1 Zhangbu Xu 许许许许 () (for the STAR Collaboration) Observation of and @ RHIC ( 观观观观观观) H 3 Λ H 3 Λ Introduction & Motivation Evidence for first antihypernucleus – and signal (for discovery) – Mass and Lifetime measurements Production rate and ratios – Yields as a measure of correlation H 3 Λ H 3 Λ
Observation of and @ RHIC ( 观测反超氚核). Introduction & Motivation Evidence for first antihypernucleus and signal (for discovery ) Mass and Lifetime measurements Production rate and ratios Yields as a measure of correlation A case for RHIC energy scan - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Zhangbu Xu (许长补) (for the STAR Collaboration)
Observation of and @ RHIC (观测反超氚核)H3
Λ H3Λ
Introduction & Motivation Evidence for first antihypernucleus
– and signal (for discovery)– Mass and Lifetime measurements
Production rate and ratios– Yields as a measure of correlation– A case for RHIC energy scan
Conclusions and Outlook
H3ΛH3
Λ
2
The first hypernucleus was discovered by Danysz and Pniewski in 1952. It was formed in a cosmic ray interaction in a balloon-flown emulsion plate. M. Danysz and J. Pniewski, Phil. Mag. 44 (1953) 348
What are hypernuclei(超核) ?Hypernuclei of lowest A
• Y-N interaction: a good window to understand the baryon potential
• Binding energy and lifetime are very sensitive to Y-N interactions
• Hypertriton: DB=130±50 KeV; r~10fm
• Production rate via coalescence at RHIC depends on overlapping wave functions of n+p+L in final state
• Important first step for searching for other exotic hypernuclei (double-L)
No one has ever observed any antihypernucleus
Nucleus which contains at least one hyperon in addition to nucleons.
)(
)(3
3
L
L
L
L
pnH
pnH
3
from Hypernuclei to Neutron Starshypernuclei L-B Interaction Neutron Stars
S=-1
S=-2
S=-0
Several possible configurations of Neutron Stars– Kaon condensate, hyperons, strange quark matter
Single and double hypernuclei in the laboratory: – study the strange sector of the baryon-baryon interaction– provide info on EOS of neutron stars
J.M. Lattimer and M. Prakash, "The Physics of Neutron Stars", Science 304, 536 (2004)
J. Schaffner and I. Mishustin, Phys. Rev. C 53 (1996): Hyperon-rich matter in neutron stars
Saito, HYP06
4
PANDA at FAIR• 2012~• Anti-proton beam• Double L-hypernuclei• -ray spectroscopy
MAMI C• 2007~• Electro-production• Single L-hypernuclei• L-wavefunction
JLab• 2000~• Electro-production• Single L-
hypernuclei• L-wavefunction
FINUDA at DANE• e+e- collider• Stopped-K- reaction• Single L-hypernuclei• -ray spectroscopy (2012~)
J-PARC• 2009~• Intense K- beam• Single and double L-hypernuclei• -ray spectroscopy
HypHI at GSI/FAIR• Heavy ion beams• Single L-hypernuclei
at extreme isospins• Magnetic moments
SPHERE at JINR• Heavy ion beams• Single L-
hypernuclei
Basic map from Saito, HYP06
Current hypernucleus experiments
5
Can we observe hypernuclei at RHIC?
Z.Xu, nucl-ex/9909012
In high energy heavy-ion collisions: – nucleus production by coalescence,
characterized by penalty factor.– AGS data[1] indicated that hypernucleus
production will be further suppressed.– What’s the case at RHIC?
Low energy and cosmic ray experiments (wikipedia): hypernucleus production via
– L or K capture by nuclei– the direct strangeness exchange reactionhypernuclei observed – energetic but delayed decay,– measure momentum of the K and p mesons
background shape determined from rotated background analysis; Signal observed from the data (bin-by-bin counting): 157 ± 30 ;Projection on antihypertriton yields:
constraint on antihypertriton yields without direct observation
H3Λ
11595810/2168*157/HeH*H 333Λ
3Λ He
STAR Preliminary
10
Signal observed from the data (bin-by-bin counting): 70±17; Mass: 2.991±0.001 GeV; Width (fixed): 0.0025 GeV;
signal from the dataH3Λ
STAR Preliminary
11
Combine hypertriton and antihypertriton signal: 225±35
Combined signals
STAR Preliminary
This provides a >6s signal for discovery
12
Lifetime
ps27182 8945 Our data:
Consistency check on L lifetime yields (L)=267±5 ps [PDG: 263 ps].
STAR Preliminary
STAR Preliminary
13
Comparison to world data
Lifetime related to binding energy Theory input: the L is lightly bound in the hypertriton
[1] R. H. Dalitz, Nuclear Interactions of the Hyperons (Oxford Uni. Press, London, 1965).
[2] R.H. Dalitz and G. Rajasekharan, Phys. Letts. 1, 58 (1962).
[3] H. Kamada, W. Glockle at al., Phys. Rev. C 57, 1595(1998).
