i Zimbabwe EG PERSUAP 2012 Approval Face Sheets Initial Environmental Examination Amendment 2012 Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) for the USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PROGRAM/ACTIVITY DATA: Program/Activity Name: Zimbabwe Agricultural Income and Employment Development (Zim‐AIED) Activity Number: EDH‐I‐08‐05‐0007‐00 Region/Country Africa/Zimbabwe Funding Begin: 10/1/2010 Funding End: 2/27/2015 LOP Amount: $36,164,594 Program/Activity Name: Rural Livelihoods Program: Piloting Approach to Revitalize Zimbabwe's Poultry Sector and Linking over 3,000 Farmers to Viable, Formal Markets. Activity Number: 674‐A‐00‐10‐00086‐00 Region/Country Africa/Zimbabwe Funding Begin: 10/1/2010 Funding End: 12/31/2012 LOP Amount: $1,995,544 Program/Activity Name: Local Plants for Global Markets Activity Number: AID‐613‐9‐11‐00001 Region/Country Africa/Zimbabwe Funding Begin: 10/1/2011 Funding End: 9/30/2014 LOP Amount: 1,000,000 Program/Activity Name: Rural Livelihoods Program: Rebuilding livelihoods and resilience in Zimbabwe. Activity Number: 674‐A‐00‐10‐00002‐00 Region/Country Africa/Zimbabwe Funding Begin: 1/18/2010 Funding End: 3/31/2013 LOP Amount: $5,797,000 Prepared By: Stewart Wilson, consultant to Fintrac Inc. [email protected];Technical review: Alan Schroeder, Mark Stoughton, GEMS/The Cadmus Group. Current Date: 25 October 2012 Expiration Date: As per the parent IEEs. Submitted By (Project Point‐of‐Contact): Tina Dooley‐Jones, EG Team Leader
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i Zimbabwe EG PERSUAP 2012 Approval Face Sheets
Initial Environmental Examination Amendment
2012 Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan
(PERSUAP)
for the USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio
PROGRAM/ACTIVITYDATA:
Program/Activity Name: Zimbabwe Agricultural Income and Employment Development (Zim‐AIED) Activity Number: EDH‐I‐08‐05‐0007‐00 Region/Country Africa/Zimbabwe Funding Begin: 10/1/2010 Funding End: 2/27/2015 LOP Amount: $36,164,594 Program/Activity Name: Rural Livelihoods Program: Piloting Approach to Revitalize Zimbabwe's
Poultry Sector and Linking over 3,000 Farmers to Viable, Formal Markets. Activity Number: 674‐A‐00‐10‐00086‐00 Region/Country Africa/Zimbabwe Funding Begin: 10/1/2010 Funding End: 12/31/2012 LOP Amount: $1,995,544 Program/Activity Name: Local Plants for Global Markets Activity Number: AID‐613‐9‐11‐00001 Region/Country Africa/Zimbabwe Funding Begin: 10/1/2011 Funding End: 9/30/2014 LOP Amount: 1,000,000 Program/Activity Name: Rural Livelihoods Program:
Rebuilding livelihoods and resilience in Zimbabwe. Activity Number: 674‐A‐00‐10‐00002‐00 Region/Country Africa/Zimbabwe Funding Begin: 1/18/2010 Funding End: 3/31/2013 LOP Amount: $5,797,000 Prepared By: Stewart Wilson, consultant to Fintrac Inc. [email protected] ;Technical review: Alan Schroeder, Mark Stoughton, GEMS/The Cadmus Group. Current Date: 25 October 2012 Expiration Date: As per the parent IEEs. Submitted By (Project Point‐of‐Contact): Tina Dooley‐Jones, EG Team Leader
ii Zimbabwe EG PERSUAP 2012 Approval Face Sheets
IEE Amendment (Y/N): Y amends the following IEEs:
USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio IEE, as amended 25 July 2011. http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/pdf/38376.pdf
ENVIRONMENTALACTIONRECOMMENDED:(PlaceXwhereapplicable)Categorical Exclusion: Negative Determination: X Positive Determination: Deferral:
ADDITIONALELEMENTS:(PlaceXwhereapplicable)CONDITIONS X SUAP (EMMP) : ___X____ PVO/NGO:
SUMMARYOFFINDINGS Purpose and Scope. This PERSUAP covers the USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio. To achieve their objectives a number of the projects and activities in this portfolio require effective pest management in a number of field crops and other applications, which in turn will require use of chemical controls in a number of instances. Pest management needs are detailed in Table 1 of this document In compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)), this 2012 Zimbabwe Economic Growth (EG) Portfolio Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP):
• Establishes the set of pesticides for which support is authorized on USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth activities. Note that “support” and “use” include procurement, direct use, recommending for use, and in any way directly the supporting the use of pesticides (e.g. by provision of application equipment.)
• Sets out requirements attendant to support for these pesticides to assure that pesticide use/support embodies (1) the principles of safer use and, (2) per USAID policy, Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
These requirements come into effect upon approval of the PERSUAP. The set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safer use are established through the Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER), which centers on the assessment of the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors required by 22 CFR 216.3(b). Approved pesticides. Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the pesticides and only the pesticides listed in section 3.5 of this document are permitted for use/support on activities within the USAID/Zimbabwe economic growth portfolio. (Note that the approved pesticides list is reproduced in Annex 3A. Toxicological summaries and EPA registration status are presented in Annex 1A.) Note that numerous pesticides in use by farmers and, in many cases, approved by the Government of Zimbabwe are NOT approved for support with USAID funds. These include, inter alia, atrazine, carbofuran, cypermethrin, diazinon, endosulfan, fenthion, methamidophos, monocrotophos, oxamyl, and paraquat. Recommended Environmental Determinations Negative Determination Threshold Decisions: Pursuant to 22 CFR216.3(b)(1), a negative determination with conditions is recommended. The conditions are that the Zimbabwe EG programs will implement risk reduction and mitigation measures specified in this
iii Zimbabwe EG PERSUAP 2012 Approval Face Sheets
PERSUAP under section 4.0 –Safer Use Action Plan, (SUAP) under the matrix which satisfied the expectations of an Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Plan (EMMP). Mitigation Measures and restrictions attendant to the use of these pesticides can be summarized as follows. (The PER and the annexes provide substantial resources to support compliance with these requirements.) An overview of conditions of the PERSUAP is detailed below: 1. List of pesticides: Only pesticides approved in this PERSUAP will be procured and used. Alterations to
the list of approved pesticides will require an amendment of the PERSUAP. 2. Pest management plans. Pesticide support must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop‐ and
pest‐specific IPM‐based pest management plans and observe enumerated use restrictions. (The PERSUAP provides key information for IPs to develop these plans.)
3. Training: Zimbabwe EG program supervisors, implementing partners, field officers and pesticide users will be trained on management of pesticides‐safety precautions during (handling, application, and storage etc...) and on their roles and responsibilities before, during and after use of pesticides. Also training to farmers will incorporate IPM.
4. Personal protection: in handling and applying pesticides users will ensure that they use protective gear such as gloves, masks, and goggles to minimize hazards/risk to themselves. To the greatest degree practicable, projects must require use & maintenance of appropriate PPE—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and disposal practices.
5. Protection of the ecosystem: Measures will be taken to minimize risks to non‐target species and ecosystems (water table and fresh water fish, aquatic invertebrates, birds, mammals and beneficial insects).
6. Monitoring: The Zimbabwe EG program will implement the EMMP in this PERSUAP and prepare an Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation report (EMMR) periodically, following the actions and monitoring laid out in the SUAP. Projects must be systematic in their pesticide‐related record‐keeping and monitoring.
The Safer Use Action Plan (Section 4.0) provides a succinct, stand‐alone statement of compliance requirements, synthesized from the 12‐factor analysis. It also provides a template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements. Each project subject to this PERSUAP must complete this SUAP template and submit to its AOR/COR. These conditions are detailed in the included mandatory SUAP template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements, and for tracking compliance. Each project subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed SUAP template to its AOR/COR by 30 December 2012 and provide an annual update. With respect to pesticide use, the Safer Use Action Plan satisfies the requirement for an environmental mitigation and monitoring plan (EMMP). The project EMMP should simply incorporate the SUAP by reference. As required by ADS 204.5.4, the SO 12 team will actively monitor ongoing activities for compliance with the recommendations in this PERSUAP, and modify or end activities that are not in compliance.
iv Zimbabwe EG PERSUAP 2012 Approval Face Sheets
APPROVAL OF THE RECOMMENDED ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION (2012 Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP): MISSION CLEARANCES: Mission Director: ___/cleared/______________ Date: 10/29/2012
Melissa Williams CONCURRENCE: AFR Bureau Environmental Officer: __W. Knausenberger, Acting / signed for/__ Date: :10/29/2012
Brian Hirsch File name: Zimbabwe_EG_PERSUAP_10-29-2012 OTHER CLEARANCES: Program Officer: ___/cleared/______________ Date: 10/29/2012 Julie Chen EG Team Leader: ___/cleared/______________ Date:10/29/2102
Tina Dooley-Jones Mission Environmental Officer: ___/cleared/______________ Date: 0/29/2012 Hamfrey Sanhokwe Regional Contracting Officer: ___/cleared/______________ Date:10/29/2012 USAID/Southern Africa Tracy Swift Regional Environmental Advisor: /cleared/_____________ Date: 10/26/2012 USAID/Southern Africa (Acting) Walter Knausenberger
2012
PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT
and SAFER USE ACTION PLAN
(PERSUAP)
For the USAID/Zimbabwe
Economic Growth Portfolio
25 October 2012
Prepared By Stewart Wilson, consultant to Fintrac Inc. ([email protected])
Technical review: Alan Schroeder, Mark Stoughton, GEMS/The Cadmus Group
This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID). It was prepared by Fintrac Inc. under
contract EDH-I-08-05-00007-00 with USAID/Zimbabwe.
PROCUREMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 PESTICIDE USE AND INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) –
PART OF THE CONTEXT ............................................................................................................... 10 1.4 A BRIEF EXPLANATION OF THE PERSUAP CONCEPT ..................................................... 10 1.5 COMPLIANCE CONTEXT FOR THIS PERSUAP. ..................................................................... 10 1.6 ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO THIS PERSUAP ........................................................................ 11 1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THIS PERSUAP .............................................................................................. 11
2.0 PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES COVERED BY THIS PERSUAP ········································ 12
3.0 PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT ························································································ 13 3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN
PESTICIDES REGISTERED FOR USE AND IMPORTED TO
ZIMBABWE. ............................................................................................................................................ 13 3.2 MAJOR PESTS AND CONTROL TECHNIQUES IN CURRENT USE ............................. 13 3.3 ZIMBABWE AGROCHEMICAL SYSTEM RISK PROFILE ..................................................... 13 3.4 12-FACTOR ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 15
Factor A: USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides ...................................................................... 15 Factor B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides ......................................................................................................................... 18 Factor C: The extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an
IPM program ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Factor D: Proposed methods and availability of application and safety equipment ................................... 20 Factor E: Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or
environmental, associated with the proposed use and measures available to minimize such hazards ............................................................................................................................................... 21
Factor F: Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use......................................................... 23 Factor G: Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target
ecosystems ....................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Factor H: Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate,
geography, hydrology and soils ............................................................................................................................ 26 Factor I: Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods ...................................................... 27 Factor J: Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use and
disposal of the requested pesticide..................................................................................................................... 28 Factor K: Provision for training of users and applicators ............................................................................................ 29 Factor L: Provision made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of each pesticide ............................. 29
3.5 LIST OF PESTICIDES APPROVED FOR USE .......................................................................................... 31 FUNGICIDES .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 GROWTH REGULATORS .................................................................................................................................................................. 34 INSECTICIDES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS......................................................................................................................................................... 36 ANIMAL HEALTH PRODUCTS ....................................................................................................................................................... 37 MITICIDES/ACARICIDES ................................................................................................................................................................. 37 MOLLUSCIDES ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 NEMATICIDES ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 RODENTICIDES .................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 HERBICIDES .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
3.6 CURRENT VS RECOMMENDED PEST MANAGEMENT MEASURES ............................................ 41 Table 1: LIST OF PROPOSED USAID PROJECTS CROPS, PESTS, IPM TOOLS/TACTICS AND
PESTICIDES FOR PERSUAP ........................................................................................................................................ 42
4.0 SAFER USE ACTION PLAN ······································································································ 87
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
4
Pesticide Safer Use Action Plan & Compliance Tracker .................................................................. 89
ANNEX 1A. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN PESTICIDES REGISTERED FOR USE AND IMPORTED TO ZIMBABWE ················································ 97
ANNEX 1B. LIST OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS AND TRADE NAMES OF PESTICIDES REGISTERED FOR USE AND IMPORTED TO ZIMBABWE ·············································· 114 HERBICIDES .......................................................................................................................................................... 131
ANNEX 1C. LIST OF TRADE NAMES AND ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF ZIMBABWE REGISTERED PESTICIDES WITH TYPE AND USEPA REGISTRATION STATUS ············· 137 INSECTICIDES, MITICIDES, NEMATICIDES AND FUNGICIDES ........................................................ 137 HERBICIDES .......................................................................................................................................................... 159
ANNEX 2. PESTICIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS NOT TO BE USED ON USAID/ZIMBABWE-SUPPORTED PROJECTS ································································· 166 PESTICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED ........................................................................................................... 166 RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDES ...................................................................................................................... 172 HIGH TOXICITY PESTICIDES .......................................................................................................................... 176
ANNEX 3A. PESTICIDES APPROVED FOR USE ON USAID/ZIMBABWE-SUPPORTED PROJECTS ························································································································ 178 FUNGICIDES APPROVED ................................................................................................................................. 178 GROWTH REGULATORS APPROVED .......................................................................................................... 180 INSECTICIDES APPROVED .............................................................................................................................. 180 PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS APPROVED ................................................................................................. 182 ANIMAL HEALTH PRODUCTS APPROVED ............................................................................................... 184 MITICIDES/ACARICIDES APPROVED ......................................................................................................... 184 MOLLUSCICIDES APPROVED ......................................................................................................................... 184 NEMATICIDES APPROVED ............................................................................................................................. 185 RODENTICIDES APPROVED ........................................................................................................................... 185 HERBICIDES APPROVED ................................................................................................................................. 185
ANNEX 3B. HISTORY OF IPM IN ZIMBABWE. ············································································ 188
ANNEX 3C. PESTICIDES APPROVAL AND REGISTRATION IN ZIMBABWE ······························· 190
ANNEX 3D. PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN THE REGION, BUT NOT AVAILABLE IN ZIMBABWE ····················································································································· 191
ANNEX 4. NATURAL PESTICIDES THAT HAVE BEEN COMMERCIALIZED ································ 192
ANNEX 5. BOTANICAL PESTICIDES, REPELLENTS AND BAITS REGULATED BY USEPA ····························································································································· 193
ANNEX 6. ZIMBABWE GAPS AND IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS ···················································· 196
ANNEX 8. GENERAL MITIGATION OF POTENTIAL PESTICIDES DANGERS AND GENERAL MEASURES TO ENSURE SAFE USE ································································· 202
ANNEX 9. INTERNATIONAL PIC & POPS LISTS ·········································································· 204
ANNEX 10. ROUTES OF PESTICIDE EXPOSURE AND MITIGATION OF RISKS ·························· 206
ANNEX 11. BASIC FIRST AID FOR PESTICIDE OVEREXPOSURE ·············································· 207
ANNEX 13. GUIDELINES FOR PEST MANAGEMENT PLANS (PMP) FOR USAID FUNDED CROPS AND BENEFICIARIES ··········································································· 212
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
5
List of abbreviations AI : Active Ingredient AGRITEX Agriculture Technical and Extension Service AIED : Agricultural Income and Employment Development program AOR : Agreement Officer’s Representative BLW : Broad Leaf Weed COR Contracting Officer’s Representative DBM : Diamond Back Moth EA : Environmental Assessment EIS : Environmental Impact statement EMA : Environmental Management Agency EG : Economic Growth EMMP : Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan EPA : Environmental Protection Agency GAP : Good Agricultural Practices GUP : General Use Pesticide IEE : Initial Environmental Examination IP : Implementing Partner IPM : Integrated Pest Management IRS : Indoor Residual Spray IVM : Integrated Vector Management IWM : Integrated Weed Management MAMID : Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and Irrigation Development MRL : Maximum Residue Limit MSDS : Material Safety Data Sheets OP Organophosphate PER : Pesticide Evaluation Report PERSUAP : Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan PHI : Pre-Harvest Interval PIC : Prior Informed Consent PMP : Pest Management Plan POP : Persistent Organic Pollutant PPE : Personal Protective Equipment RCE Request for Categorical Exclusion RLP : Restoring Livelihoods Program RUP : Restricted Use Pesticides S&C : Standards and Certification SP : Synthetic Pyrethroids SUAP : Safe Use Action Plan SUR : Safe Use Recommendations TA : Technical Assistance UN : United Nations USAID : United States Agency for International Development USEPA : United States Environmental Protection Agency WHO : World Health Organization
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
6
Executive summary
Purpose and Overview. In compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)), this
2012 Zimbabwe Economic Growth (EG) Portfolio Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action
Plan (PERSUAP):
Establishes the set of pesticides for which support is authorized on USAID/Zimbabwe
Economic Growth activities.
