ZIGBEE AND BLUETOOTH - Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of ...courses.daiict.ac.in/.../content/0/M_ZIGBEE_AND_BLUETOOTH.pdf · ZIGBEE AND BLUETOOTH By-Satyavrat ... •Access control—the

ZIGBEE AND BLUETOOTH

By-

Satyavrat Mudgil(200701194)

Suyash Misra(200701045)

Index:

Inroduction

Why Zigbee ?

Zigbee Explained

Zigbee Latest Development

Zigbee Application Example(Health Care)

IntroductionThe goal is “to provide the consumer with ultimate flexibility, mobility, and ease of use by building wireless intelligence and capabilities into every day devices. ZigBee technology will be embedded in a wide range of products and applications across consumer, commercial, industrial and government markets worldwide.

For the first time, companies will have a standards-based wireless platform optimized for the unique needs of remote monitoring and control applications, including simplicity, reliability, low-cost and low-power”.

ZigBee is one of the global standards of communication protocol formulated by the relevant task force under the IEEE 802.15 working group.

The fourth in the series, WPAN Low Rate/ ZigBee is the newest and provides specifications for devices that have low data rates, consume very low power and are thus characterized by long battery life.

The target networks encompass a wide range of devices with low data rates in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) radio bands(Unlicensed Bands)

ISM 2.4 GHz Global Band at 250kbps

868 MHz European Band at 20kbps

915 MHz North American Band at 40kbps

Zigbee Applications

Why Zigbee?

Only standards-based technology that addresses

the unique needs of remote monitoring &control,

and sensory network applications.

Enables deployment of wireless networks with low

cost, low power solutions.

Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive

primary batteries for a typical monitoring

application.

The ZigBee Standard has evolved standardized sets

of solutions, called layers.

As WPAN(wireless personal area network

802.15.4) implies a reach of only a few meters, 30

feet in the case of ZigBee, the network will have

several layers, so designed as to enable

intrapersonal communication within the network,

connection to a network of higher level and

ultimately an uplink to the Web.

Zigbee Explained

Zigbee Device Types:

•The ZigBee coordinator node:

•Only one ZigBee coordinator in each network to act as the router

to other networks

•Designed to store information about the network.

• The full function device FFD :

•The FFD is an intermediary router transmitting data from other

devices.

•It needs lesser memory than the ZigBee coordinator node.

•It can act as a coordinator.

•The reduced function device RFD :

•This device is just capable of talking in the network.

•It cannot relay data from other devices.

• Requiring even less memory, (no flash, very little ROM and RAM).

• RFD will thus be cheaper than an FFD.

•The functions of the Coordinator, which usually remains in the

receptive mode, network set-up, beacon transmission, node

management, storage of node information and message routing

between nodes.

•The network node, however, is meant to save energy (and so

„sleeps' for long periods) and its functions include searching for

network availability, data transfer, checks for pending data and

queries for data from the coordinator.

Client Specific

Zigbee Alliance

IEEE 802.15.4

Zigbee: Layered Structure

This level includes the ZigBee Device Object (ZDO),

user-defined application profile(s) and the Application

Support (APS) sub-layer.

The APS sub-layer maintains tables that enable

matching between two devices and communication

among them, and also discovery devices that operate

in the operating space of any device.

ZDO covers the task of determining the nature of the

device in the network, Commencing and Replying to

binding requests

Application Support layer

The General Operation

Framework (GOF)

•It is a glue layer between applications and rest of the

protocol stack.

•The GOF currently covers sub-addressing and

addressing modes and device descriptions, such as

type of device, power source, sleep modes, and

coordinators.

•The GOF specifies methods, events, and data

formats that are used by application profiles to

construct set/get commands and their responses.

Network layer(NWK)

The NWK layer associates or dissociates devices using the

network coordinator.

Implements security and routes frames to their intended

destination.

NWK layer of the network coordinator is responsible for

starting a new network and assigning an address to newly

associated devices.

The NWK layer supports multiple network topologies

including Star, Cluster tree and Mesh.

Mesh topology

Star Topology

Media Access Control (MAC)

Layer• The IEEE802.15.4 MAC layer permits use of several

topologies and is meant to work with large numbers of

devices.

•Security and Data integrity are key benefits provided by

the security model of the MAC sub-layer which specifies

four security services:

•Access control—the device maintains a list of trusted devices

within the network

•Data encryption, which uses symmetric key 128-bit advanced

encryption standard

•Frame integrity to protect data from being modified by

parties without cryptographic keys

•Sequential freshness to reject data frames that have been

replayed.

