capital and Current Account Investment Policy (BIPPA’s, Indigenous) Partial Trade liberalisation Regional trade and economic policy harmonisation, and integration ( SADC, COMESA)
3. Agricultural Policy /Agrarian Reform: Bi- Modal Agrarian Development Strategy Promote diverse production and marketing systems; allow diversity; national interests
o Liberalisation of inputs and outputs (Commodity) prices; and Parastatal monopoly o Reform of State interventions (Marketing, new subsidies; public support)
4. Land Reform Irreversibility Framework: Accountability without reversing the redistribution Recognise the New Land Holding Structure and address Exclusions
o Equity Target: Gender, farm workers, ethnic - landless poor, whites and foreign Tenure System Transformed: Diversity of forms need security
o New: Leaseholds, Permits, Freeholds BIPPA’s + CAo Security of four rights (use, transfer, exclusion and protection) and collateral
Sustainable Land Use Regulation o Agricultural uses with support, conservancies, forestry and effective natural resource management systems
Compensation for acquired forms needs negotiation
5. Normalise international relations Isolation (Investment, trade credit, promotion, tourism) Sanctions (access to international financial and institutions – loans
NEED EMPIRICAL GROUNDING
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1.0 PERSPECTIVES ON ZIMBABWE’S AGRARIAN REFORM (1.1): PRE-20001.0 PERSPECTIVES ON ZIMBABWE’S AGRARIAN REFORM (1.1): PRE-2000
COMMON PERCEPTIONS REALITY
Smallholders “subsistence” producers 80% national food
70% marketed maize, pulses
Most food supplied by large farmers Mainly high value foods
Smallholder high nutrition foods
Little smallholder exports Cotton; Tobacco; Paprika;
Beef via LSCF
Rural employment mainly on large farms LSCF: 320,000 (50% FT)
Com. Areas: 2 million+
Food production was adequate
(“bread basket to basket case”)
Output declines from 1995+
High malnutrition levels then
Customary Tenure Bad
Freehold Tenure good
Mixed performance results
LSCF land underutilization
High smallholder productivity
Historic state investment bias
Wider non-tenure financing base
Environmental “crisis”
in C. Areas
Overcrowding/resilience
Low inputs system
Low water/rainfall resources6/29/2009 Sam Moyo 3
1.2 Perceived post Fast Track land and agrarian 1.2 Perceived post Fast Track land and agrarian outcomesoutcomes
COMMON PERCEPTIONS REALITY
All large framers displaced • Many remaining
Mostly elites got land (Zanu PF) • Non-elites 140,000 (A1)
• 15,500 (A2) – includes ‘petty’ elites
Total agricultural output collapse • Declined overall but complex
• Less for some (eg cotton, beans)
Main problem is lost/lack of skills • Inputs supply is key
Production declines ‘irreversible’ • Slow upward turn (beans, tobac)
All new farmers unproductive • Differentiated investment patterns
• New output focus
No investments on farms
(tenure/banks)
• Financing constraint
• Mixed investment pattern
Support systems dead (inputs/services) • Inadequate/new finance forms
Environment destroyed (trees/animals) • New clearance/regulation!
Land tenure insecurity • Complex interrelated factors
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Farm types/numbers Farm type: Area
New agrarian structure
2.1.22.1.2 Farm size differentiation: class formation?Farm size differentiation: class formation?
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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
1-20
21-50
51-120
121-250
251+
No. beneficiaries
farm
siz
e ra
nges
(ha)
A2
A1
2.3.1 Overall distribution outcome2.3.1 Overall distribution outcome
Arena Benchmark Indices
Land Redistribution Equitability One household, one farm
Class equity (Multiples and oversized)
Gender equity In Own rights 18% Married - most
‘Decongestion’ Some Communal Areas!
Exclusion/Inclusion Ethnicity and Race
Resource Distribution Equitable allocation Irrigation resources to some
Prime infrastructure)to few Agrarian Structure New structure Large, middle farm & small farm
Development strategy Production System New production profiles Part-time/ full time farming
Labour productivity/jobs
Farm establishment Land uptake Land offers, uptake & unallocated land Some land disputes
Integrated Settlement New rural settlements Residential and service centres
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Overall Land Redistribution Issues
2.22.2 Social differentiation of beneficiaries Social differentiation of beneficiaries (origins, jobs, (origins, jobs, labour)labour)
2.2.12.2.1 Origins of the beneficiariesOrigins of the beneficiaries
2.2 Social differentiation of beneficiaries (origins, jobs, labour)
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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Other*
CA
LSCF
Urban area
Employment elsewhere
No. beneficiaries
Origins
Female
Male
A2
A1
2.2.2 Employment histories of beneficiaries: class background?2.2.2 Employment histories of beneficiaries: class background?