Sets out requirements attendant to support for these pesticides to assure that pesticide
use/support embodies (1) the principles of safer use and, (2) per USAID policy, Integrated
Pest Management (IPM). In summary these requirements are as follows:
A. Pesticide technical assistance and use must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans. (The PERSUAP provides key information for IPs to develop these plans.)
B. Appropriate project staff & beneficiaries must be trained in safer pesticide use & pesticide first aid;
C. To the greatest degree practicable, projects must require use & maintenance of appropriate PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, and disposal practices;
D. Projects must be systematic in their pesticide-related record-keeping and monitoring.
These requirements come into effect upon approval of the PERSUAP.
The set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safer use are established through the third
section of the document, the Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER), which addresses the 12 pesticide
risk evaluation factors (a through l) required by 22 CFR 216.3(b).
NOTE that USAID defines “pesticide procurement or use” broadly to include TA (e.g. field extension)
recommending or supporting the use pesticides, and other actions that facilitate the use of a
pesticide.
Approved pesticides are set out at the end of the PER and in Annex 3. Note that a number of
pesticides available in Zimbabwe (legally and otherwise) and commonly in use by smallholders on
crops targeted by USAID interventions are NOT authorized for support/use. These include:
All pesticide AIs not registered by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (See
Annex 2)
Two chemicals (one recently banned, but still present, in Zimbabwe) on the Prior Informed
Consent (PIC) convention list,
Pesticide products that are the same as or sufficiently similar to Restricted Use Pesticides
(RUPs) as designated by USEPA, and
Most acute toxicity Class I chemicals.
Known uses of these “available but prohibited” pesticides are marked in red in Table 1, which
provides crop-by-crop, pest-by-pest information regarding pest management methods (1)
currently in use, and (2) recommended. These AIs are also summarized in Annex 2.
The Safer Use Action Plan is the definitive statement of IP pesticide compliance requirements and is
synthesized from the PER. It provides greater detail that the summary above. It is also a mandatory
template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements, and for
tracking compliance.
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
7
Each project subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed SUAP template to its AOR/COR by
December 30, 2012 and an annual update thereafter.
Key Resources provided for Compliance with Safer Use/IPM conditions are itemized in the table
below.
IPM/Safer Use Requirement Key Resources Provided
Pesticide recommendations
and use must be governed
by a set of crop- and pest-
specific IPM-based pest
management plans.
(IPs are responsible for
developing these plans.)
TABLE 1: crop-pest-GAP/IPM/pesticide matrix sets out crop-by-
crop, pest-by-pest management methods (1) currently in use by
beneficiary farmers, and (2) recommended by this PERSUAP,
highlighting where chemical controls in current use are not compliant
with the PERSUAP list of allowed pesticides.
Annex 1A, a master matrix characterizing relative risks of each AI in
all Zimbabwe-registered pesticides. This includes human acute
toxicities and chronic health issues, water pollution potential, as well
as potential ecotoxicities to important non-target organisms like fish,
honeybee pollinators, birds and several aquatic organisms.
The matrix lists each AI in American English, and presents important
information for each chemical class, such as USEPA registration
status for select products that contain that AI.
Annex 1B is a list of all trade names associated with the AIs listed in
Annex 1A
Annex 6: Zimbabwe Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and IPM
Tools and Tactics
Annex 13: Guidelines for developing Pest Management Plans
ANNEX 8. General mitigation of potential pesticide dangers and
general measures to ensure safe use
Annex 10. Routes of Pesticide Exposure and Mitigation of Risks
Annex 11: Basic First Aid for Pesticide overexposure
Annex 12. Pesticide Disposal Options
To the greatest degree
practicable, projects must
require use & maintenance
of appropriate PPE—as well
as safe pesticide purchase,
handling, and disposal
practices
Requested Follow-up: Detailed investigation of alternative nematicides. USAID/Zimbabwe-
funded programs, by way of this PERSUAP analysis, requests that a detailed investigation of
alternative nematicides be initiated through the regional environmental office of USAID for banana
production in small-scale farming, due to the total ban on the use of products like Temik that contain
the AI aldicarb. Nematode infestations threaten the viability of the crop in communal farming
environments and safer use nematicides are not affordable and not readily available, thus posing a
short to medium-term problem for USAID projects to overcome using green manures combined with
natural plant resistant rotation crops as the long-term alternative.
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
8
Compliance context/background. This PERSUAP is an update to and supersedes the 2010
PERSUAP for the Zimbabwe Restoring Livelihoods Program (RLP). It is applicable to all activities in
the Zimbabwe Economic Growth portfolio.
Formally, this PERSUAP amends the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for the
USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio (25 July 2011). By satisfying the requirements of 22
CFR 216.3(b) (“Pesticide Procedures”) for proposed pesticide use in EG activities, it resolves the
deferral assigned by that IEE to the procurement or use of pesticides (“pesticide support”).
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
9
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE AND OVERVIEW.
In compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)), this 2012 Zimbabwe Economic
Growth (EG) Portfolio Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP):
Establishes the set of pesticides for which support is authorized on USAID/Zimbabwe
Economic Growth activities.
Establishes requirements attendant to support for these pesticides to assure that
pesticide use/support (1) embodies the principles of safer pesticide use and, (2) per USAID
policy, is within an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) framework.
These requirements come into effect upon approval of the PERSUAP.
The set of authorized pesticides and requirements
for safer use are established through the first
section of the document, the Pesticide Evaluation
Report (PER), which addresses the 12 pesticide
risk evaluation factors (a through l) required by 22
CFR 216.3(b).
The SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (Section 4)
provides a succinct, stand-alone statement of
compliance requirements, synthesized from the
PER. It also provides a template for assigning
responsibilities and timelines for implementation of
these requirements. Each project subject to this
PERSUAP must complete this SUAP template and
submit to its AOR/COR.
1.2 BACKGROUND: PRE-IMPLEMENTATION
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS ATTENDANT
TO PESTICIDE USE AND PROCUREMENT
In 1976, USAID developed procedures covering
the health and safety of people and environments
with which it worked; the result was Regulation
216 (22 CFR216). This regulation establishes a
mandatory pre-implementation environmental
impact assessment process for USAID activities.
Under these procedures, all USAID activities—with
limited exceptions for international disaster relief
and other emergencies-- are subject to analysis
and evaluation via – at minimum – a Request for
Categorical Exclusion (RCE) and – at maximum –
an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).
It is worth noting that these procedures were the
result of several pesticide-related poisoning cases
in Pakistan, which possibly could have been avoided or greatly reduced with the greater risk
awareness, risk reduction training and/or the proper use of safety equipment or PPE.
Pesticides present intrinsic risks to human health and the environment. A significant part of
Regulation 216, notably part 216.3, is devoted to pesticide use and safety. Part 216.3(b) requires that
12 pesticide factors be analyzed as the basis for approving the use of any pesticides, and as the
THE 12 PESTICIDE ANALYSIS FACTORS
Factor A. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticides
Factor B. Basis for selection of pesticides
Factor C. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program
Factor D. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment
Factor E. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards
Factor F. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use
Factor G. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems
Factor H. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, geography, hydrology, and soils
Factor I. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods
Factor J. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide
Factor K. Provision for training of users and applicator
Factor L. Provision made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of each pesticide
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
10
basis for establishing the requirements attendant to that use to minimize risks to human health and
the environment. (See box)1
These factors include the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) registration status of the
pesticide. When USEPA registers pesticide products for use, it specifies the manner in which the
product can be “safely” used, that is, with an acceptably small risk, including safety equipment needed
when applying the pesticide; how to apply it; the allowed uses; and best practices for storage,
transport and disposal. However, USAID cannot assume that the societal capabilities and resources
in the US that factor into the US EPA’s decision (widespread literacy, availability of PPE,
understanding of pesticide risks, high product quality, etc.) will characterize project implementation
contexts. So Reg 216 requires analysis of factors beyond US EPA registration status.
This analysis typically results in safer use requirements such as training, monitoring and reporting for
continuous improvement on risk reduction and adoption of international best practices for crop
production, protection, and pesticide use safety.
1.3 PESTICIDE USE AND INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) – PART OF THE CONTEXT
In the early 1990s, USAID adopted the philosophy and practice of IPM as official policy. IPM is
strongly promoted as part of Regulation 216.3 Factor C and the expectation is that a broad spectrum
approach to plant crop vitality and productivity will benefit from the application of IPM practices and
decrease the need for direct use of pesticides. Subsequently, IPM has generally become an
important part of the best management practices in the agriculture sector and is one of the factors
considered as criteria for international green marketing and export crops.
1.4 A BRIEF EXPLANATION OF THE PERSUAP CONCEPT
In the late 1990s, USAID’s East Africa Regional Environmental Advisor (REA) and a natural resources
consultant developed a systems-based approach to address the requirements of 22 CFR 216.3(b)
with particular emphasis on promoting pesticide use in an IPM framework.
A key element of this approach was a risk profile of the pesticide system in the given country or
territory, covering the pesticide “lifecycle” from import through use to disposal, and including issues
such as farmer training and literacy, product quality, etc.
Systematically characterizing this risk profile leads directly to identification of practical actions to
reduce the risks of using pesticides, taking into consideration the context in which the products will be
used, the particular elements of the program, and the different capacities of the partners and
stakeholders involved. These actions can also help prepare project participants to be able to more
rapidly adopt GlobalGAP, Organic and other Standards and Certification (S&C) systems principles.
This approach and resulting document was subsequently called a “Pesticide Evaluation Report and
Safer Use Action Plan.” Formally, the PERSUAP is submitted as an amendment to the project IEE or
to an EA.
1.5 COMPLIANCE CONTEXT FOR THIS PERSUAP.
This PERSUAP is an update to and supersedes the 2010 PERSUAP for the Zimbabwe Restoring
Livelihoods Program (RLP). It is applicable to all activities in the Zimbabwe Economic Growth
portfolio.
Formally, this PERSUAP amends the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for the
USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio (25 July 2011). By satisfying the requirements of 22
1 Specifically, Reg. 216.3(b)(1)(i) stipulates: “When a project includes assistance for procurement or use, or both,
of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction, the IEE for the project shall include a separate section evaluating the economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impact. Factors to be considered in such an evaluation shall include, but not be limited to the following” (see box)
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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CFR 216.3(b) (“Pesticide Procedures”) for proposed pesticide use in EG activities, it resolves the
deferral assigned by that IEE to the procurement or use of pesticides (“pesticide support”).
1.6 ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO THIS PERSUAP
This PERSUAP focuses on the particular circumstances of the USAID Zimbabwe programs, including
the pesticide system within which its projects operate, the risks inherent in that system, and the risk
management choices available and how a risk management plan could be implemented by
USAID/Zimbabwe and its implementing partners in the field.
It analyzes the Zimbabwe pesticide system and captures changes since 2010 in: pesticides registered
by the Zimbabwe Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and Irrigation Development (MAMID) for
import and use, changes to pesticide registrations and restrictions by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA), new pesticide toxicology and ecotoxicology information, and new
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) information.
This PERSUAP also focuses strongly on Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) tools, including commercialized natural pesticides containing Active Ingredients
(AIs) extracted from plants, microbes, marine organisms, spices and minerals (see Annexes 4 and 5)
as well as cultural practices and synthetic pesticides available in Zimbabwe and used in the United
States.
1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THIS PERSUAP
This report is organized into several parts and sections:
Part 1: Introduction is an introduction to the Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan
process and the rationale, both regulatory and professional, behind it.
Part 2: Projects and Activities. Introduces the USAID/Zimbabwe Agricultural Development Activities
in the Economic Growth Portfolio, the implementing partners, and the context for pesticide use about
which this PERSUAP is being prepared.
Part 3: Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER). The PER:
For target crops, characterizes the present pest management methods used by farmers on a
crop-by-crop, pest-by-pest basis
Where indicated, identifies better-practice, IPM-based control methods, both chemical and
non-chemical.
Characterizes the EPA registration status and toxicological profile of every pesticide
registered for use in Zimbabwe
Presents a general risk profile of Zimbabwe’s pesticide system
Addresses the 12 required pesticide analysis factors established by 22 CFR 216.3(b).
On the basis of this data and analysis, the PER identifies the set of pesticides whose use may be
supported under USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth activities, and the conditions attendant to this
use.
A key condition is that pesticide use in these activities must be governed by crop and pest-specific
pest management plans; the PER provides the essential data for IPs to develop these plans.
Part 4: Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) The SUAP is a succinct, stand-alone statement of
compliance requirements, synthesized from the PER. It also provides a template for assigning
responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements—hence an action plan.
Each project subject to this PERSUAP must complete this SUAP template and submit to its
AOR/COR.
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Annexes synthesize international best practices on pesticide use, exposure mitigation, PPE, first aid,
disposal and record-keeping, to attain a better understanding of pesticide safety and to be used for
training program participants. Below are the key best management practices and recommendations
synthesized from the PER and the SUAP.
2.0 PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES COVERED BY THIS PERSUAP
1 Zimbabwe Agricultural Income and Employment Development (Zim-AIED) program. Zim-
AIED is providing technical assistance to improve food security and increase household
incomes of 180,000 small-scale farmers throughout Zimbabwe.
The program is building demand for a range of Zimbabwean crops and products by training
growers on productivity, quality, continuity, and cost-competitiveness. It is also providing
specialized technical support for the production of food crops and livestock to increase food
availability on a sustainable basis in areas and communities most vulnerable to food
insecurity. The project is being implemented country-wide by Fintrac, a US-based consultancy
company and runs until 2015.
2 Piloting Approach to Revitalize Zimbabwe's Poultry Sector and Linking over 3,000
Farmers to Viable, Formal Markets. The project under Rural Livelihood Program (RLP) is
implemented by TechnoServe and will end December 2012. The overall goal of this project is
to develop and demonstrate an impactful and replicable model of engaging small farmers in
the formal poultry sector and revitalizing the industry. Its three key objectives are:
- Pilot outgrower models linking 70 small broiler outgrowers to poultry processors. - Boost productivity and incomes of over 3,000 feed grain producers (maize and soybeans);
enabling them to profitably supply the Zimbabwe feed industry - Capture and disseminate information throughout the poultry industry and determine actions to
improve the competitiveness of the Zimbabwean poultry industry
The project is in the Shamva district in Mashonaland Central province for the production of
maize and soya beans. However, for the broiler outgrowers it extended to Goromonzi and
areas surrounding Bulawayo.