Physical(PHY) Layer•The IEEE802.15.4 PHY layer accommodates high levels of

integration by using direct sequence to permit simplicity in the

analog circuitry .

The PHY provides two services:

•PHY data service

•PHY management service

The main features of the PHY:

•Activation and Deactivation of the radio transceiver

•Energy Detection (ED)

•Link Quality Indication (LQI)

•Channel Selection

•Clear Channel Assessment (CCA)

•Transmitting as well as receiving packets across the

physical medium.

Zigbee Routing Algorithm

AODV: Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector

AODV is a pure on-demand route acquisition algorithm: nodes that do not lie on active paths neither maintain any routing information nor participate in any periodic routing table exchanges.

Further, anode does not have to discover and maintain a route to another node until the two need to communicate, unless the former node is offering services as an intermediate forwarding station to maintain connectivity between two other nodes.

.

ZigBee employs either of two

modes:

•Beacon Mode

•Non-Beacon Mode

Beacon Mode:

•Device watches out for the coordinator's beacon that gets

transmitted periodically, locks on and looks for messages addressed

to it.

•Beacon mode is a mechanism for controlling power consumption in

extended networks such as cluster tree or mesh.

•It enables all the clients to know when to communicate with each

other.

•A superframe structure set up by network coordinator to transmit

beacons at predetermined intervals is used to control channel access.

•If message transmission is complete the end device „goes to sleep„

and in fact, the coordinator itself switches to sleep mode.

Non Beacon Mode:

•The non-beacon mode will be included in a system where devices are

„asleep' nearly always, as in smoke detectors and burglar alarms.

•The devices wake up and confirm their continued presence in the network

at random intervals.

•On detection of activity, the sensors „spring to attention', as it were, and

transmit to the ever-waiting coordinator's receiver (since it is mains-

powered).

•Standard ALOHA CSMA-CA communicates with positive

acknowledgement for successfully received packets. It operates like a two-

way radio network, where each client is autonomous and can initiate a

conversation at will, but could interfere with others unintentionally.

Microcontroller and Zigbee

A ZigBee-enabled device includes an RF IC with a partially implemented PHY layer connected to a low-power, low-voltage 8-bit microcontroller with peripherals, connected to an application sensor or actuators.

The protocol stack and application firmware reside in on-chip flash memory. The entire ZigBee device can be compact and cost efficient.

Zigbee Latest

The ZigBee Alliance has announced that the new health

care profile is available for public download. The profile

is designed to make it easier for people to live with

health conditions that need monitoring. -6th april 2010

To simplify and expedite the development and

deployment of ZigBee applications, many network-

management software developing companies are coming

up with their network operating platform, they mainly

addresses key operational challenges related to building,

deploying and managing networks that use the open

ZigBee low-power wireless protocol.

Ex-Tendril Network Operating Platform(TNOP)

Zigbee in Health Care

Zigbee in Health Care

References

•http://www.embedded.com/columns/technicalinsights/18902431?_requestid=379191.

•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AODV.

•http://www.ieee802.org/15/.

•http://www.zigbee.org/LearnMore/WhitePapers.aspx.

•http://mobiledevdesign.com/hardware_news/radio_platform_simplifies_development/

•Bluetooth is a wireless technology for creating personal networks operating in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed band, with a range of 10 meters•. Networks are usually formed ad-hoc from portable devices such as cellular phones, handhelds and laptops•It operates on a packet-based protocol with a master-slave structure. (One master may communicate with up to 7 slaves in a piconet)•Bluetooth provides a secure way to connect and exchange information between devices•The Bluetooth specifications are developed and licensed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group

Bluetooth has 3 main areas of application

• Communication between Data/Voice Access Point• Applications requiring Cable replacement• Personal Ad-hoc networks

Key Features

•Robustness•Low complexity• Low power: battery powered• Low cost

ARCHITECTURE - PROTOCOL STACK

•Baseband - specifies or implements the medium access & physical layer procedures between Bluetooth devices

•Link Manager Protocol (LMP) - It is used to control and negotiate all aspects of the operation of the Bluetooth connection between two devices. This includes the set-up and control of logical transports & links, and for control of physical links. The Link Manager Protocol is used to communicate between the Link Managers (LM) on the two devices.

•Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)- It supports higher level protocolmultiplexing, packet segmentation and reassembly, and the conveying of quality of service information.

