Zigbee master

For NEC Internal Use Only

ZigBee

Agenda Intro Market

ApplicationsRequirements

Standardization Technical

SpecificationSoftware stackIntegration


ZigBee

A very low cost, low power consumption two-way, wireless communications standard for automation, toys, & PC

peripherals


MARKET


ZigBee Mission:

To bring about the existence of a broad range of interoperable consumer devices by establishing open industry specifications for unlicensed, untethered peripheral, control and entertainment devices requiring the lowest cost and lowest power consumption communications between compliant devices anywhere in and around the home.


The Need for ZigBee

Low Power consumption 6 months to 5 years battery life for most applications

Low Cost At least half the cost of Bluetooth solutions

High density of nodes per network 250 nodes per network, multiple co-located networks

Data rate requirements Few bits to 250kbps sufficient

Simple protocol, Global Implementation 2.4GHz

Standard in a fragmented market Many proprietary solutions, interoperability issues Pent up demand due to lack of standard


Objective of ZigBee

Interoperable consumer devices Open industry specification Peripheral, control and entertainment

devicesLowest cost and lowest power consumption

Anywhere in and around the home


Traget Market:

A multimedia PC with interactive gaming options or a 32" television equipped with Home Theatre features, Internet access (e.g. WebTV) or a video gaming console (e.g. Sega, Nintendo, Sony). These residents potentially have the need for advanced HID and toy solutions that could enhance their living or entertainment experiences.

Low cost solutions for interconnectivity between toys, such as, TomoguchisExisting homes with installed security, home automation or HVAC systems, and new homes with plans for these systems.

The Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) market may also find use for ZigBee products for controlling multimedia presentations, conference rooms, training rooms and automation or control functions.


Must have features:

Saftey meets Government regulations: As safe as coordless phone

Unlicensed Band Low Cost BOM Reliability

Throughput degrades gracefully Ease of Use… Ability to add/remove new devices

Register once…authenticate each time Global market Minimum battery life 6months/2 years


AV Net

PC Net

Tel Net

MO

DE

M

TVVCRAudio SystemSTBCamcorder...

PCPrinterScanner...PhoneFax...

H.Auto Net

EnvironmentalSecurityMedicalDomestic app…

Pre 2001 Model

SATELLITE

TERRESTRIAL

CABLE

OWN CONTENT

PHONE

xDSL

Network Clusters will grow in the Home


Entertainment

Productivity

TVVCRAudio SystemSTBCamcorder...

PCPrinterScanner...

H.Auto Net

PhoneFaxEnvironmentalSecurityMedicalDomestic app…

2001 Model and beyondG

AT

EW

AY

SATELLITE

TERRESTRIAL

CABLE

xDSL

PHONE

BB Wireless

Network Clusters will Interconnect/inter-operate in Home and Away


0

50

100

150

200

250

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

<100kbps <300kbps

<2Mbps <22Mbps

>22Mbps

New technologies will lead to a sharp demand decrease in cost for the different applications Sharp demand decrease leads on the other hand to step increase in customer demandFor 2000/1,

<300kps; BOM < $6.00<22Mbps; BOM < $20-30>22Mbps; BOM < $60-70

For 2003/4,

<300kps; BOM < $2.50<22Mbps; BOM < $8-18>22Mbps; BOM < $20-35

$

BOM/Node Price Development based on Dataquest, Instat and BMA Communications


Market Size – Low Data Rate (No BT)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Mil

lio

n u

nit

s

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Years

Low Data Rate Market

Others

Industrial Applications

Home Environment

Source: ABI, Dataquest, Internal


Market Segmentation 2000 - 2004

Segment Market Share 2002

0%

52%

48%Home

Industrial

Others

Segment Market Share 2005

69%

13%

18%

Home

Industrial

Others

•Industrial Applications will drive initial market •Home Environment will become Important• Over time, there will be varied Applications (Other)


Wireless connectivity outlook:


10

100

1,000

10,000

10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

Wireless Connectivity Industry Outlook

Bandwidthkbps

Ricochet

HomeRF

OpenAir

802.11b

Bluetooth

Cellular technologies

WLAN technologies

PAN technologies

GSM GPRS

RangeMeters

802.11g

ZigBee


10

100

1,000

10,000

10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000


Bandwidthkbps

Bluetooth

OpenAir

Ricochet

802.11b

HiperLAN/1

HomeRF

GSM GPRS EDGERangeMeters

ZigBee


10

100

1,000

10,000

10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000


Bandwidthkbps

GSM

OpenAir

Ricochet

802.11a

GPRS EDGE

Bluetooth

3G

HiperLAN/2

Bluetooth 2.0

RangeMeters

HomeRF

ZigBee


Industry Outlook

BT 2.0 standard rolled out

2000 2001

First 802.11a products on the market

2002 2003

HiperLAN 2 will premier

1999

1st BT devices on market, BT 1.1 standard rolled out

BT special interest group becomes public, and BT 1.0 initial specs released

802.11b standard ratified

802.11a standard ratified 2002/03

HiperLAN 1 ratified in 1996

HiperLAN 1 products on the market

HiperLAN 2 standard ratified in 2000

RF-Lite (ZigBee)SIG created

ZigBee Products on the market

ZigBee ratified (802.15.4)

802.11g standard ratified


Target Applications 1

Desktop PCs and Home Entertainment Systems (Home Theatre TV) Computer peripherals; HID devices

Video conference equipment Remote control

Video gaming equipment Multi-player PC & video games Playing a PC DVD game in front of a TV monitor

Remote controls for audio and video equipment PC Enhanced & stand alone toys

In-room coverage Home+yard coverage


Target Applications 2

Home appliances/general consumer electronic devices Existing home security systems, electrical & heating systems Wireless door and opening monitoring, system control Wireless Keypads Smoke and flame detectors Lighting and remote control of appliances in the home;

Blinds/Shades Pool/Spa equipment Garage door openers

Voice Control New device categories that have not yet been developed,

such as news tablets, and keyboards with built-in displays


Device Examples:

HID devices Video gaming equipment; Multi-player PC & video games Playing a PC DVD game in front of a TV monitor Remote controls for audio and video equipment Glass breakage monitoring (sensors); Wireless Keypads; Child Monitor; Smoke and flame detectors; Fire Pull stations; Personal transponders; Lighting and remote control of appliances in the home; Fireplaces Pool/Spa equipment Garage door openers


Low Data Rate Radio Devices

· TV

· VCR

· DVD

· CD

· Remote

· Mouse

· Keyboard

· Joystick

· Gamepad

Security HVAC Lighting Closures

PETs Gameboys Educational

Monitors Diagnostics Sensors

Industrial & Commercial

Consumer Electronics

Personal Healthcare

· Monitors

· Sensors

· Automation

· Control

Toys &

Games

Home Automation

PC Peripherals

Target Market summary:


Market Requirements

Global licence free ISM band operation

Unrestricted geographic use

RF penetration through walls & ceilings

Automatic/semi-automatic installation

Ability to add or remove devices

Possible voice support


Market Requirements, cont...

10k-115.2kbps data throughput 10-75m coverage range (home/garden) Support for 32-255 nodes Support for 4 critical devices 4-100 co-located networks 0.5-2 year battery life Up to 5ms-1 permitted mobility Module cost: $1.5-$2.5 in 2003!


Success Factors

Low cost Data type support Ease of installation Reliable data transfer Short range operation Reasonable battery life Unlicensed band Unrestricted geographical use Global implementation Governmental regulations


STANDARDIZATION


History

Low-rate solution for HomeRF, January 1998

Initial MRD, October 1998

Initial RSI/TRD, October 1999

Proposals submitted, July 2000

Initial specification, v0.2, September 2000

Proposal to IEEE 802.15.4, March 2001

Proposal accepted by IEEE, July 2001


HomeRF-Lite -> Firefly -> RF-Lite -> ZigBee

DescriptionLow data rate (<250kbps), very low cost (BOM<$6.00)

consumer marketReplaces wired solutions that require low data ratesReplaces IrDA links with a low cost wireless networkSimple MAC protocol: master-slave or virtual point-to-

point applications, reduces system compexity Applications: peripherals to PC, temperature control,

home security, toys, etc.