3 Inclusive PPA-Business Model for Developing Underutilized Plants to Improve Food Security
in Zimbabwe-Local Plants for Global Markets. The project is implemented for the next four
years by HWA-Zimbabwe (Hilfswerk Austria) to develop, test and disseminate the potential of
high value crops and underutilized plants appropriate for international fair trade and other
certification, using sustainable agricultural practices which will improve food security in
Natural Regions 4 and 5. The project under Rural Livelihoods Program is focused in Binga,
Chimanimani, Chipinge and Hwange districts to promote 10 plants-sweet thorn, baobab,
4. The project "Rebuilding livelihoods and resilience in Zimbabwe" under the Rural
Livelihoods Program is implemented by Land O'Lakes. The project that will end in May 2013
is aimed at promoting dairy production, collection and processing, increased capacity in
preventative animal health and rangeland fodder flow management, and donkey traction and
transport. The project is operating in Buhera, Chipinge, Makoni, Mutare, Guruve, Goromonzi,
Seke, Umzingwane and Gokwe South districts.
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3.0 PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT
3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN PESTICIDES REGISTERED
FOR USE AND IMPORTED TO ZIMBABWE.
As a PERSUAP covering a wide range of agricultural sector activities and targeted crops, pesticides
that may potentially be supported on Economic Growth activities are all pesticides available for use in
Zimbabwe. Assessing the eligibility of these pesticides requires characterization of their US and
Zimbabwe registration status; the 12-factor analysis required by 22 CFR 216.3(b) presented later in
this section and using these pesticides in IPM-based framework requires selection with careful
attention to pesticide risks (toxicological profile).
Accordingly, a first key element of and input to the PER analysis was to assemble a registration status
and toxicological profile of every pesticide available for use in Zimbabwe.
This is presented in Annex 1, in the form of an extended matrix.
More specifically, Annex 1:
Compiles all of the AIs in pesticides (natural and synthetic) registered and imported into Zimbabwe.
Characterizes their US EPA and Zimbabwe registration status, including US EPA RUP status (see below)
Characterizes their chemical class (this is important as rotating chemicals from different classes is an important strategy for managing resistance.)
Characterizes acute human toxicity – a key criterion for judging whether the pesticide is admissible for use. As described below, most Class I chemicals are not considered safe for smallholder farmers to use;
Characterizes chronic human toxicity
Characterizes Environmental toxicity – including water pollution potential, and potential toxicities to important non-target organisms like fish, honeybee pollinators, birds, and several aquatic organisms
3.2 MAJOR PESTS AND CONTROL TECHNIQUES IN CURRENT USE
A 2nd
key input to the “12-factor analysis” is an understanding of the major pests that affect the target
crops and current control methods. These are documented in Table 1, later in this section.
Note that Table 1 also includes findings of this PER (noting where chemical controls in common use
are not permitted by the findings of this PERSUAP) and recommended IPM-based alternate control
methods to be used to inform the development of crop-and pest-specific management plans. The use
of such plans to govern pesticide use is a key compliance requirement for this PERSUAP.
3.3 ZIMBABWE AGROCHEMICAL SYSTEM RISK PROFILE
A final key input to the “12-factor analysis” is a characterization of the factors that increase or
decrease the risk profile of the agrochemical inputs system in Zimbabwe. This analysis is presented
immediately below. Risks have been categorized into groups and enumerated below as “Factors that
increase risks from agrochemicals” and “Factors that reduce risks from agrochemicals.” Most of the
farmers producing crops and livestock being supported by the USAID program partner organizations
have the potential to use several highly toxic pesticides in traditional cropping systems.
Factors that increase risks from pesticides:
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1. The continued presence of red-banded labeled (highly toxic – too toxic for smallholder
farmers to use) World Health Organization (WHO) acute toxicity Class Ia and Ib and EPA
acute toxicity Class I pesticide active ingredients (for example, aldicarb, aluminum phosphide,
3.6 CURRENT VS RECOMMENDED PEST MANAGEMENT MEASURES Table 1, below, provides a crop-by-crop, pest-by-pest summary of pest control methods in current use
by smallholder farmers, including beneficiary farmer groups, in Zimbabwe. It was compiled from
information received from program partners. As described above, this information is a key input to the
PER analysis carried out in this section.
Table 1 is also, however, is an OUTPUT of the PER analysis presented above. It indicates
instances in which chemical controls in common use may NOT be supported with USAID
funds because the pesticides are not registered by US EPA, are RUP, or otherwise deemed too
hazardous.
And finally, Table 1 SUPPORTS implementation of required mitigation measures set out in the PER
analysis above. It provides recommended non-chemical and chemical controls on a crop-by-crop,
pest-by-pest basis. This in an advanced starting point for the development of the crop-specific, IPM-
based pest management plans required by this PERSUAP.
This table is not static; crop choices, pest occurrences and cultural or agronomic practices may
change. There may also be near- or medium-term reasons to adjust the list of approved pesticides;
this will require an amendment to this PERSUAP.
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Table 1: LIST OF PROPOSED USAID PROJECTS CROPS, PESTS, IPM TOOLS/TACTICS AND PESTICIDES FOR PERSUAP
(A number of pesticides currently in use by farmers may NOT be supported with USAID funds. These pesticides are noted in RED.)
Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Bananas Banana Root
Borer
Cosmopolites sordidus, Germar
Threat is
high.
Awareness
and training
is needed
and
alternative
chemicals
should be
introduced.
Use clean plant material.
Practice good field hygiene. Remove any trash or dead leaves
that may be attached to the young plants. Weed control is important to deny adult beetles a refuge, and expose them to predators
Take the suckers and bull-heads to the edge of the field and
pare / trim around the corm to remove all borer tunnels.
Scout and monitor fields for pest problems
Pseudo stem baits to entice females to lay eggs away from crop.
Carbofuran is
used.
Aldicarb is used
extensively by
more advanced
growers.
Carbaryl is used
by some.
Carbofuran (High Toxicity WHO
Class 1a &1b) Cadusafos (Rugby ®)
aldicarb (Temik ®) and Oxamyl (
Vydate ®10 GR), must not be
supported with USAID resources
Plant Material should be treated prior
to planting with Imidacloprid or
thiamethoxam, if affordable.
Nematodes
The 2 common types are : Radopholus similes Pratylenchus coffea
Limited, not
much IPM
awareness
and minimal
alternatives
available,
though more
emphasis is
required for
alternative
IPM solutions.
Use treated planting material or tissue culture seedlings.
Crop rotation with non-host crops e.g. Rhodes grass.
Marigold intercrop and green manuring.
Maintain good drainage
Avoid planting in sandy soils
Practice good field hygiene.
Quarantine and restrict movement to infected lands.
Mulching with sugarcane residue and wood ash will reduce
nematodes
Temik ®
(aldicarb) is used
where available,
and is affordable
in small packets.
Carbofuran is
also used and
available.
Carbofuran (High Toxicity WHO
Class 1a &1b) Cadusafos (Rugby ®)
aldicarb (Temik ®) and Oxamyl (,
Vydate ®), must not be supported
with USAID resources
Yellow Sigatoka or Leaf Spot
Limited in
terms of
Cut diseased leaves regularly.
Avoid high plant populations to reduce disease transmission
Mancozeb and Copper
Preventative sprays:
Mancozeb, Copper Oxychloride,
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Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Bananas control.
Basic broad
spectrum
fungicides
are used by
some.
rate.
Make sure plantations are well drained
Use under canopy irrigation systems to reduce wetting
leaves.
Sigatoka status in Zimbabwe not clear (possible outbreak Kariba, 1990s) but Leaf Spots occur and vigilance (through scouting) is necessary
Oxychloride are
used by some. Chlorothalonil
Curative:
Triazole fungicides e.g. Triadimenol,
Tebuconazole, Difenoconazole.
Panama Wilt
Fusarium Wilt of
Bananas
Fusarium oxysporum
Not a threat
in Zimbabwe
yet.
Use tolerant cultivars.
Quarantine affected lands and restrict movement and
operations.
Practice good field and operational hygiene.
Obtain planting material from reputable sources - opt for tissue culture seedlings.
Burn infected crop residue.
Do not replant land with bananas for about 5 years.
None
Thrips, White Fly
and Aphids
Tabaci
Limited IPM
measures
used.
Awareness
is needed to
improve
alternative
IPM.
Field sanitation - keep plantation free of weeds, which can
serve as a hosts for thrips population
Monitor and trap flower thrips using blue sticky cards
Use Neem extract and Potash soap.
Apply adequate irrigation because water stressed plants are
likely to be damaged.
Synthetic pyrethroids should not be used to conserve natural
enemies especially parasitoid wasps.
Plastic sleeves (purpose made, 1.2 m long) can be used to
cover fruit (after removal of flower bract) up to harvest, to physically protect bunches from thrips attack. Helps to control other pests as well (moths, flat mite). Sulphur can be applied into the bags to aid control.
Synthetic
Pyrethroids and
some carbamates
are used.
The use of endosulfan, monocrotophos, or methamidophos must not be supported with USAID resources Caution is advised for IP staff to monitor insecticide applications and usage for pest control. Acetamiprid is recommended as a
preventative systemic insecticide for
sucking pests.
Malathion and Dusting Sulphur
Weed control Hand weeding.
Weed control is necessary to prevent disease and deny a habitat to borer Some use of Glyphosate as a pre-plant
application, or as a directed spray
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Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Bananas
beetles. Growers should remove excess weeds and keep plant stations
clean.
Hand pulling is better than hoeing. The use of hoes damages banana
roots therefore light hoeing should be done only when it is necessary.
Herbicide Sprays: for established crops, these must be used as a
directed spray, and preferably use spray shields, especially when spraying young plantations. The banana plant must not be sprayed.
herbicides.
Glyphosate and paraquat are used
as standard applications prior to establishment of plantations.
Ametryne can be used to give All herbicide formulations containing paraquat are Class I and RUP; do not promote or use herbicides containing paraquat with USAID resources
residual control of grasses and broad leaf weeds soon after
emergence. It should be applied early spring or late summer to actively growing weeds. Established grasses: Fluazifop-P-butyl (Fusilade®), Sethoxydim (Nabu®), Clethodim (Select®), Quizalofop-P-ethyl (Pilot Super®).
Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Green Beans
Root Knot Nematodes
(Meloidigyna spp)
Beans are susceptible to nematodes.
Soil samples should be assessed for nematode levels before
site selection.
Attention must be paid crop rotations.
Fumigation using Dazomet may be
necessary.
Cutworms Agrotis ipsilon
May damage emerging seedlings by cutting the stems close to ground Insecticide baits or synthetic pyrethroid band sprays over the row will help keep
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Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
level.
these under control. deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin (but not products named Karate®), Betacyfluthrin
Bean Stem Maggot
Beans planted in January and February may be subject to attack by Bean Stem Maggot (or Bean Fly).
These small black flies lay their eggs in the leaves, leaving clusters of yellow spots which are the first sign of attack. The tiny maggots mine their way to the petiole and then into the stem. They pupate just above soil level, where they cause swollen and cracked stems.
Scouts should look for the yellow spots. The window of opportunity for control is very short, so seed dressing may be a better option. However there is no evidence that they have been formally trialed in local conditions.
Diazinon Diazinon is RUP and must not be supported with USAID resources
Insecticides can be applied from soon after germination, at intervals of about one week until the plants have passed the susceptible early stages.
Seed Dressings: Thiamethoxam or Imidacloprid
Foliar spray: Acetamiprid may also be
useful, but efficacy has to be proven.
Aphids
Important on as vectors of virus diseases export bean crops, see below.
Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, Dimethoate
Leaf miners
Liriomyza spp Green Beans
1. The American Leaf miner can infest lower leaves where their
winding (curved) mines cause some damage to the foliage. a) This pest can come under good parasitic control, provided broad spectrum insecticides are not used on the crop.
b) The adult is a tiny fly, which pierces the leaf to lays eggs, which causes stippling marks.
2. The Pea Leaf miner (Liriomyza huidobrensis), which makes straight-line mines, has become a devastating pest, destroying crops in a matter of weeks.
Scouting must distinguish between the two types.
Once noticed, fields should be scouted three times a week.
When records show numbers are rising, spray with a specific insecticide, which have minimal impact on natural enemies.
Cyromazine (Trigard®), Abamectin
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Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Potato Leaf Miner
A third leaf miner can occasionally infest bean crops.
It tends to mine along the mid vein of the leaf.
This is a caterpillar that turns into a tiny moth (as opposed to a
fly above).
It is vital to have the larva in the mine properly identified, as
control measures are different.
Indoxacarb, Spinosad
Thrips Control can be difficult because of their habit of hiding deep within the flowers causing difficulty in achieving cover.
Sugar is often added to insecticidal sprays to encourage
feeding by thrips.
Sulphur sprays can give some control provided spray
penetration is good.
Other measures are:
a) A thick mulch cover at the plant bases,
OR
b) Application of insecticides to the mulch, to keep numbers
down (as the pupal stage of their life cycle is in the soil).
Wettable sulphur, malathion + sugar
Mulch sprays: acephate
Whiteflies The larval stages are immobile, scale-like creatures found on
the undersides of leaves, and their sap-sucking can debilitate plants.
They do come under attack by naturally-occurring parasites and can be controlled to some extent by the application of insecticidal soaps applied to the lower leaf surfaces.
Fatty Acids, Insecticidal soaps
Green Beans
Red Spider Mite May build up in hot dry spells and cause chlorotic stippling on
the leaves and early leaf drop.
Specific acaricides may be used where these are a problem.
Viral Diseases Runner Beans are attacked by several Mosaic Viruses. (Relevant to Export Crops)
Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) is the most significant
cause of yield loss. It is transmitted by aphids, and control of the vector in January and February is imperative.
Bean Mosaic Virus (BV 1) causes blackening firstly in the roots,
then stems and pods. Leaflets at the tops of the plant may wilt slightly during the blooming period, an indication that the plant is suffering moisture stress.
spots surrounded by a halo, later whole leaves turn yellowish.
The use of disease-free seed is essential and control of the Aphid vector should limit the spread of this disease.
Diseased plants should be removed and destroyed to limit the spread of virus within a field.
Weeds
Linuron (Afalon® 50 WP) can be used
pre-emergence at 1.5 to 2.5 kg/ha to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. Afalon® should not be used where
the clay content is less than 20% and a planting depth of at least 25 mm should be
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Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations used. Fluazifop-P-butyl, Sethoxydim (Nabu®) can be sprayed post emergence to control grasses.
Dry Beans
Pests: See Green Beans above. Many of the insect pests do not cause economic damage, except for Bean Stem Maggot, and Potato Tuber Moth Leaf miner, if Potatoes
are grown nearby.
Diseases: See Green Beans above. Many of the diseases do not cause economic damage, except for Rust.
Weeds
Pre-emergence:
Grasses and some Broad Leaf Weeds
Clomazone is the product of
choice.
Linuron (soils > 20% clay)
s-metolachlor (mainly grasses)
s-metolachlor + flumetsulam (Bateleur Gold®)
Dimethenamid – P (Frontier Optima®).
Post-emergence:
Imazamox (Lynx ®) sprayed early
post emergence controls broad leaf weeds and many grasses, including Shamva grass.
Bentazon controls broad leaf
weeds only.
Fluazifop-P-butyl, sethoxydim (Nabu®) to control grasses.
Soybeans
Soybean Looper Occurs from late January, and causes defoliation, Synthetic Pyrethroids – use only after first
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Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
sometimes considerable.
The pest often comes under natural biological control by an NPV virus.
The crop should be scouted from mid Jan for presence /
absence of the looper, plus the presence of dark, moribund larvae.
The dead or dying larvae should be collected, mashed up, made into a slurry with water to form a stock solution. The
stock can be sprayed over other parts of the crop, or neighboring fields, to spread the virus.
The virus-killed larvae can be collected and stored in a freezer (label the container) and kept for the following season, when the NPV virus can be made up into a viable stock
solution.
If the virus does not occur, chemical control may be necessary.
flowering or 1 February to respect the SP usage period. Deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin (but not products named Karate®), betacyfluthrin Alternative: carbaryl, trichlorfon.
Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi)
Resistant varieties are available, but seed supply is not yet
sufficient for national requirements.
This is a devastating disease which must be sprayed at first sign. Diseased leaves should be scouted and examined by a
specialist lab.
Trap crops, planted 2 – 4 weeks ahead of the main crop give
warning that the disease is active, serving as a signal to spray the main crop.
Triazole fungicides are effective, sprayed at 50, 70 & 90 days
after planting.
If the disease is not seen in the trap crop, two sprays at 60
As for Dry Beans above, but in addition Imazethapyr (Pursuit®, Amplify®) can be
used post-emergence of the crop and weeds to control broad leaf weeds (BLWs) and some grasses including Shamva grass.
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Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations Fluazifop-P-butyl (Fusilade®, clethodim (Select®), quizalofop-P-butyl-(Pilot®), sethoxydim (Nabu®) , can be sprayed
post emergence to control grasses Chlorimuron-ethyl (Classic®) can be
used to control BLWs
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Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Brassicas / Cole crops (broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower) American Bollworm
Larvae feed right inside the bud, and are black to brownish as opposed to the light green of diamond back moth (see below)
Must be controlled as soon as it is noticed by scouting
As for DBM below
Aphids,
several species Rotation is encouraged.
When populations are heavy, aphids can stunt seedlings;
however, economic damage rarely occurs on older plants because aphids tend to feed on older leaves and rarely enter heads of broccoli, cauliflower, or cabbage.
Many predators and parasites attack aphids, avoid using
synthetic pyrethroids to conserve them
Remove weeds around fields that may harbor aphids before planting. Organic methods: Vegetable (canola) oil, castor oil
sprays, pawpaw sprays, chili and garlic sprays. Insecticidal soap sprays, however, may be phytotoxic under some conditions and rates, especially in cabbage.
Chemical Sprays: should be mixed with wetters to assist sticking
to waxy cabbage leaves
Endosulfan.
Endosulfan must not be supported with USAID resources
Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, pymetrozine (Chess ®) or malathion, dimethoate.
Biological control and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis products
and of spinosad are organically acceptable management tools.
Malathion, Carbaryl, Acephate. The
spray used to control DBM (below) will control these pests.
Cutworms, Agrotis spp
Cutworms have numerous natural enemies, but none can be relied on to bring a damaging population down below economic levels.
Check for cutworms in weeds around the edges of the field before planting. Remove weeds from field margins and plow fields at least 10 days before planting to destroy larvae, food sources, and egg-laying sites.
Insecticide baits can be used for control.
Lambda cyhalothrin and other synthetic pyrethroids.
synthetic pyrethroids (SPs): Deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin (but not products named Karate®), betacyfluthrin
November is most at risk. DBM is deterred by rain or irrigation.
Seedlings must be free of DBM before transplanting to the field. Seed-beds should be distant from old plantings and new
plots to be planted.
Seedlings should be scouted from the earliest stage to check
for the presence of the pest and control measures should begin early.
Natural enemies do not respond sufficiently quickly to rapidly
increasing DBM populations and chemical control is usually necessary.
Sprinkler irrigation applied at dusk disrupts the flight of adults.
Multiple planting dates in the same area should be avoided
as the more mature crops serve as a source of egg-laying moths for the new plantings. If several planting dates are used, later crops should be planted upwind to make it harder for the moths to fly into new plantings.
Cut and remove (or plow in) all plant residues that are left
after harvest: DBM can survive in plant residues and migrate to the next plot.
DBM is resistant to many OP and carbamate insecticides
Synthetic pyrethroids, endosulfan and methamidophos
are used.
Endosulfan, methamidophos, must not be supported with USAID resources
Organic: Sprays of natural pesticides Bacillus thuringiensis (Biobit ®, Dipel ®) and spinosad are acceptable for
use on organically certified crops.
To reduce development of resistance, regularly rotate chemicals to different chemical groups.
Newer products that work well:
Flubendiamide (Belt®),
Chlorfenapyr (Hunter®),
Indoxacarb (Steward®),
Lufenuron (Match®)
Rotate with older, less effective but still useful products in OP / carbamate group:
Trichlorfon
Acephate
Malathion
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Cowpeas Aphids,
various species Little is known about aphid damage on cowpeas. Trials being conducted by two seed companies with acetamiprid.
The crop must not be subjected to moisture stress.
Natural enemies include Braconid parasitoids, ground beetles,
Beans planted in January and February may be subject to attack by Bean Stem Maggot (or Bean Fly).
These small black flies lay their eggs in the leaves, leaving clusters of yellow spots which are the first sign of attack. The tiny maggots mine their way to the petiole and then into the stem. They pupate just above soil level, where they cause swollen and cracked stems.
Scouts should look for the yellow spots. The window of
Diazinon
Diazinon is RUP and must not be supported with USAID resources
Insecticides can be applied from soon after germination, at intervals of about one week until the plants have passed the susceptible early stages.
Seed Dressings: Thiamethoxam or
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Cowpeas opportunity for control is very short, so seed dressing may be a better option. However there is no evidence that these have been formally trialed in local conditions.
Imidacloprid
Foliar spray: Acetamiprid may also be
useful, but efficacy has to be proven.
CMR Blister Beetle, Mylabris oculata
If populations are low, physical removal can be done. Botanical and homemade water extracts of neem. Use of BT spray.
Proper storage with good ventilation is recommended. Actellic Super® (pirimiphos methyl) Dusts are recommended for harvested grain.
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PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Cucurbits Cucurbits should not be grown in the same field more than once in 4 years. They should not follow solanaceous crops (Tomatoes, Peppers, and Potatoes). Old plantings should be turned into the soil and destroyed as soon as harvesting is completed to reduce the risk of diseases spreading to later plantings. Anthracnose
The disease is seed borne so only certified seed or seed from
healthy plants should be used.
This disease is destructive to watermelons, cucumbers and musk melons.
The disease must usually be controlled by spraying.
Chemical control: Chlorothalonil or mancozeb.
Downy Mildew
A problem in wet weather.
More common on cucumbers and musk melons.
Once noticed in the field chemical control measures must be taken.
Vector of rosette virus which results in stunted growth and leaf chlorosis and can reduce yields. Poor stands encourage aphid population increases and incidence of rosette is positively correlated with poor stands. Important to establish good stands and plant early so plants are well-formed by December when winged aphids are spreading the virus. Rosette is most severe in dry seasons. Ladybird beetle predators can be plentiful in crops but rosette is still spread.
Destroy weeds 10-14 days before planting to prevent cutworms moving from recently killed weeds onto the germinating crop.
synthetic pyrethroids
The synthetic pyrethroids (see below)
applied to a moist soil surface after planting or at germination give the best control. Thiamethoxam in Apron Star ® seed
dressing controls cutworm.
Groundnut plant hopper, Hilda patruelis
Survive from one season to the next on alternate weed hosts (Ageratum, Bidens, Conyza, Hibiscus, Physalis, Tagetes). Destroy these well before planting. Infestation occurs within a few days of germination but damage symptoms (wilting/yellowing) appears 6-8 weeks later.
85% of all infested plants occur within 10 m of the edges of lands so effective control requires a two-step approach:
Grow a screen of taller plants (maize or sorghum) around lands or spray a 2-3m strip around lands two weeks before planting using carbaryl.
Spray planted border 10m wide soon after germination using
Carbaryl
Carbaryl
Synthetic pyrethroid sprays: deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin (but not products named Karate®), betacyfluthrin
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Groundnuts carbaryl or a synthetic pyrethroid.
Leaf - feeding beetles and caterpillars
Beetles most likely to be Systates snout beetle which cut semi-circular holes in leaf edges. Emerge about 6 weeks after first soaking rains. Unlikely to cause severe damage.
Caterpillars likely to be semi-loopers (Trichoplusia and Chrysodeixis spp.) feeding on leaves and bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, feeding on buds / flowers.
Carbaryl ineffective against Systates. If damage severe fipronil is effective. Caterpillar control: spinosad and indoxacarb.
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Groundnuts Termites
Mound builders – Macrotermes spp. and chimney builders – Odontotermes spp. Control is best achieved by treating the nests.
Mound –drill hole into side and pour in diluted fipronil, then seal with mud. Chimney –pour diluted fipronil down
chimney and seal with mud.
Completely subterranean termites which do not build any above ground structure - Ancistrotermes latinotus and Microtermes spp.—these are the most important termite pests of crops.
Incorporate fipronil into the soil before
planting. Imidacloprid as used for maize may be
effective
White grubs
Larvae of beetles belonging to the Scarabaedae family. Most important is
Eulipida mashona commonly called the Msasa beetle as the beetles emerge after the first substantial rains of the season and feed on leaves of Msasa and Julbernadia trees. Eggs are laid in the soil shortly after emergence. White grubs feed on organic matter and roots and reach maximum size about Feb/Mar. Other genera are Adoretus, Anomala and Schizonycha – their larvae are much
smaller. Beetles are not present in winter so traps under lights will not be a control option.
Incorporate chlorpyriphos
into soil before planting
. No efficacy information on incorporation of fipronil is available, but it may be useful.
No efficacy information for thiamethoxam contained in Apron Star ®seed dressing. It
may work when white grubs are very small early in the season (Dec).
Cercospora leaf spot and Phoma web blotch
Both cause extensive defoliation. They are antagonistic – Cercospora usually appears first (mid Dec.) and suppresses Phoma. If Cercospora is controlled too early, Phoma, which is more difficult to control and more damaging, spreads rapidly.
Only start spraying when first Cercospora lesions seen (+/- 10 weeks after emergence) and apply 4-5 sprays at 10 -14 day intervals. Stop spraying at 30-50% defoliation. Fungicides: Mancozeb, chlorothalonil, tebuconazole and difenoconazole.
Aflatoxin, Aspergillus flavus
Rapid drying to moisture content of about 10% is the only means of preventing infection. The fungus can enter damaged shells - Minimize damage to shells during harvesting and control termites if necessary as they cause damage to shells.
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Groundnuts Weed control
Pre-plant burn-off: Glyphosate sprayed 2 – 4 weeks before
planting to assist with cutworm control . Pre-emergence: Grasses only – metolachlor, S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum ®),
Grasses including Shamva grass – pendimethalin (Prowl ®, Paragon ®).
Broad leaf weeds: Prometryn
Grasses and some broadleaf weeds – dimethenamid (Frontier Optima ®) flumetsulam + S-metolachlor (Bateleur Gold ®).
Post-emergence: Broadleaf weeds a problem – Bentazon (Basagran ®).
Grasses including Shamva a problem – fluazifop-p-butyl (Fusilade ®).
Broad leaf weeds and some grasses including shamva: Imazamox (Lynx ®),
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Destruction of crop residues is the key to controlling stalk
borer, -preventing the continuous breeding of the pest. Collection and removal of the stalks allows insolation of the stalk base remaining in the soil, which kills the over-wintering stage. Slashing the stalks and leaving them in the field achieves a similar result as does plowing or other method of incorporating the stalks into the soil. Confining cattle to intensively graze the harvested stalks helps control the pest, partly due to chopping action of the hooves. Remove infested plants by hoeing and destroy or feed to livestock.
Trap Crops: Maize planted 2 – 4 weeks before the main crop
attracts the moths hatching at the beginning of the season, which will lay their eggs. The trap crop is cut and fed to livestock after 8 weeks.
Crop rotation: Rotating maize with soybean or other non -
grain crop reduces incidence.
Scouting: a line of holes (“shot-holes”) on the unfurled leaf is
indicative. The crop should be scouted from late January as a second generation can occur during February.
Pheromone Traps: these are available in the region for
stalkborer and may be justified for fields of > 5 Ha. Otherwise, scouting may be more cost-effective.
Endosulfan, trichlorfon and some synthetic pyrethroids are applied.
Endosulfan must not be supported with USAID resources
Insecticide granules (G) applied into the funnel of the young plant is more
efficacious than sprays. Trichlorfon 2.5 GR, betacyfluthrin (Bulldock) 0.05 GR, Carbaryl 5 GR (Kombat) recommended.
Sprays: Carbaryl,
Timing: one week after
eggs are found on 2.5% of the plants, or 4 weeks after the first planting rains.
Systemic insecticides
should be used where larvae have already started to tunnel into the stem and 10% or more of plants show shot-hole damage. Indoxacarb may be useful, but expensive.
Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon
Limited natural controls in use.
Natural Enemies – numerous, but none can be relied on to
bring a damaging population down below economic levels.
Weed Control: Cutworm will survive by consuming weeds in
the absence of a crop. Weeds, both in the field and around the edges of the field, should be destroyed (by hoeing or using glyphosate before the end of September. The aim is to deny
cutworm a food source in the 2-4 week period before the crop is planted.
Synthetic pyrethroid sprays (SPs) are essential at planting.
They are more effective when sprayed onto moist soil.
Baits made on-farm, containing an insecticide (e.g., carbaryl) can be also used, but are laborious to apply.
Lambda cyhalothrin
& other synthetic pyrethroids
Synthetic pyrethroid sprays: deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin (but not products named Karate®), betacyfluthrin
Baits : Trichlorfon, Carbaryl + maize meal
Carbaryl & indoxacarb
can also be used, but the cost of the latter needs to be considered.
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Maize
Leafhoppers, vectors of Maize Streak Virus (MSV)
Resistant
varieties are
used to great
effect on the
commercial
crop.
MSV is more
of a problem
on green
maize.
Early planting and maintaining a maize-free period over the winter
months are key strategies in avoiding damage from the corn leafhopper
and the incidence of MSV.
Crop rotation: Desist from planting maize following maize. Remove all
volunteer maize plants that grow in new plantings of rotation crops.
Rotate with non-grain crops that are not susceptible to leafhoppers.
Seed treatments: Limited use, more awareness is needed.
Seed Treatment:
Imidacloprid,
thiamethoxam are
recommended.
Babycorn, sweetcorn, popcorn and green maize need particular attention,
Termites
(various spp)
See notes for Ground Nuts above
These can be controlled with a systemic insecticide, sprayed 8 – 10
weeks after planting, as a 30 cm band over the crop.
Imidacloprid, fipronil
Larger Grain
Borer (LGB)
Prostephanus
truncatus
LGB has been recorded in Zimbabwe and is now widespread
The Dust formulations can be mixed directly with the grain. The
EC can be sprayed over bagged grain with a knapsack sprayer
A two – component mixture of different chemical groups is used
locally to guard against insecticide resistance.
Pirimiphos – methyl + permethrin
(Actellic Super EC or Dust,
Chirindamatura Dust)
Weed Control
Hand
weeding.
Physical
removal of
weeds from
the field.
Mechanical
and Draft
cultivation.
Rotational green manure crops such as Sunhemp and
Tagetes are recommended.
Grain legumes with other natural plant crops can be used in
the rotation to reduce weed pressure.
Reduced tillage or minimum tillage is recommended.
Limited. Atrazine is
used in high
producing regions &
metolachlor to a
lesser extent.
Some use of post –
emergence
herbicides. (Paraquat
is used for late weed
infestations).
Pesticides containing atrazine are
known ground water pollutants in
the USA, and must not be
supported with USAID resources
All herbicide formulations
containing paraquat are Class I
and RUP; do not promote or use
herbicides containing paraquat
with USAID resources
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Herbicides are recommended
especially in regions I & II.
Glyphosate (non-selective
herbicide) applied 2 – 4
weeks before planting can
be used to create a clean
seedbed ahead of maize
planting.
Metolachlor (Dual ®), S –
Metolachlor (Dual
Magnum®) - pre-
emergence at planting for
annual grasses and some
broadleaf weeds.
Pendimethalin: pre-
emergence at planting for
annual grasses including
shamva.
S-
metolachlor/flumetsulam
(Bateleur Gold ®),
Linuron (Afalon) Broadleaf
Weeds and Grasses, used
pre-emergence
Metribuzin + MCPA Used
early pre-mergence to
control grasses and
broadleaf weeds
Topramezone/Dicamba
(Stellar Star ®) Broadleaf
Weeds and Grasses, used
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post-emergence or
Nicosulfuron (Accent)®
applied post-emergence are
recommended for
Rottboellia cochinchinensis
(Shamva Grass) control.