STAR Preliminary
14
Measured invariant yields and ratios
)/()/(/
)/)(/)(/(/233
33
nnppHeeH
nnppHH
LLLL
In a coalescence picture:
0.45 ~ (0.77)3
STAR Preliminary
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Antinuclei in nature (new physics)
Dark Matter, Black Hole antinucleus production via coalescence
To appreciate just how rare nature produces antimatter (strange antimatter)
AMS antiHelium/Helium sensitivity: 10-9
RHIC: an antimatter machine
Seeing a mere antiproton or antielectron does not mean much– after all, these particles are byproducts of high-energy particle collisions.
However, complex nuclei like anti-helium or anti-carbon are almost never created in collisions.
《天使与魔鬼》
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Matter and antimatter are not created equal
RHIC
SPS
)(5.0/
)(10/
10/
33
333
1133
RHICHeeH
SPSHeeH
HeeH
Nucl-ex/0610035
But we are getting there !
AGS
STAR PRL 87(2003)NA52
(AGS,Cosmic)
物质和反物质造而不平等
17
Flavors (u,d, s) are not created equal except in possible QGPJ. Rafelski and B. Muller, Phys.Rev.Lett.48:1066,1982
STAR whitepaper, NPA757(2005)
18
Yields as a measure of correlation
A=2Baryon density <B>
A=3 <2B>; <LB>
S. Haussler, H. Stoecker, M. Bleicher, PRC73
UrQMD
UrQMD
Caution: measurements related to local (strangeness baryon)-baryon correlation Simulations of (all strangeness)—(all baryon) correlation
19
(3He, t, 3LH)(u, d,
s)• A=3, a simple and perfect system
9 valence quarks, (3He, t, 3
LH)(u, d, s)+4u+4d
• Ratio measures Lambda-nucleon correlation
• RHIC: Lambda-nucleon similar phase space• AGS: systematically lower than RHIC
Strangeness phase-space equilibrium
• 3He/t measures charge-baryon correlation
STAR Preliminary
uud
uddudu uud
uddudd
uud
udduds3He t 3
LH
20
: Primordial L-B correlation
STAR Preliminary
Caution: measurements related to local (strangeness baryon)-baryon Lattice Simulations of (all strangeness)—(all baryon)
correlation correlation at zero chemical potential
A. Majumder and B. Muller, B. Phys. Rev. C 74 (2006) 054901
He33Λ H/
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Energy scan to establish the trend
Beam energy 200(30—200) GeV ~17 (10—30)GeV ~5 (5-10) GeV
Minbias events# (5s) 300M ~10—100M ~1—10M
Penalty factor 1448 368 48
3He invariant yields 1.6x10-6 2x10-4 0.01
3LH/3He assumed 1.0 0.3 0.05
STAR Preliminary
Hypertriton onlySTAR: DAQ1000+TOF
22
Hypernuclei sensitive to phase transition
AMPT Simulation of nucleon coalescence (with or w/o string melting):a) CBS is not sensitive to phase transitionb) Strangeness population from hypertriton sensitive to phase transition
23
/ 3He is 0.82 ± 0.16. No extra penalty factor observed for hypertritons at RHIC. Strangeness phase space equilibrium
The / 3He ratio is determined to be 0.89 ± 0.28, and
The lifetime is measured to be
Consistency check has been done on analysis;
significance is ~5s
has been observed for 1st time; significance ~4s.
Conclusions
H3Λ
H3Λ
H3Λ H3
Λ
H3Λ
H3Λ
The / ratio is measured as 0.49±0.18, and 3He / 3He is 0.45±0.02, favoring the coalescence picture.
ps27182 8945
24
Outlook Lifetime:
– data samples with larger statistics
Production rate: – Strangeness and baryon correlation
Need specific model calculation for this quantity– Establish trend from AGS—SPS—RHIC—LHC
L3Hd+p+p channel measurement: d and dbar via ToF.
Search for other hypernucleus: 4LH, double L-hypernucleus.
Search for anti-a
RHIC: best antimatter machine ever built
25
What can CSR contribute? CSR 12C, 40Ca ( GeV), At the threshold of K, L
production Perfect for hypernucleus production
Hypertriton lifetime, binding energy, absorption s Strangeness phase space population at CSR energies Exotic hypernuclei (proton/neutron rich, Sigma)
外靶实验装置适合超核重建 :Dipole, tracking, TOF and neutron wall
To do list: Tracking before Dipole (GEM, Silicon, MPWC) Model Simulations Detector Simulations Electronics and DAQ
2s
26
PANDA at FAIR• 2012~• Anti-proton beam• Double L-hypernuclei• -ray spectroscopy
MAMI C• 2007~• Electro-production• Single L-hypernuclei• L-wavefunction
JLab• 2000~• Electro-production• Single L-
hypernuclei• L-wavefunction
FINUDA at DANE• e+e- collider• Stopped-K- reaction• Single L-hypernuclei• -ray spectroscopy (2012~)
J-PARC• 2009~• Intense K- beam• Single and double L-hypernuclei• -ray spectroscopy
HypHI at GSI/FAIR• Heavy ion beams• Single L-hypernuclei
at extreme isospins• Magnetic moments
SPHERE at JINR• Heavy ion beams• Single L-
hypernuclei
Basic map from Saito, HYP06
International Hyper-nuclear network
BNL• Heavy ion beams• Anti-hypernuclei • Single L-