Some Participants(22 Companies in total)


Technical:


Protocol Features

Master/slave topology

Automatic network configuration

Dynamic slave device addressing

Virtual peer-to-peer links (pairing)

Full handshaking for packet transfers

Power management features

Up to 254 (+ master) network nodes


Protocol Features Cont...

CSMA-CA channel access mechanism

28kbps (Optional) & 200kbps (actual) data throughput

Service discovery

Low impact internet capability


Silicon

PHY Layer

MAC Layer

MAC Layer

Data Link Layer

ZigBeeStack

Application

Network Layer

Application Interface

Application

Custom

er

ZigB

ee Alliance

IEE

E

ZigBee Protocol Stack


Silicon

RF

Baseband

Link Controller

Vo

ice

Link Manager

Host Control Interface

L2CAP

TelephonyControlProtocol

Inte

rco

m

Hea

dse

t

Co

rdle

ss

Gro

up

Cal

l

RFCOMM(Serial Port)

OBEX

HOST

MODULE

BluetoothStack

Applications

vCar

d

vCal

vNo

te

vMes

sag

e

Dia

l-u

pN

etw

ork

ing

Fax ServiceDiscoveryProtocol

User Interface

Bluetooth Protocol Stack


Direct Sequence

Spread spectrum regulations allow higher transmit power Longer range Transmit power: -4 - +20dBm

Direct sequence Faster acquisition than frequency hopping Complexity in digital domain (cheaper)

Spread using length 11 bit Barker sequence Optimal autocorrelation properties Short sequence gives fast acquisition Used in IEEE802.11


Raw Bit Rates

250kbps

28kbps low bit rate option : Trade data rate for extra range via coding Over air bit rate remains 200kbps Longer preamble and SOP

reliable synchronisation at low SNR


Range Estimation

0dBm 10dBm 20dBm

250kbps13 29 66

28kbps23 54 134

Using Firefly TRD/RSI propagation model

Approx. x2


Virtual links

Network Topology

Network coordinator

Network node

Communications flow

IEEE node


Other Network Forms

Network coordinator

Communications flow

Ad-hoc network

Gateway

Network node

Gateway enabled network


Supported Traffic Types

Periodic data Application defined rate

Intermittent Basic communication

Repetitive low latency data Allocation of guaranteed time slots


The Network Coordinator

Transmits network beacons

Sets up a network

Manages network nodes

Stores network node information

Routes messages between paired nodes

Receives constantly


The Network Node

Is generally battery powered

Searches for available networks

Transfers data from its application as necessary

Determines whether data is pending

Requests data from the network coordinator

Can sleep for extended periods


Stack System Requirements

8-bit C, e.g. 80c51

Full protocol stack <32k

Simple node only stack ~4k

Coordinators require extra RAM node device database transaction table pairing table


PA

Micro + MAC+

RAM/ROM

Radio

Single ChipDSSS

Radio + Modem

Baseband

ZigBee Chip Set SolutionLow Data Rate, DSSS @ 2,4GHz

Transmit Data

Receive Data


Feature Set RF Front-End IC

Single chip direct conversion transceiver for ZigBee applications in the 2.4GHz ISM band

DSSS 2.2Mchips/sec Integrated antenna filter, LNA, VCO, synthesizer, PLL,

preamplifier 3-wire control bus interface Direct conversion architecture from 2.45 GHz RF directly

base band Battery powered design (min. VCC=1.8V) Output power –4 to +20dBm (0dBm typical) Digitally controlled RX gain control for DSSS No off-chip components (LNA, Pre PA, VCO, Synthesizer)


ZigBee Base Band & MAC

Single chip Modem and MAC 80C51 (or equivalent) 8-bit low power micro

controller core Interfaces:

Full duplex UART for communication with host processor or other devices

2 3 wire buses for host and RF Front-end communication Master/slave I2C 2 analog inputs

Minimum external components for low BOM CMOS 0.18 or other low cost similar capablity

process


Single Chip SolutionsSingle Chip Solutions

Single Chip DSSSRadio + Modem

Microprocessor+Housekeeping+MAC

20022002 20032003

Two Chip SolutionsTwo Chip Solutions

One Chip Radio+ BB RF CMOS

One Chip Radio+BB Slave Device

20042004 20052005

Low Data Rate Roadmap

Base BandSlave Device

BBSlave Device

Cost reduced

One Chip Radio+BBLow Cost


Protocol Features

Master/slave topology Automatic network configuration Dynamic slave device addressing Virtual peer-to-peer links (pairing) Full handshaking for packet transfers Power management features Up to 254 (+ master) network nodes


Protocol Features Cont...