Halosulfuron (Servian®)
post-emergence control of
nutgrass
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Sweet corn and Baby corn
(See Maize, for Stalk borer, Cutworm, Army worm, Maize Streak Virus and Weed Control)
Grey leaf spot,
Cercospora zeae-maydis
Nil. Maintain soil and plant health (test these with lab tests).
Plough in infested residue.
Rotate maize with other crops.
Preventative Sprays : Limited
The use of fungicide sprays such as difenoconazole is recommended in
regions I & II where incidence is high.
Leafhoppers, vectors of Maize Streak Virus (MSV)
Limited. Early planting (see Maize).
Crop rotation: (see Maize)
The use of seed dressing is recommended as often the seed
is not dressed with a suitable insecticide, and the crops may be
planted later in the season, when leafhopper populations are
greater.
Organically Acceptable Methods: Planting over reflective mulch for management in sweet corn.
Seed treatment: Limited use, more awareness is needed.
Seed Dressing Treatment:
Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam
Maize smut Ustilago maydis
Avoid
planting in
humid
conditions.
Preventative
measures:
Limited
Resistant or tolerant varieties to be used.
Maintain soil and plant health (test these with lab
tests).
Seed treatment products with a fungicide
recommended
Seed treatment: Thiram,
Triadimenol and
thiamethoxam/metalaxyl-
M/difenoconazole (Apron
Star®).
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Peas Heliothis Bollworm
Bollworm hollows out buds and penetrates pods. Scout buds regularly for eggs and spray at first sighting. Chemical control should be applied before the worms are 6 mm long and repeated at intervals of 10 to 14 days.
If exporting, check with the buyer which chemicals can be used. Avoid using synthetic pyrethroids.
The IGRs Novaluron, Lufenuron are
active against small larvae. Acephate, trichlorfon, carbaryl and malathion can be used, but have
longer pre harvest intervals (PHIs). Indoxacarb and spinosad can be
used closer to harvest. Bacillus thuringiensis Biobit ® / Dipel ® can be used during harvest as these
have a short PHI.
Thrips
A pest of Mange Tout and Sugar Snap Peas grown for export.
Thrips are attracted to flowers and cause cosmetic damage to the pea
pods when they lay eggs in the tissue of tiny, immature pods. The damage appears later as roughly circular pale spots (up to 5 mm in diameter) surrounding the egg-laying hole. Regular scouting is essential from the onset of flowering. When scouting,
the flower or shoot tip should be vigorously shaken into the palm of the hand or onto a white card. When the thrips count reaches an average of one thrips in every three shoot tips, spraying should commence.
Check with exporter which crop
chemicals can be used to control thrips. Spinosad, spirotetramat, Thiacloprid, acetamiprid.
Leafminers
A pest of mainly of Mange Tout and Sugar Snap Peas grown for export. There are two leafminers that infest peas: 1. The serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) makes curved mines (“burrows”) in the leaves and is generally susceptible to control by parasitoid wasps, provided synthetic pyrethroids are avoided.
Cyromazine, Abamectin, indoxacarb. Imidacloprid seed dressing will help
control the pest on later plantings as adult flies migrate to younger plants, and should be considered for
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Peas 2. Pea leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis) is a much more serious pest and reproduces faster. It makes “straight line” mines along leaf veins and margins and can make mines in the pod. Once picked up by scouting, control is necessary on export crops. Scouting must distinguish between the two types of mines.
Pods with mines are not marketable, and exported pods must be 100%
free of mines (which may contain live larvae).
sequential plantings.
Ascochyta (Blackspot / Pepperspot)
This is the key disease of Mange Tout and Sugar Snap Peas grown for export and capable of causing total crop failure. The disease is favored by moist, cool weather. It is a typified by small light-brown to black spots on leaves, stalks and pods, and caused by a complex of Ascochyta pisi and Mycosphaerella piriodes. The disease is favored by moist, cool weather. The lesions (or spots) are slightly sunken, tan and sharply delineated by a dark border. The spots are usually circular on leaves and pods. When spores are produced, the lesions have a concentric ring pattern, which is easily visible. Pods with Ascochyta spot cannot be exported, so the disease must be controlled at an early stage.
A program of preventative fungicides should be applied weekly, particularly in wet weather. At the first sign of the disease curative fungicides should be applied. Consult your agronomist to find out which fungicides are acceptable. Rovral ® (iprodione) can also be used
as a protectant with some eradicant action up to flowering. Once flowering has started, azoxystrobin (Ortiva ®) can be used.
This is a highly effective (if used early enough) but expensive product, and should not be used more than twice. Preventative: Chlorothalonil preferred, or Mancozeb, Metiram, Copper Oxychloride. Curative: Azoxystrobin, Iprodione
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Peas Powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi)
This disease is a problem in the warmer months when the days are hot and dry and the nights cool enough for dew formation. Frequent rain or overhead irrigation is antagonistic to the disease. It forms a whitish-purple mycelium under the leaves and small green pimples on the pods. The green pimples / spots turn black after storage making the peas un-exportable. Scout for powder under leaves and green spots on pods, and record as “present / absent”. Once green spots are found on pods chemical control is necessary.
Preventative: Mancozeb, Metiram and Sulphur (200g/100l) will help to
Weeds On medium to heavy soils (> 20% clay) it may be possible to use the pre-emergence herbicide linuron. This must
be applied well ahead of emergence of the crop (see label for details).
On lighter soils, or when the pea crop has already emerged, bentazon (Basagran) can be sprayed over the top
when the peas are between 5 - 12 cm high to control certain broad-leafed weeds and yellow nutsedge. It performs best in warm, humid conditions and should not be sprayed when the plants are under any form of stress.
Fluazifop-P-butyl (Fusilade) can also
be sprayed over the top at the same crop stage to control grasses.
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Peppers, Paprika Aphids: Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae, Black Bean Aphid Aphis fabae
Cause damage by feeding on sap, which can lead to sooty mould
growing in the honeydew exuded in excess onto the crop. Aphids also transmit viruses, such as Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Potato Virus Y. Biological Control: natural enemies include lacewings, ladybird beetles,
syrphid flies and parasitoid wasps. The use of broad spectrum insecticides e.g. Synthetic Pyrethroids (SPs) should be avoided to allow them to survive. Ants may feed on the honeydew and protect the aphids from natural enemies. Scouting should include the presence of honeydew and ants. Once ants are recorded, chemical control may become necessary. Cultural Control: Good sanitation is essential to limit disease spread.
Pepper plants should be destroyed soon after harvest. It is a legal requirement to do this before 30 June. Silver reflective plastic mulches may be useful in repelling aphids from
the crop.
Chemical control may be justified on very heavy infestations of aphids, especially on seedlings or young crops. Malathion 125 ml / 100 litres water,
PHI 3 days; Acetamiprid 20 SP 50 g / ha, PHI 7
days; Also imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and insecticidal soap.
Heliothis Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera
It is worth learning to recognize and scout for the eggs. No economic
threshold (ET) is recognized for local crops, but the presence of eggs on the crops acts as a warning to increase scouting frequency. Natural Enemies: these include egg parasitoid wasps (Trichogramma
spp), but these are generally only effective later in the season. A parasitized egg can be recognized and recorded as such during scouting. Larvae are parasitized by wasps and flies. Spraying is usually necessary once larvae are found on the crop and natural enemies are absent.
Acephate 75 g / 100 litres water,
Lufenuron (IGR) 80 ml / 100 litres
water, indoxacarb 200 ml / ha,
spinosad 80 ml / 100 litres water,
False Codling Moth Cryptopheblia leucotreta
The larvae feed inside the fruit and are difficult to detect. Infested fruit
drop before harvest. Natural Enemies: These are not sufficiently active early in the season to
Lufenuron and Novaluron may be
effective.
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Peppers, Paprika control the pest. Monitoring: When the pest has occurred in previous years and caused
significant losses, the use of false codling moth pheromone traps may be justified. These give an indication of when moths are flying and the time to consider chemical control.
Invasive or Asian Fruit Fly Bactrocera invadens
This is a new species to Africa, having being found in
Zimbabwe only since 2010. It is expected to cause considerable economic damage on peppers, as it does in its country of origin.
The fly lays eggs on the fruit and the maggots feed internally. Methyl eugenol (ME) can be used to monitor and trap the flies.
Traps baited with ME (one per km2) are used to monitor the fly in
RSA. These give a warning of the need to apply bait sprays.
Bait spray: a mixture of a protein source (to attract females) and an insecticide is the most efficient way to kill the flies.
If protein hydro lysate is not available, mashed up kapenta fish may be useful.
Protein hydro lysate mixed with Trichlorfon or Malathion acts as bait
which can be used to kill the adult fly. The mixture would be used the same way for fruit flies on other crops: it is sprayed as a large droplet on the lower part of the crop, timed before the fruit reach marketable size. Timing: early morning. Cover sprays
may not prevent the female fly from laying eggs on fruit.
Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips tabaci
Thrips cause physical damage by feeding on the surface of leaves or fruit, but also transmit Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) to peppers. If
TSWV is suspected, samples of the infected plant should be taken and sent to a diagnostic lab (e.g. Tobacco Research Board Plant Clinic) for confirmation. If TSWV found, chemical control will be necessary. Monitoring: Thrips can be scouted for by holding a white card under the
foliage and striking sharply. They can be scored as present or absent. One sample point per 20 m of row should be used and a different row each time. This can indicate presence of thrips earlier than blue sticky traps. There is no set Economic Threshold (ET) for thrips in local conditions, so growers should keep records of counts which will guide future spraying decisions. Sticky traps can be useful, but blue colored plastic bowls of water with detergent added have also been shown to be effective in catching thrips, but cannot be relied upon to significantly reduce population levels.
Apply in early morning or late afternoon when flight activity of thrips is greatest.
Abamectin ® 1.8 E 60 ml / 100 litres
water, Acephate 100 g / 100 litres water, Spinosad 15 ml / 100 litres water,
Chlorfenapyr 35 ml / 100 litres water,
Post-harvest Intervals (PHIs) Abamectin - Peppers 3 d Acephate 3 d
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Peppers, Paprika Cultural Control: Crops infected with TSWV should be destroyed before new or younger crops or new plantings are planted nearby.
The sowing of sequential plantings side-by-side should be avoided to prevent spread of disease from one crop to the next. Weeds on headlands and along the borders of fields attract thrips especially when flowering, so these should be destroyed well before planting. If planting seedlings, these should be virus-free, and produced at a site
far removed from any field crop. Resistant varieties are available and should be considered.
Thrips pupate in the soil, so the use of tobacco scrap (which contains nicotine) as mulch helps kill thrips adults as they emerge from the soil.
Spraying the mulch with an insecticide may also help. Natural Enemies: predatory mites (Amblyseius spp) and minute pirate
bugs (Orius spp) which should be preserved by avoiding the use of Synthetic Pyrethroids (SPs) and other broad spectrum products.
Preventative controls in wet weather. Chemical Control: Mancozeb, and
especially in wet weather, Chlorothalonil.
Seedling Diseases (Rhizoctonia, Pythium)
Trichoderma (a beneficial fungus) treatment is recommended
Bacterial Spot
Prevalent in wet weather. Acibenzolar-s-methyl acts as a plant tonic, boosting natural defences
against bacterial pathogens. It is used on Tobacco for this purpose, and may prove useful
Chemical Control: Copper Oxychloride Acibenzolar-s-methyl
Weed Control
Peppers do not compete well with weeds, and Broad Leaf weeds in particular can be problematic. Peppers are sensitive to herbicides, and S-Metolachlor can sometimes cause phytotoxicity, especially after heavy
Paprika: Grasses and Some Broad Leaf Weeds: Clomazone (Command), or
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Peppers, Paprika rain. More is known locally about the efficacy of herbicides against Paprika than other peppers These may work safely on chili pepper varieties, but seek advice from an agronomist and / or do a test spray first.
oxadiazon (Ronstar) sprayed pre-
emergence. Grasses post emergence: Sethoxydim (Nabu) or Fluazifop P butyl (Fusilade). These should be safe for
most peppers, but do a test spray first.
Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Irish Potatoes Nematodes
Damage can leave tubers susceptible to disease attack, so these
should be controlled before planting.
The soil should be tested at a diagnostic lab to assess nematode
type and levels before deciding to plant.
Rotate away from Tomatoes and other Solanaceous or Cucurbit
crops, all of which are susceptible
Soil Fumigation: Dazomet,
Aphids A problem in hot weather, when their sap feeding can affect plant
vigour.
They also transmit viral diseases.
Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, rotated with dimethoate, pymetrozine.
Cutworm
See other crops, e.g., Tomatoes.
They can burrow into the tuber.
Lambda cyhalothrin and other
SPs(but not products named
Karate®), betacyfluthrin
Potato Tuber The key pest of potatoes. Flubendiamide (Belt®), indoxacarb,
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Irish Potatoes Moth (Pthorimaea
operculella)
Scouts should look for the mines in the leaf where the very young
larvae feed. From there they feed on the tuber. Presence of
mines (a bubble in the leaf surrounding the larva) signals the
need to spray.
Weeds such as Nicandra physaloides (Apple of Peru), an
alternative host, should be cleared well before planting.
Pheromones are available to attract the male moth for monitoring
purpose, or are mixed with an insecticide to kill attracted moths.
carbaryl
Novaluron, chlorfenapyr, acephate,
spinosad
For use with pheromone: permethrin
(comes ready for use, e.g., Last Call)
Leaf Eating
Ladybird Beetle
Very similar in appearance to the ladybird beetle that feeds on
aphids (shiny black, with 10 red spots).
Scouts should notice whether the ladybird is feeding on the
leaves, and if so, record it as a pest.
The larvae (covered in spines) also feed on leaves and should be
recorded.
The pest occurs from October onwards and can be serious on
young plants.
Carbaryl, acephate,
American
leafminer
(Liriomyza trifolii)
Must be distinguished from the mining stages of the tuber moth,
see above.
The larva makes circular mines and turns into a fly.
Proper identification is necessary as control measures are
different.
It may come under natural bio control by parasitic wasps. Scouts
should record larvae as parasitized or normal.
Rising numbers (shown by scouting records) helps aid decision
to spray.
Cyromazine (Trigard®), abamectin,
azadirachtin, spinosad, acetamiprid
Dusty Surface
Beetle / False
These are a sporadic pests that may damage the crop form December
onwards. Seed dressing: imidacloprid
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Irish Potatoes Wireworm
Consider a seed dressing with an insecticide if crop is young and
susceptible in December.
Otherwise apply the insecticide in a 30 cm band above the seed tuber and
cover row immediately after.
Early Blight
A problem in warmer, dry weather.
Scout for signs of disease and spray at first symptoms.
Preventative: Copper Oxychloride,
mancozeb, metiram, chlorothalonil.
Curative: Difenoconazole,
tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin
Late Blight
A problem in cool, wet weather, or May – Aug when dews are heavy or in
“guti” conditions.
Scout for signs of disease and spray at first symptoms.
Early treatment is vital and a late blight warning system should be
implemented in areas with multiple growers in close proximity.
Preventative: Copper Oxychloride,
mancozeb, metiram, chlorothalonil.
Curative: metalaxyl + mancozeb
(Ridomil®, Crater®), fenamidone
(Noblight®), Dimethomorph +
mancozeb (Acrobat MZ®),
Diseases at
Planting
Growers should use certified planting material.
Planting of tubers saved from the previous season can be a source of
disease in the resulting crop.
For Rhizoctonia: Fludioxonil + mancozeb (Maxim XL)
Weeds
It is important to control BLWs such as Nicandra ( Apple of Peru, see
above) and other weeds that harbour pests.
Pre – plant weed clean up:
glyphosate
Pre – emergence control of broad leaf
weeds and grasses: metribuzin,
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Irish Potatoes dimethenamid-p, or linuron, S-
metolachlor.