•Software Discovery Protocol(SDP) - Allows a device to discover services supported by other devices, and their associated parameters. For example, when connecting a mobile phone to a Bluetooth headset, SDP will be used for determining which profiles are supported by the headset and the protocol multiplexer settings needed to connect to each of them.

•Host Controller Interface- The HCI provides a command interface to the baseband controller and link manager, and access to configuration parameters.

•RFCOMM – It is a serial line emulation protocol and is used for providing serial data transfer.

There are a number of other protocols like –BNEP (Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol)AVCTP (Audio/Visual Control Transport Protocol)AVDTP (Audio/Visual Data Transport Protocol)Telephone control protocolAdopted protocols

Note - Mandatory protocols for all Bluetooth stacks are: LMP, L2CAP and SDP. Additionally, these protocols are almost universally supported: HCI and RFCOMM.

The various states that a device

can be in for a bluetooth

connection.

Features

Platform Features

•Microcontroller Atmel ATmega 103L (4MHz, 4MIPS, 4k ram, 128 flash, 4k eeprom, 3.3V: 5.5mA active, 1.6mA idle, 1uA powered down.)

•Bluetooth module: Ericsson rok 101 007

•Analog in: 8 x 10-bit AD converter, can also be used as digital ins

•Digital i/o: 16-bit

•Interrupt lines: 3, edge or level triggered

•Serial: 2 xUART: one hardware @ 57.6Kbps, one software @9.6 Kbps

A Minimal Bluetooth-BasedComputing and Communication Platform

A USB Bluetooth dongle/module

Operating System Support• Apple has supported Bluetooth since Mac OS X v10.2 which was released in 2002

• For Microsoft platforms, Windows XP Service Pack 2 and later releases have native support

for Bluetooth

• FreeBSD features Bluetooth support since its 5.0 release.,

• Linux-

The standard kernel source tree only recently accepted the Bluez

Bluetooth stack,but it may not yet possess all the features some

application developers require.It requires Linux 2.4.4 or greater.

Hence the other two Linux protcol stacks are

IBM’s BlueDrekar is a nice-looking implementation distributed in

binary form for x86 platforms running 2.2.x.Source is not freely available to the general public.

OpenBT is an open source project with support for most stack protocols and features and

may work well enough for embedded devices. It has been ported to a variety of processors and

can be cross-compiled,but it is still early in its development and not a fully-featured implementation.

Source is available and has been used on x86,ARM9,ARM7,MIPS,and PowerPCs.

.

Bluetooth is extremely successful , especially in the mobile marketing.

All the leading mobile manufacturers – Nokia, Motorola etc. use an inbuilt

Bluetooth module in their models.

The classic bluetooth technology despite tremendous success –

• misses a key market i.e. ULP wireless connectivity, which runs on coin cell

batteries.(peak current 15mA)

• Bluetooth unable to run on coin cell batteries. Peak current of (35-40mA)

• Thus to increase scope of existing technology an alternative Bluetooth

technology under development, that consumes lower power

• Initial applications for Bluetooth low energy wireless technology include

leisure, healthcare, entertainment and office.

In the dual mode implementation, Bluetooth low energy functionality is integrated into traditional Bluetooth circuitry.

Single mode chips will be stand-alone, highly integrated and compact devices.

•A person taking a workout could use his smartphone as the centre of a Personal Area

Network (PAN) comprising Bluetooth low energy-running shoes, heart rate belt and sports

watch.

The sport swatch could communicate with a single mode Bluetooth low energy chip in a

gym's rowing machine, and pass on the data to a mobile phone.

•Bluetooth low energy could also be used to monitor heart rate and blood pressure and then

wirelessly connect to a mobile phone that could then send an SMS message to a physician.

•Or a runner could log heart rate, distance and speed and send it to friends' mobile phones

for them to beat on their own runs.

•Or a winemaker could record temperature and humidity from sensors in a vineyard as he

strolls around inspecting plants.

A few possible low power Bluetooth application scenarios

Comparison – ZigBee & Bluetooth

THANK YOU

References

• http://www.bluetooth.com/

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth

• http://www.smart-its.org

• http://sourceforge.net/projects

•http://www.wirelessnetdesignline.com/news/222002397;jsessionid=M

OZQYUNI2PXDJQE1GHOSKH4ATMY32JVN?pgno=1

• Bluetooth Application Developer’s Guide: David Kammer, Gordon

Mcnutt , Brian Senese, Jennifer Bray