CSMA-CA channel access mechanism 15ms frame structure TDMA slots can be allocated 28kbps & 250kbps data throughput Service discovery Low impact internet capability


Frequency Bands

2.4GHz ISM band Channel spacing: 4MHz F = 2404 + 4k MHz with

k = 0, 1, …, 25 Common band:

USA, Europe including France and Spain

2446.5 – 2475.0 MHZ k = 15, …, 22; equals 8

channels 915MHz ISM band USA

only 868MHz Europe

USA

Europe

Spain*

France*

2400.0 2483.52446.5 2475.0

Japan*

Common

* Harmonization with FCC in progress


Raw Bit Rates

250kbps

28kbps low bit rate option: Trade data rate for extra range via coding Over air bit rate remains 250kbps Longer preamble and SOP

reliable synchronisation at low SNR


Range Estimation (meters)

0dBm 10dBm 20dBm

250kbps13 29 66

28kbps23 54 134

Using Firefly TRD/RSI propagation model

Approx. x2


Summary

Solution that effectively addresses the needs of the target market place with:

Low data rate (<250Kbps) Low cost (~ BT/2) Very low power (6 months - 2 years on 2

AA batteries.) Network Solution


ZigBee vs. Bluetooth


Bluetooth Network Topology

Radio Design All radios are symmetric (can be master or slave)

Pico-net• 1 master:

• 7 active slaves• 200+ parked slaves

• Each network has a unique hopping pattern / ID

M

A

P

P

P

Scatternet• Multiple pico-nets co-located• Device can be on multiple pico-nets

(Performance tradeoff)

M

A

A

A

P

P


Bluetooth:• Dynamic ad-hoc transient Pico-nets• Dynamic master role negotiation• Extensive profiles to ensure compatibility• Active / Park modes

ZigBee:• Large master-slave networks, with fast access• Slave - initiated communication, (minimises slave energy requirements)

• Virtual peer-peer device pairing links

Networking


Bluetooth:• Ad-hoc networks between capable devices• Handsfree audio• Screen graphics, pictures…• File transfer

ZigBee:• Static networks between low cost devices• Sensors • Automation and control• Data exchange

Typical Applications


Bluetooth:• Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum(1600 hop/s)• 720kb/s (for voice, audio and bulk data)• Poll - reply channel access• Very low latency frame structure (<1ms)

ZigBee:• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum • 250kb/s • Optimised for short packets• CSMA channel access• TDMA slots can be allocated for critical devices

ZigBee - Control ApplicationsBluetooth - Audio

Air Interface


Bluetooth:• Power model as a mobile phone (regular charging)• Designed to maximise ad-hoc functionality

ZigBee:• 2+ years from ‘normal’ batteries• Designed to optimise slave power requirements

Power Considerations


Bluetooth:• New slave enumeration = >3s• Sleeping slave changing to active = 3s typically• Active slave channel access time = 2ms typically

ZigBee:• New slave enumeration = 30ms typically • Sleeping slave changing to active = 15ms typically• Active slave channel access time = 15ms typically

Timing Considerations


Bluetooth:• Forward error correction• 0, 40 & 64-bit encryption

ZigBee:• Error detection / re-transmissions• Fully handshaked protocol• Application level security

Error / Security Considerations


Bluetooth:• Low added cost connectivity• Take advantage of host processor power (ARM7…)• 802.11 functionality but with simplified r.f. specifications

ZigBee:• Minimum slave cost• Minimum software and processing (80C51), no host platform• System design for eventual single-chip antenna-to-application realisation

Cost Standpoint


Bluetooth:• Price Now - $25• Price 2003 - $5

ZigBee:• Price 2002 - $6• Price 2003 - $1.5-2.5

Two different solutions optimised for different applications…...

Solution Prices

Zigbee master

Business

nec internal use

market zigbee

use ability

market hiperlan

zigbee products

fragmented market

traget market

market segmentation