Post – Emergence control of Grasses:
Fluazifop – P – butyl, sethoxydim,
quizalofop-P-ethyl
Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
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PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
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Sweet potatoes Aphids
(Transmit viruses such as sweet potato mosaic virus)
Limited
natural and
bio plant
practices.
Sticky yellow traps can be used for monitoring, or scout - examine the top
leaves of the plant.
Have diseased plants tested at a diagnostic lab (TRB Plant Clinic) to
confirm
Control Weeds to avoid alternative hosts for aphids.
Use of oil garlic based repellents.
Dimethoate and
other insecticides are used. Aphid control is limited. Awareness is needed
More of a problem on shallow-rooted varieties, consider switch to deeper-rooted varieties if weevils a problem
Two ridgings per cycle: First after the first weed cleaning and second 75 days later.
Diazinon,
monocrotophos
advised by
Government
extension.
Diazinon & monocrotophos must
not be supported with USAID
resources
Drench at planting with Imidacloprid
Foliar spray: Acetamiprid 20 SP at
50 g/ha or malathion.
.
.
White grubs
Very
limited, as
this pest is
difficult to
control
once
prevalent.
Larvae of beetles belonging to the Scarabaedae family. Most important is Eulipida mashona commonly called the Msasa beetle as the beetles emerge after the first substantial rains of the season and feed on leaves of Msasa and Julbernadia trees. Eggs are laid in the soil shortly after emergence. White grubs feed on organic matter and roots and reach maximum size about Feb/Mar. Other genera are Adoretus, Anomala and Schizonycha – their larvae are much smaller.
Natural enemies: parasitoids, ants, birds (storks) and parasitic
nematodes.
Ensure proper drainage. Grubs thrive in moist soil, especially with
decaying organic matter. Female beetles prefer to lay eggs on moist-
decaying organic matter.
Chlorpyriphos
is used by some.
Awareness of this pest is needed.
No efficacy information on incorporation of fipronil is available,
but it may be useful.
No efficacy information for thiamethoxam contained in Apron Star ®seed dressing. It may work
when white grubs are very small early in the season (Dec).
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Sweet potatoes Crop rotation: Soybean is found to be resistant to white grubs.
Good trap crops are African marigold, sunflower, mirabilis, and castor.
Repellent plants are chives, garlic, tansy, and catnip.
Trapping: Use bowls of water mixed with soap / detergent placed under
lights in Nov / Dec to catch adult beetles. Feed to chickens. .
Sweet potato hawk moth larvae, Agrius cingulatus
Farmers catch and eat the larvae.
Crop rotations.
Capable of completely stripping the plant.
Weed control denies the pest alternative hosts.
Use of natural enemies.
Use of biological control Bacillus thuringiensis.
Use carbaryl. Chemical Control: carbaryl, acephate,
trichlorfon, indoxacarb
Dipel / Biobit (BT) may be useful, but
untested.
Whiteflies
(Transmit viruses such as sweet potato mosaic virus). Trialeurodes vaporarium, Bemisia tabaci
Planting disease free planting material and destroying volunteer plants.
Weed control denies the pest alternative hosts.
Whitefly can be monitored using bright yellow sticky traps, or scout
top leaves of crop, checking underside.
Parasitoid wasps normally exert control of whitefly. Scouts should be
trained to recognize and record parasitized whitefly. Synthetic pyrethroids
should not be used to control other pests. Pesticides are rarely
necessary if wasps are conserved. If needed, only specific systemics
should be used.
Plant away from other whitefly host plants like cucurbits.
Dimethoate and Synthetic Pyrethroids are
used by some growers.
Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Thiacloprid; rotate with Pymetrozine (Chess).
Consider Pyriproxyfen.
.
Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
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PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Tomatoes Aphids Destruction Removal of host plants such as weeds 2 weeks before planting. Weeds Lebaycid ®
(fenthion) is Fenthion is not EPA registered,
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Sweet potatoes of infested
crop
residues /
host plants.
Other control
measures are
limited.
in the crop should be removed in a timely manner. Field surroundings
should also be kept tidy by slashing down all tall weeds.
Avoidance of moisture stress on the crop necessary. Aphids multiply
faster on a crop that is stressed. Heavily-infested plants should be removed from the field and buried in a pit.
Natural enemies: ladybird beetles and hoverfly larvae, which usually keep
pest populations in check. Avoid spraying Synthetic Pyrethroids (SPs) and
other broad spectrum insecticides.
Scouting is essential: The crop can withstand a small population of
aphids without damage. However if numbers are high and black mould
starts to form on the honeydew they excrete, chemical control should be
considered.
Scouting method (guide that may be adapted for local conditions):
1. Examine 2 meters of row (a sample) for every hectare. 2. Plants with 2 leaves: examine six plants per sample for aphids. 3. Plants with 3 leaves up to flowering: examine the leaf at top of
the main stem. 4. After flowering: examine the terminal trifoliate of the seventh leaf
from the tip of any branch. 5. Look at six trifoliates per 2 meters (six feet) of row and calculate
an average per trifoliate. 6. Treat with appropriate insecticides if aphids reach 3 to 4 per
plant. Aphids do not transmit any serious virus diseases in Zimbabwe.
Soil mulches: useful as they harbor predators and other beneficial
insects.
used for chemical Control at a general rate of 500 to 700ml/ha.
must not be supported with USAID
resources
Acetamiprid or imidacloprid should
be applied and rotated with
dimethoate or pymetrozine (Chess
®).
Synthetic pyrethroids should NOT
be used to control aphids.
Vegetable oil (especially canola),
detergents / soaps can be used.
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Sweet potatoes Yellow traps: useful as a monitoring tool, as an extra to scouting.
Bollworm (Tomato Fruit worm)
Removal of
host plants.
Awareness is
needed for bio
control
agents.
Removal of host plants such as weeds. Weeding should be done in a timely manner. Field surroundings should also be kept tidy by slashing down all overgrown weeds.
Careful monitoring for eggs and small larvae. Treat before large numbers of larvae enter fruit, where they are protected from sprays.
Bio control agents and Trichogramma parasitic wasps and other natural enemies often destroy significant numbers of eggs, so monitor for these (record presence and quantity).
Dipel ® / Biobit
® (BT) are used
at a rate of 0.5 –
1 kg / ha.
Lambda-
cyhalothrin is
most commonly
used.
Biological Product: Dipel ® or
Biobit ® (BT): use when humidity is
high.
Chemical Control: Lufenuron (Match ®), which is an
Insect Growth Regulant (IGR), can be used on small larvae. An alternative IGR product is novaluron (Rimon ®).
IGRs should be used once scouting shows presence of eggs. Other effective chemicals: carbaryl, indoxacarb, spinosad.
Synthetic pyrethroids should not be used except for cutworm (see below).
Cutworm
Agrotis ipsilon Cutworms have numerous natural enemies, but none can be
relied on to bring a damaging population down below economic levels.
Check for cutworms in weeds around the edges of the field
before planting. Remove weeds from field margins and plough fields at least 10 days before planting to destroy larvae, food sources, and egg-laying sites
Scouting: Seedling stage: check for a row of four or more wilted
plants with completely or partially severed stems. The larvae can be found at the base of plants just below the soil surface.
If cutworm is found chemical control is usually necessary to
maintain crop stand. Baits can also be used for control.
Lambda
cyhalothrin
5EC-100ml/ha
Follow-up Spray
: High
infestations:
Cypermethrin
direct drench on
to base of the
plant apply late
afternoon.
Synthetic pyrethroids (SPs)
including lambda-cyhalothrin
(except products named Karate®
used), and deltamethrin.
Other sprays: carbaryl, indoxacarb
(which is expensive). Baits: trichlorfon mixed with Maize
meal & water.
Cypermethrin is not EPA registered for
agricultural use; do not use with
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Sweet potatoes USAID resources.
Red Spider mite
Tetranychus urticae
Limited, but crop rotation is practiced so as to break the life cycle of the pest.
Field hygiene
is critical as it
helps break
the life cycle
and reduce
pest pressure.
Spider mites have many natural enemies that effectively limit
populations.
Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed plants
are most likely to be damaged. Broad-spectrum insecticides
(especially synthetic pyrethroids SPs) for other pests (E.g.,
Heliothis / tomato fruit worm) frequently cause mite outbreaks, so
avoid these when possible.
Predatory mites (Phytoseiulus spp) are commercially available
for purchase but costs are considerable. It is better to encourage
naturally-occurring predatory mites by avoiding the use of SPs.
Apply water to pathways and other dusty areas at regular
intervals may help: Spider mites thrive under dry conditions. For
the same reason, provide adequate irrigation.
When spraying, always spray the most infested crop last, as
mites can “hitch a ride” with the person spraying and be
effectively transported to an uninfected (usually younger) crop.
Always scout the crop before deciding to apply a miticide.
Bio sprays: chili and garlic extract mixed applied as a spray are
effective in RSM control.
Crop rotation should be done so as to break the life cycle of the
pest.
Dusting with
sulphur also
helps in
suppressing the
pest
populations.
Wettable
Sulphur
(Thiovit ®)
80WG 2-3kg/ha
is used by some
growers.
Sulphur, dusted or sprayed helps
suppress the pest at low populations. Wettable Sulphur (Thiovit ®) 80WG
is used at 2-3kg/ha. Insecticidal soap or oil can be used
to kill mites by suffocation. Silicone wetters (e.g., Silwett ®) also have the
same effect. Oils and soaps must contact mites to kill them so excellent coverage, especially on the undersides of leaves, is essential. Repeat applications may be required, and at least 2 applications must be made with Silwett ®.
Neemoil may be effective.
Chemical Control: usually necessary
when scouting shows that numbers are rising, and should be done before webbing is seen. It is better to use the specific miticides, including Amitraz, (Mitac ®), Dicofol, Abamectin (Dynamec ®), or Smite ® (etoxazole) in rotation as per label
instructions.
Leaf Miners, Liriomyza spp
Limited, more
awareness
needed for
natural control
practices.
Leafminer larvae have many natural enemies that keep them below
Sweet potatoes insecticide if the average is 0.7 larvae per plant (for plants with 0-2 true leaves) or 0.7 larvae per 3 terminal leaflets (for plants with >2 leaves per plant).
Bio sprays: Neem tree seed oil extract.
Yellow traps: yellow basins filled with a water + detergent mixture placed
among the crop work as well as sticky traps.
used but with
little effect.
White flies Beauveria bassiana.
Limited. Scouting awareness is needed. Natural bio control practices limited.
Whitefly can cause economically significant damage by sucking
the sap, excreting honeydew which develops sooty mould and
transmitting the yellow leaf curl virus. If the virus is known to
occur in the area, even small populations of whitefly can cause
economic damage and will need to be controlled. High
temperatures and dry conditions favor whitefly.
Natural enemies such as parasitic wasps (especially Encarsia
spp), ladybird beetles and predatory bugs normally keep whitefly
as side dressings during early fruiting, especially with
ammoniacal forms of nitrogen.
Avoid drought stress and wide fluctuations in soil moisture by
using mulches and/or irrigation. Plants generally need about 25
mm of moisture per week from rain or irrigation for proper growth
and development.
Foliar applications of calcium, which are often advocated, are of little value because of poor absorption and movement to fruit where it is needed.
Foliar spray of calcium is a possible solution, depending on absorption and movement to fruit, which is often poor.
Early blight Alternaria solani
Limited A disease of warm, wet weather, when epidemics can occur.
Use certified seed as the disease can be seed – borne
Farmer – saved seed can be hot water treated, or treated with a fungicide
When the crop is fully harvested, remove destroy crop residue, as the disease can be carried over to the next season in infected
Copper Oxychloride
and some triazoles are
used.
Preventative products: Copper
Oxychloride, Copper Ammonium
Acetate, Mancozeb and
Chlorothalonil.
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Sweet potatoes plant residues
Avoid planting next to Potatoes, Peppers or other Solanaceous plants, and remove weeds from the same family: Nicandra physaloides (apple of Peru), Physalis angulata (Wild Gooseberry), and Solanum nigrum (Black Nightshade).
Timing and application awareness is needed.
Curative products: Difenoconazole,
tebuconazole (triazoles).
trifloxystrobin
Fusarium root and Crown rot wilt. Fusarium spp
Very limited,
once infested
difficult to
control or
eradicate.
Awareness
needed in
seed quality
and seedling
hygiene.
The first line of defense against Fusarium is to use disease-free
seedlings.
Remove and destroy wilted plants and all debris of tomato and
other susceptible crops at the end of the growing season.
Rotate tomato-growing area with legume crops.
Fungicides for control of leaf blights have no effect on the
Fusarium diseases, which are internal infections.
Use resistant varieties.
Acidic soil favors the disease: check soil pH and lime if
necessary.
Presence of root knot nematodes encourages this disease
Septoria leaf spot, Septoria lycopersici
Use rotations Because seed has been implicated as a source, make sure
seed is acquired from disease-free seed-producing areas.
Practice good sanitation. If infected plants are found, rogue the
seedlings before transplanting them to the field. In the field,
remove or destroy tomato debris by deep plowing immediately
after harvest.
A 1-year rotation out of tomato should be observed.
Copper Oxychloride
and chlorothalonil
are used.
Spraying fungicides like Copper Oxychloride. Spray only when
weather conditions favor disease development. Mancozeb and chlorothalonil.
Late blight, Phytophthora infestans
Usually only a problem in cool moist conditions. Provide good
drainage and prevent flooding. Avoid wide fluctuations in soil
moisture, which predisposes plants to infection.
Keep tops of bed dry to avoid buckeye rot of the fruit. The crop
should be grown on stakes or trellising to keep the fruit off the
ground, and avoid contact with spores through water splash.
Planting cereals or grains as a rotation crop will reduce the
Chlorothalonil
spray as a preventative.
Preventative products: Copper
Oxychloride, mancozeb and
chlorothalonil.
Curative Products: Metalaxyl +
mancozeb (Ridomil ®), fenamidone
+ mancozeb (No Blight),
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Sweet potatoes level of infestation in the soil.
Resistant varieties are not yet commercially available.
dimethomorph, azoxystrobin, and
cymoxanil.
Damping-Off, Stem Rots Pythium spp
Maintaining soil pH near neutral.
Avoid planting on poorly drained soils.
Proper field and seedbed preparation and good water
management significantly reduce losses from damping-off.
Using sprinklers for germination keeps better control of water and lessens the chance of infection.
If possible, avoid planting when the soil is cool; seeds
germinate faster and seedlings are more vigorous when the soil is warm, so they are less likely to be damaged.
When seedling loss is extensive, replanting may be necessary.
The use of fungicide seed treatments can help prevent damping-off. Metalaxyl + mancozeb (Ridomil ®) Previcur N
Weed Control
(Annual grasses)
Hand
weeding.
Physical
removal of
weeds from
the field.
The use of rotational green manure crops such as Sunn hemp,
Tagetes and other natural plant crops can reduce weed pressure.
Reduced tillage.
Limited, some
use of post –
emerge
herbicides.
S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum ®)
applied pre-emergent of the weeds at
planting for annual grasses and some
broadleaf weeds.
Metribuzin can be used pre-
emergence of the weeds on seedling
crops.
Fluazifop-P-butyl (Fusilade ®) post-
emergence for established grasses
only.
Glyphosate not recommended on
light soils (<10% clay) as a pre-plant burn down application due to tomato sensitivity. A 10-day waiting period should be observed before planting
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Sweet potatoes seedlings on such soils
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4.0 SAFER USE ACTION PLAN INTRODUCTION
The Safer Use Action Plan is the definitive statement of IP pesticide compliance requirements and is
synthesized from the PER.
It is also a mandatory template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these
requirements, and for tracking compliance.
Each project subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed SUAP template to its AOR/COR by 31
December 2012 and provide an annual update.
With respect to pesticide compliance, the Safer Use Action Plan satisfies the requirement for an
environmental mitigation and monitoring plan (EMMP). The project EMMP should simply incorporate the
SUAP by reference.
SUMMARY OF COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS
Mitigations Measures and restrictions specified in the PER can be summarized as follows:
A. Only pesticides approved by this 2012 PERSUAP for the USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth
(EG) Portfolio may be supported with USAID funds on EG activities.
Pesticide “SUPPORT” means procurement, use, recommending for use, or otherwise facilitating
the use of a pesticide.
B. Pesticide support must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans. (The PERSUAP provides key information for IPs to develop these plans.)
C. Appropriate project staff & beneficiaries must be trained in safer pesticide use & pesticide first aid;
D. To the greatest degree practicable, projects must require use & maintenance of appropriate PPE—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, and disposal practices;
E. Projects must be systematic in their pesticide-related record-keeping and monitoring.
The PER and the annexes provide substantial resources to support compliance with these requirements, as detailed in the table below.
IPM/Safer Use Requirement Key Resources Provided
Pesticide recommendations
and use must be governed
by a set of crop- and pest-
specific IPM-based pest
management plans.
(IPs are responsible for
TABLE 1: crop-pest-GAP/IPM/pesticide matrix sets out crop-by-crop,
pest-by-pest management methods (1) currently in use by beneficiary
farmers, and (2) recommended by this PERSUAP, highlighting where
chemical controls in current use are not compliant with the PERSUAP
list of allowed pesticides.
Annex 1, a master matrix characterizing relative risks of each AI in all
Zimbabwe-registered pesticides. This includes human acute toxicities
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developing these plans.) and chronic health issues, water pollution potential, as well as potential
ecotoxicities to important non-target organisms like fish, honeybee
pollinators, birds and several aquatic organisms.
The matrix lists each AI in American English, and presents important
information for each chemical class, such as USEPA registration status
for select products that contain that AI.
Annex 6: Zimbabwe Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and IPM Tools
and Tactics
Annex 13: Guidelines for developing Pest Management
ANNEX 8. General mitigation of potential pesticide dangers and general
measures to ensure safe use
Annex 10. Routes of Pesticide Exposure and Mitigation of Risks
Annex 11: Basic First Aid for Pesticide overexposure
Annex 12. Pesticide Disposal Options
To the greatest degree
practicable, projects must
require use & maintenance
of appropriate PPE—as well
as safe pesticide purchase,
handling, and disposal
practices
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Pesticide Safer Use Action Plan & Compliance Tracker Must be submitted to AOR/COR by 31 December 2012 and annually updated thereafter.
BASIC INFORMATION SUBMISSION DATES:
Prime Contractor Initial submission
Project Annual Update #1
Pesticide
Compliance Lead
& Contact
Information
:
Annual Update #2
Summary of Pest
Management
Needs on Project
Annual Update #3
Note: Pesticide “support” = use of USAID funds to: purchase pesticides; directly fund the application of pesticides; recommend pesticides for
use; enable the application or purchase of pesticides via provision of application equipment, credit support, etc.
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Required Compliance (Mitigation) Measure
Initial Compliance Status (if not known, so indicate)
Actions planned to achieve & maintain compliance
(w/ deadlines & responsible party)
Status of compliance actions
SUPPORT ONLY THE PESTICIDES AUTHORIZED BY THE 2012 USAID/ZIMBABWE ECONOMIC GROWTH PERSUAP
Immediately
Ensure NO SUPPORT for insecticides containing the AIs Endosulfan,
Methomyl, Parathion, Monocrotophos, Aldicarb and Carbofuran
(insert extra rows if needed)
Ensure NO SUPPORT for aluminum phosphide or Methyl Bromide to
fumigate stored or export produce.
Fumigation is only to be done by teams of well-trained spray personnel using specialized canister filter breathing
apparatus and phosphine gas meters.
Distribute copies of the list of allowed products and/or of pesticide commercial
product names that cannot be supported with USAID funds, and
distribute to all project field extension staff & advise regarding the 1 Nov 2012
deadline for compliance
As soon as possible but not later than 1 November 2012
Assure that USAID-funded pesticide support is limited to ONLY PESTICIDES
APPROVED BY PERSUAP.
Continue verification throughout life-of-project
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Quarterly
Contact Zimbabwe pesticide registrar every 3 months to obtain up-to-date information on pesticide registration
changes; advise all field offices/sites of any changes to permitted list that result.
Pesticide technical assistance and use must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop-and-pest specific IPM-based pest management plans.
By 15 December 2012
Starting from the information in PERSUAP Table 1 and drawing on PERSUAP Annex 1, adopt/develop
crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans (PMPs).
Note: sharing/collaboration among projects is encouraged
Translate PMPs into crop-specific field reference guides or posters for farmers
to anticipate and manage pests.
By 15 March 2013
Provide first-time training to appropriate project staff, partners and beneficiaries
in PMPs;
Provide refresher training annually.
From 15 March 2013
Require and enforce PMP implementation in situations where the project has direct control over pesticide
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use
Require and enforce that field extension under direct project control be PMP-
based.
Where project control over extension or agricultural practice on the ground is
less than complete, promote and support to PMPs to the greatest
practicable extent.
Ongoing over Life of Project (LOP)
Modify PMPs over LOP based on ground-truthing/field experience.
As Zimbabwe registers them, test and promote commercially-available natural chemicals listed in Annex 4. (Note that upon registration, these chemicals are
approved by this PERSUAP.)
As indicated, field test alternative pest management measures, including
alternatives to the highly toxic pesticides whose use is denied by this PERSUAP.
Appropriate project staff & beneficiaries must be trained in safer pesticide use & pesticide first aid.
Develop a Training Plan for Pesticide Safe Practices and IPM for project staff
and beneficiaries, including at least
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annual refresher training.*
Implement training plan, providing first-time training to all relevant staff and beneficiaries within 6 months.
Test and certify experienced pesticide users annually and test and certify new pesticide users on knowledge of human
safety and environmental protection.
Assure that each branch office prominently displays safety charts with the most common safety measures for
each of the toxicity groups in the Zimbabwe classification system. These should be given in English, Shona, and Ndebele, together with the appropriate pictograms associated with this class of
chemicals.
To the greatest degree practicable, projects must require use & maintenance of appropriate PPE – as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, and disposal practices.
If carbamate or organophosphate-class pesticides are used extensively, as on a
commercial farm or a plaque management program, follow
procedures for baseline testing for cholinesterase inhibition, and establish
a periodic cholinesterase monitoring schedule when necessary.
Ensure that farmers use PPE and apply
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pesticides early in the morning, or late afternoon.
Ensure that farmer associations have trained pesticide applicators, each have 1 or 2 sets of PPE; assign responsible
PPE caretakers
Require program managers to identify local option(s) for disposal provisions for
used pesticide containers – Follow GlobalGAP recommendations and see
PERSUAP Annex 12.
Ensure that implementing partners make sufficient PPE available at cost to
the applicators designated on each program assigned by USAID partners
and direct responsibility and accountability for the proper storage and
maintenance of this PPE according to this PERSUAP recommendation
Projects must be systematic in their pesticide related record-keeping and monitoring.
For all project-supported farmers, introduce pesticide record-keeping
concepts and tools for following GlobalGAP standards, where
applicable.
Require that project managers keep records and report on the
implementation of the recommendations found in the PERSUAP, including any
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*Training should address, inter alia, the following important pesticide safety themes:
types and classes of pesticides;
human and environmental risk associated with pesticides (MSDSs, Annex 1)
use and maintenance of PPE (Annex 7);
understanding information on pesticide labels;
evidence of pesticide resistance development and report on the
implementation in Annual Reports, under a heading titled “Environmental
Compliance and Best Practices.”
Headquarters should hold laminated copies of MSDSs and pesticide labels
for each commercial pesticide that beneficiary farmers use; keep copies on
record at project field staff office sites and farm sites. Labels contain key
information for each a.i. e.g. toxicity classification, antidotes in cases of
poisoning, and environmental issues associated with a.i., for example its
hazard to bees. This critical information will be summarized on laminated sheets and held in each branch office for ease
of reference
Flow-down requirements
Prime contractors must write pesticide compliance requirements as set out
above into each grant or sub-contract that will involve support for pesticide
use.
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proper collection and disposal of pesticide rinsate and packaging (Annex 12)
the importance of keeping vulnerable individuals away from the field during and after spraying;
avoiding the use of pesticides in or near national parks or headwaters leading to rivers where endangered species are known to exist;
mitigation measures for reducing risks to critical environmental resources and biodiversity;
ensuring pesticide applicators notify beekeepers about spray activities;
use of pesticides early in the morning or late in the afternoon and when no heavy winds or rain are present;
basic first aid for pesticide poisoning (Annex 11);
awareness of pesticides (especially some herbicides) with high ground water contamination potential where water tables are high or easy
to reach (Annex 1)
IPM concepts, tactics and methodologies that can reduce or alternate pesticide use.
The use of the least toxic synthetic pesticides, green-label synthetic pesticides as well as natural pesticides (Annex 5).
Wherever practicable, invite farm store owners/operators to participate in pesticide safety training and stewardship.
Consider a training-of-trainers approach using either internal or 3rd
-party trainers to achieve training goals.
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Annex 1a. Environmental analyses of active ingredients in pesticides registered for use and imported
to Zimbabwe Key: WHO Acute Toxicity Classes: O = Obsolete; Ia = Extremely Hazardous; Ib = Highly Hazardous; II = Moderately Hazardous; III = Slightly Hazardous; U =
Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use
EPA Acute Toxicity Classes: I = Extremely Toxic; II = Highly Toxic; III = Moderately Toxic; IV = Slightly Toxic
Chronic Human Toxicity: KC = Known Carcinogen; PC = Possible Carcinogen; ED = Endocrine Disruptor suspect; RD =
Reproductive & Development Toxin; P = Parkinson’s
Active Ingredients Class
EP
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Cla
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Cla
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Ch
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Gro
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Toxicity
Fis
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Bee
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Bird
s
Am
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Wo
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Mo
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Cru
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Aq
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Pla
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Insecticides
abamectin microbial extract yes some none II, III RD no data ST HT PNT HT VHT VHT
acephate organophospate yes no III III PC potential MT HT MT ST ST ST
acetamiprid chloro-nicotinyl yes No none III none no data NAT MT HT NAT
acrinathrin pyrethroid no U IV ED no data MT ST MT MT MT
Aldicarb carbamate yes yes Ia I ED known MT HT HT MT MT
allethrin (bio-allethrin) pyrethroid no III III ED no data VHT MT ST HT VHT HT
alphacypermethrin pyrethroid no none II, III PC no data HT HT PNT MT VHT VHT VHT
Amitraz formamdine yes No III II PC, RD no data MT PNT ST ST NAT ST
azadirachtin botanical yes No II, III none no data MT MT MT VHT HT
azamethaphos organophospate no III III none no data MT HT HT VHT
From squash Trap bait: corn rootworm, cucumber beetles
Low
40515-
Verbenone From pine trees Repels bark beetles
Low 128986
* attracts corn rootworm beetles ** attracts Japanese beetles. Not all plant extracts are listed. More detailed information available for most of the oils: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm.
Natural Source: Only one or a few sources are listed. Most of these chemicals are found in many different plants.
Annex 6. Zimbabwe GAPs and IPM tools and tactics GAP/IPM Tools Used by farmers in target areas? Soil nutrient, texture and pH testing
NO. Small holder farmers in all areas have very minimum knowledge on the benefits of having their soils analyzed. For pH, the use of lime is being practiced in some areas on a very low scale. All USAID projects will include soil and pH testing on which to base fertilizer recommendations
Pest resistant/tolerant seed/plant or livestock variety
YES. For row crops such as maize, the use of hybrid seed with a high pest and disease resistance package is very high. NO. Horticulture production still relies heavily on open pollinated varieties with a very poor pest and disease resistance package, as well as retained seed or planting material. This is because these varieties are affordable as compared to those with a high pest and disease tolerance package.
Use of locally-adapted plant or livestock varieties
YES. Use is very high Livestock in the country is mainly made up of breeds that have adapted to local conditions over a long period.
Enhance or provide shade for shade-grown crops
NO. Most crop production done by small holder farmers is under full sun. Shade grown crops are not popular.
Assign crop-free (fallow) periods to help soil recover and crop-specific pests to diminish
NO. Land is left fallow by default e.g. as a result of inadequate inputs at times. Where inputs are not a problem, land is not left fallow. The concept of crop-free periods has not yet been adopted in most areas.
Use measures to reduce soil erosion, like low-till, terracing, mulching, drip irrigation, minimum tillage, no-till, planting trees/grass on margins
Limited. Being done on a small percentage of the total tilled area. However, some USAID projects have introduced conservation farming technology through SAT, for example draught animal powered ripping and hand hoe made basin methods to minimize turning of the soil, use of stover and grass as mulch to improve water infiltration at the same time reducing soil erosion. Terracing and vetiver grass planting is practiced extensively in Manicaland in the higher rainfall areas.
Seed treatment with pesticides
YES. Normally commercially available maize seed is already treated when it is purchased. Farmers do not do it themselves
Use recommended planting density and crop thinning
YES. Being practiced by horticulture and row crop farmers in most irrigation schemes
Soil moisture measurements NO. No instruments to measure. Farmers use traditional methods to estimate soil moisture by assessing rainfall and physically handling the soil /testing whether field capacity is reached. Consultations with neighbors and extension agents complete the assessment process.
Raised bed production YES. This is being done by horticulture farmers in areas prone to waterlogging
Flood irrigation using stream or pond water
YES, in some areas in Manicaland extensive use is made of water piped from streams
Drip irrigation using deep well water
NO. Insignificant, due to cost and complexity.
Use of natural fertilizers (manure, compost)
YES. With the concept of conservation farming taking place the use of natural fertilizers is increasingly gaining momentum, particularly in horticultural systems. Use of manure and compost at permanent stations will be introduced so that soil fertility and structure builds up over time.
Use of purchased mineral fertilizers
YES. High usage. Inorganic fertilizers are used as basal and top dressing but at lower rates than large scale cropping
Combinations of organic and mineral fertilizers
YES. Still on the lower side though and mainly practiced by those who have adopted conservation farming, and horticulture
Crop rotation Most farmers practice some form of crop rotation. As maize
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GAP/IPM Tools Used by farmers in target areas? takes up to 50% of the land area, in addition to other grain crops (sorghum, finger millet, pearl millet) there is no perfect crop rotation practiced. Sections of the farm remain monocropped
Use of green manure crops NO, for most crops. Farmer’s resources too limited.
Early/late plantings/harvestings to avoid pests
YES. For crops such as tomatoes, beans and carrots, farmers have traditional planting periods to ensure a pest and disease free cropping period and also to avoid adverse conditions like frost and excessive rainfall. This is mainly done for small scale horticulture production. For row crops, early or timely planting with the first effective rains will be one of the key principles of conservation farming where planting stations are prepared during the dry season.
Use of trap crops to trap and destroy pests
NO. Concept awareness required. Farmers do not allocate land and resources to unproductive crops.
Pruning and sanitation (removal) of diseased plants or tree parts
YES. Those small holder farmers practicing horticulture on a commercial scale remove diseased plants from the field. Citrus growers often remove diseased fruit to control false codling moth.
Disinfect tools when cutting out diseased plants or plant parts
NO. Normally the removal of diseased plants is done by hand. Where tools are used, usually no disinfection is carried out.
Planting parasite-attracting flowering plants on field margins
NO. Small holder farmers are not aware of this concept
Farmer ability to correctly identify pests, pest damage, predators and parasites
Limited to some horticultural growers. Farmers will be trained on correct pest identification, economic threshold and spraying threshold levels at demo plots set up for specific crops in each area
Purchase and use of parasitoids or predators to attack major pests
NO. Concept not known amongst small holder farmers.
Use of pheromone traps to monitor moth levels
No. To be introduced into citrus for fruit fly control
Use of pheromone traps to reduce overall moth or beetle levels
No. To be introduced into citrus for fruit fly control
Use of pheromone inundation to confuse pest mating
NO
Use of baits with small amounts of pesticide added (a bait containing slug killer iron phosphate is commercially available, as are others)
YES. Used by horticultural growers but not common practice. There is a snail and slug bait that is commonly used by growers especially when they plant fine beans during the rainy season.
Use of pesticides derived from bacteria or containing bacteria (Spinosad, Abamectin, Bacillus thuringiensis-BT, metarhizium species, Beauveria basiana, Trichoderma species)
Some. Not being used, consciously. Farmers need awareness on such pesticides. However, spinosad, abamectin and BT are registered and used in Zimbabwe. Prohibitive cost usually precludes small scale farmers from using them in preference to cheaper, more toxic products
Use of pesticides derived from oils or minerals (mineral and vegetable oils, soaps,
YES
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GAP/IPM Tools Used by farmers in target areas? sulfur, copper compounds, kaolin clay) Use of artisanal pesticides derived from extracts of plants or spices (neem oil, pyrethroids from Chrysanthemums, rotenone, oil extracts of citronella, chili pepper or garlic)
Limited
Use of repellent chemicals or extracts to repel pests from crop
Limited
Weekly field scouting to assess pest levels/damage, use of pest threshold levels to make control decisions
Scouting is done routinely by horticultural producers to assess the need to spray. Training will be done to establish threshold levels.
Mulching with organic materials (straw) or plastic to control weeds and conserve soil moisture
Yes. Practice done on Horticulture sites and communal gardens. It is being promoted on all crops and is a fairly common practice in bananas. Farmers are seeing large benefits in drought tolerance, but this is counteracted by the effort needed to move the mulch on site. Plastic mulches are not used due to cost
Mechanical weed control by machine cultivation, hoe, or by hand, if plots are sufficiently small
YES. Extensively practiced. Timely weeding by hoe before weeds can flower to reduce the seed bank is a key practice in all small scale farming systems
Exclude insect pests and extend growing season by using greenhouses and microtunnels
NO. Not practiced. Experimental tunnel being assessed for flower production. Cost is prohibitive
Mechanical insect control by hand picking larvae, pupae or adults
SOME. Not being practiced widely on row crops due to scale, but is used in horticultural plots for some larger visible pests.
Destruction/sanitation or composting of crop stalks, residue and dropped fruit at end of season
YES. Cotton and tobacco mandatory destruction dates are enforced where practicable. This is also practiced by horticulturalists, esp. composting of non-edible residues
Any soil, water, energy, or biodiversity conservation practices used
Some. For row crops, conservation farming where minimum turning of the soil results in less erosion. In horticultural crops and paprika, use of mulch to conserve moisture. Contour ridges pegged by Agritex and maintained by farmers
Inter-planting crops with aromatic herbs (celery, cilantro, parsley, dill, oregano) that repel pests
NO. Not being practiced. Small holder farmers require awareness on this concept Some horticultural farmers intercrop onions with vegetables to repel pests.
Install wind-breaks and buffer zones on wind-ward side of field (fast-growing trees like eucalyptus or bamboo) to reduce movement of small migratory pests like aphids, whiteflies, thrips, mites, leafhoppers
Some. Farmers have other varieties of bushes or trees that they are using as windbreaks like jatropha, sesbania, rubber hedge etc. as well as eucalyptus; however the aim is to reduce access by animals rather than insect pests.
Does the farmer have a site growing history or record-keeping system for his/her farm?
Very Limited. Physical records seldom found but mental records are common and unreliable. Training will emphasize a business approach that entails record keeping
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GAP/IPM Tools Used by farmers in target areas? Are farm and premises clear of litter and waste—both of which increase food safety risks?
NO not generally practiced
Do any farmers have traceability and recall mechanisms in place?
NO. Not at all for small holder farmers
Do farmers have pesticide competence and knowledge?
NO. Very Limited knowledge. However, project’s training is ongoing to reinforce the farmers' knowledge
Do farmers avoid use of internationally- or nationally banned (POPs) or restricted (PIC) pesticides?
Limited. Farmers do not know about these chemicals because the information is not available. However, these chemicals are not widely available in rural areas. However, some farmers use unregistered chemicals procured from neighboring countries like Zambia, South Africa.
Use spot (versus entire field) treatment of pest hotspots with insecticides, miticides or fungicides
Limited. Farmers are sometimes forced to do this because of limited financial resources. Full cover sprays are done on most fields when pests are seen if the farmer can afford it.
Use of insecticides, miticides or nematicides for insect, mite and nematode control
YES
Use of fungicides for control of fungi
YES
Use of herbicides for weed control
Limited. Mostly manual weeding. Adoption of chemical weed control is essential for commercialization of small scale farmers
Use of rodenticides for rat or mouse control
NO
Use of avicides for Quelea or bird control
NO, farmers chase the birds from fields.
Farmer use of a locked and placarded (with warning signs) shed or restricted area for safe pesticide storage?
SOME . A few farmers put chemicals under lock and key, but do not place warning signs up. This will be encouraged when training in safe use of pesticides. Hort Farmers previously trained in Global GAP are aware of the necessity, row crop farmers are not
Does farmer have or have access to Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) appropriate for pesticides used?
Limited. Some spray operators have own PPE but it is not generally used correctly. Local agro dealers do not stock PPE and farmers perceive it as expensive and unnecessary. Pesticide safe use training will change this perception.
Do farmers with PPE use it? YES
Is there a record of farmer training and certification in health, safety and hygiene related to pesticides and food safety?
Some. Only those small scale farmers who once worked on or supplied commercial farms with produce before land reform might have the records from previous training. The public extension service, Agritex uses a module on Safe Use of Pesticides to train farmers under the Master Farmer Training Program.
Do nearby health clinics have first aid experience dealing with pesticide poisoning?
Limited. Some health clinics do have first aid experience to deal with pesticides poisoning. Patients are usually referred to Central hospitals.
Are pesticides, fertilizers, animal feed and harvested crops stored separately?
YES
Testing of irrigation water for heavy metals, pesticides and human pathogens?
NO This is supposed to be done by Zinwa, Zimbabwe National Water Authority but is not carried out in practice.
Are pesticides applied by farmers appropriate for target pests as recommended on
NO. (With respect to small holder farmers). Most of them know a very limited range of chemicals and the chemical that will be at their disposal is what they will use.
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GAP/IPM Tools Used by farmers in target areas? product labels? Do farmers use only pesticides legally registered by their National government for use?
Generally yes, however most farmers do not know which pesticides are registered and which are not. That information is not available to them. Some import unregistered pesticides
Do farmers understand and use recommended Re-Entry Intervals (REI), Pre-Harvest Intervals (PHI) and Maximum Residue Levels (MRL)?
YES/NO. Pre –Harvest Intervals are well understood and used by horticultural growers. Small holder farmers generally have no idea of the concept of MRLs; however those who have grown export crops are aware of it.
Do farmers triple rinse and dispose of (instead of re-use) empty pesticide containers properly (puncture and bury)?
Limited. This practice is not widely used and this is one area that is stressed during Pesticide safe use and handling training.
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Annex 7. EPA recommended worker protection standards PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT (PPE) FOR WORKER PROTECTION – STANDARD PRODUCTS Route of Exposure
Toxicity Category by Route of Exposure of End-Use Product I DANGER
II WARNING III CAUTION IV CAUTION
Dermal Toxicity or Skin Irritation Potential1
Coveralls worn over longsleeved shirt and long pants Socks Chemical-resistant footwear Chemical resistant gloves2
Coveralls worn over short-sleeved shirt and short pants Socks Chemical-resistant footwear Chemical-resistant gloves2
Long-sleeved shirt and long pants Socks Shoes Chemical resistant gloves2
Long-sleeved shirt and long pants Socks Shoes No minimum4
Inhalation Toxicity
Respiratory protection device3
Respiratory protection device3
No minimum4 No minimum4
Eye Irritation Potential
Protective eyewear5
Protective eyewear5
No minimum4 No minimum4
1 If dermal toxicity and skin irritation toxicity categories are different, PPE shall be determined by the more severe toxicity category of the two. If dermal toxicity or skin irritation is category I or II, refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine if additional PPE is required beyond that specified in the Table. 2 Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of chemical-resistant glove. 3 Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of respiratory protection. 4 Although no minimum PPE is required for these toxicity categories and routes of exposure, some specific products may require PPE. Read pesticide label/MSDS. 5 “Protective eyewear” is used instead of “goggles” and/or “face shield” and/or “shielded safety glasses” and similar terms to describe eye protection. Eye glasses and sunglasses are not sufficient eye protection. The following sites identify recommended PPE for pesticides:
http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/workers/equip.htm (all types of PPE)
Annex 8. General mitigation of potential pesticides dangers and
general measures to ensure safe use
If there are no feasible alternatives to pesticides, the following measures are recommended to mitigate and reduce their risks to human health and the environment. Note that risk is a function of both toxicity and exposure. Reducing risk means (1) selecting less toxic pesticides and (2) selecting pesticides that will lead to the least human exposure before, during and after use. REDUCE EXPOSURE TIME OR THE DEGREE OF EXPOSURE BEFORE USING BEFORE PURCHASE, TRANSPORT, STORAGE, OR USE
Provide appropriate training to all relevant parties
Training should be continuous
Training should identify level and audiences: distributors, farmers, transporters, etc. Packaging:
Follow international and national norms and guidelines
Use packaging (small containers) adapted to local needs
Eliminate re-use of packaging materials Transport:
Understand pesticide-specific risks and conditions to avoid prior to transport – understand
constraints on package label
Separate pesticides from other materials being transported
Secure containers in transport vehicles to prevent loss, leakage, or damage
Avoid intense exposure to sunlight for extended periods – see pesticide-specific guidance Storing:
Develop strict guidelines for village-level storage
Ensure permanent, well-marked labeling
Follow and respect national norms
Use appropriate language (English, Shona) and approved pictograms Formulating:
Use appropriate type and concentration
Use appropriate personal protective equipment BEFORE USE
Ensure evacuation of non-essential personnel, especially children and pregnant women
Ensure that appropriate environmental conditions for application exist – see pesticide-specific
guidance (e.g., avoid windy or rainy conditions) DURING USE Use proper application equipment:
Should be adapted to user needs and possibilities
Should assure maintenance and availability of parts and service Use protective equipment and clothing:
Should be adapted to local climatic conditions
Should be adapted to user needs and resource possibilities
Should eliminate exposure rather than just reduce it, if at all possible Focus on “buffer zones” around the following:
Housing
Environment: water, sensitive areas
Children’s play areas AFTER USING Know, enforce, respect exclusion or reentry periods after application Assure proper cleaning and rinsing off of:
Applicators’ preparation and application equipment
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Applicators’ clothing
Storage containers Develop a workable monitoring and evaluation system for:
Adherence to national and international policies regarding pest management and pesticides
Health effects on applicators, the local population, and domestic animals
Efficacy on target pests
Impacts on environment: residuals in and/or manifest damage/degradation to above- and below-ground water, soils, air, non-targeted environment, biodiversity
Build-up of residual levels leading to resistance by targeted pests
Elimination/minimization of pesticide leftovers and proper disposal of containers Reference: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf, Chapter 13
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Annex 9. International PIC & POPs Lists Updated PIC Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals (http://www.pic.int)
Annex 13. Guidelines for pest management plans (PMP) for USAID
funded crops and beneficiaries Plans for USAID projects crops and beneficiaries
The following is a PMP guideline produced by analyzing and combining the best
pieces of PMPs produced by universities and the U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA) in the United States, national crop protection services of other countries, and
international groups. Almost universally, actionable PMPs are crop-specific, with no
more than one crop per PMP. Each PMP is designed primarily to be used as a
seasonal planning and field decision-making (management) tool for farmers and
farm managers who produce the crop.
The PMP is outlined roughly into four parts: Justification and Users of PMP, Crop-
Specific Information, Pest-Specific Prevention and Management Information, and
Pesticide-Specific Information. The last two sections, especially, are to be used and
turned into field decision-making tools. PMPs can also be turned into checklists for
actionable items, targeting needs and organization of monitoring, record-keeping,
and reporting.
What is a PMP?
Pest Management Plans or Guides provide field crop or livestock production
decision-makers – farmers and farm managers – with best production practices
recommendations, usually adapted by region, crop phenology and seasons. The
aims of PMPs are to reduce the risks to production from pests by using a
combination of best practices, including IPM, Integrated Vector Management (IVM)
and Integrated Weed Management (IWM), that maximize crop or livestock health,
and thus resilience to or tolerance of pests, and without an over-reliance on
pesticides when best practices are not followed. Thus, prevention of pests plays a
strongly pivotal role in the PMP, followed closely by management of pests when
prevention alone is not adequate for the level of control needed or desired.
Who are the PMPs intended audiences and users?
Farm land preparation and crop production decision-makers
Farmers
Farm managers
Why is a PMP being done?
The objectives of a PMP are:
Prevent or reduce pest damage risk to agricultural production
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Protect the health of farmers, farm family members, laborers, and community
members from pesticide risks
Maintain economically sound practices
Reduce environmental pollution and degradation risks
Enhance the overall quality and quantity of biodiversity on the sustainable
farm work environment
Respond to foreign market demand for the use of agriculture sector best
management practice standards, also called Good Agriculture Practices
(GAPs) – which include IPM measures – to achieve farm and produce
certification
Comply with local, regional, donor and international laws, conventions, and
regulations
Organization of the PMP
The following pieces of crop- or livestock-specific background information are used
to build a PMP base
General information on the crop/livestock
Crop/livestock common/species names
Crop/livestock developmental stages
Production regions and how they differ by soil type, pH, fertility, etc.
Overall concerns and priorities for crop/livestock production
Crop/livestock cultural best practices
Crop/livestock Good Agriculture Practices including some IPM (see
PERSUAP section on GAPS and IPM) recommendations
Invertebrate (Insects, Mites, Slugs/Snails, Nematodes) Pest Prevention and
Management
First, identify overall priorities for invertebrate prevention and management in the
target crop or livestock.
Next, identify individual invertebrate pest species noting the type of feeding:
chewing, sucking, or rasping; part of plant fed upon: roots/rhizomes/tubers,
stems/stalks, leaves, florescence, or seeds (field or stored); or if livestock, animal
part fed upon: face, eyes, neck, hide, hooves, internal, other.
To best understand how to manage a pest, one needs to understand how, where,
when, and on what the pest parts of the plant or animal feeds. For field pests and
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stored grain/food pests, many PMPs are designed and outlined as follows containing
the following information, for each major species of pest (insects, mites, slugs/snails,
nematodes):
Photographs of each pest
Photographs of plant damage
Description of the pest, life cycle and survival strategies6
Description of damage symptoms
Best Prevention Practices
o Use any and all of the above GAPs including IPM
o Country or region-specific information
Best Management Practices
o Focus on prevention (above)
o Country or region-specific information
Diseases (Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses, Other) Prevention and Management
First, identify overall priorities for disease prevention and management in the target
crop or livestock.
Next, identify individual disease pest species noting the type of transmission: soil-
borne, mechanical, or wind-borne; what part of plant or livestock is damaged – for
plants: roots, stem, leaves, florescence, or seed; for livestock: face, eyes, neck, hide,
hooves, internal, or other.
To best understand how to manage a disease organism, one needs to understand
how, where, when, and which parts of the plant the disease infects. For field
diseases and stored grain/food diseases, many PMPs are designed and outlined as
follows containing the following information, for each major species of disease
(fungal, bacterial, viral, and other):
Photographs of indicative disease infection appearance
Description of the disease and its life cycle throughout the planting and
overwintering season as well as any special survival strategies
Description of disease infection symptoms
Best Prevention Practices 6 Survival strategies: All pests have survival strategies that allow them to live and breed in each crop’s farming systems. Knowing the
survival strategies, including overwintering habit and alternate host plants, that are employed by the pest can help with decision making at the farming systems-level (e.g. choice of rotation crops) and also can help to anticipate pest outbreaks.