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第 31 卷 第 10 期 农 业 工 程 学 报 Vol.31 No.10 2015 年 5 月 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering May 2015 269
276. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.036 http://www.tcsae.org Zhang Weipeng, Xiao Hongwei, Gao Zhenjiang, et al. Improving quality of Poria cocos using infrared radiation combined with air impingement drying[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2015, 31(10): 269-276. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.10.036 http://www.tcsae.org
fraction η/% 45℃; 6 m·s-1 35.8 a 3.69 a 50℃; 6 m·s-1 38.3 a 4.01 a 55℃; 6 m·s-1 42.1 a 4.07 a 60℃; 6 m·s-1 42.1 a 3.88 a 65℃; 6 m·s-1 42.6 a 3.99 a 55℃; 4 m·s-1 47.3 a 3.98 a
中短波红外+气体射
流干燥 Medium and short
infrared wave + impingent drying
55℃; 8 m·s-1 45.6 a 3.99 a 45℃ 3.28 b 4.55 b 55℃ 3.51 b 4.75 b
真空脉动干燥 Pulsed vacuum
drying 65℃ 3.32 b 4.54 b 45℃; 8 m·s-1 58.2 c 3.16 c 55℃; 8 m·s-1 61.4 c 2.63 c 65℃; 8 m·s-1 63.1 c 3.02 c 55℃; 4 m·s-1 58.6 c 2.73 c
气体射流干燥Impingent drying
55℃; 6 m·s-1 64.7 c 3.15 c 注:气体射流、真空脉动试验数据由文献[2]获得;不同字母 a、b、c 表示不
同干燥方式差异性显著(p<0.01),相同字母表示差异性不显著。 Note: Data of impingent drying, pulsed vacuum comes from reference[2]; The different letters a、b、c indicate significant difference (p<0.01) of difference drying methods, the same letters indicates insignificant.
表 5 不同干燥方式下破碎率、浸出物质量分数方差分析表 Table 5 Analysis of variance of breakage rate, extractum mass
fraction at different drying methods 指标 Index
项目 Items
离差平方和SS
自由度df
均方差 MS
F F Value
P 值 P Value
组间 5.6821 2 2.8410 71.42 5.0×10-8
组内 0.4772 12 0.0398
总计 6.1593 14
破碎率Breakage
rate 显著性 ***
组间 5.6×10-4 2 2.8×10-4 71.43 2.2×10-7
组内 4.8×10-5 12 3.9×10-6
总计 6.2×10-4 14
浸出物质量
分数Extractum
mass fraction 显著性 ***
注:***表示显著性水平 0.01 条件下因素对结果影响非常显著。 Note: *** means the results have a very significant impact on the factor with the level of 0.01.
真空脉动、中短波红外联合气体射流、气体射流浸
出物质量分数均值分别为 4.61%、3.94%、2.94%。联合
干燥的浸出物质量分数高于气体射流约 1%。说明该干燥
方式有利于茯苓块有效成分的保持。尽管真空脉动干燥
时间较长,但干燥过程真空度高,大部分时间处于脉动
低氧状态,与氧气接触时间最短,抑制干燥过程耗氧反
应的发生。因此,浸出物质量分数最高。 由上述分析可知,联合干燥方式下,尽管茯苓块物
料品质不是最佳,但相对于气体射流干燥单独作用而言,
品质有较大改善。因此,针对茯苓的干燥,可以考虑采
用联合干燥的方式。考虑到真空脉动的干燥品质较优,
以及气体射流应用的普遍性,也可对“真空脉动—气体
农业工程学报(http://www.tcsae.org) 2015 年
274
射流”分段式联合干燥进行试验验证,以求寻得较佳的
干燥速度和品质。
3 结 论
1)与气体射流单独作用相对比,中短波红外联合气
体射流干燥方式,不仅可缩短茯苓块干燥时间,而且可
降低其破碎率、提高浸出物质量分数。联合干燥的温度、
风速升高可有效提高干燥速率;破碎率、浸出质量分数
均值分别为 42.68%,3.94%。 2)采用 Weibull 函数拟合干燥曲线,结合尺度参数
α、形状参数 β有助于对干燥过程的分析。联合干燥方式
的 β值范围为 0.9010~0.9951,表明该干燥过程为降速干
燥;气体射流干燥的 β值为 0.8770~0.9800,说明联合干
燥方式下的物料状态与气体射流干燥类似,破碎率有改
善,但依然较高,与实际试验相吻合。 3)Dincer 模型通过滞后因子 G、干燥系数 S 分析干
燥过程,不同干燥条件下的 G 值为 1.0136~1.0202;且 S值随温度或风速的上升而增大。计算的毕渥数 Bi 为
0.0826~0.0982,表明导热过程由边界的对流换热热阻决
定。试验参数范围内,传质系数 k 的范围为 1.0319×10-6~
1.8003×10-6 m/s。 4)基于 Fick 第二定律、Weibull 分布函数、Dincer
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农业工程学报(http://www.tcsae.org) 2015 年
276
Improving quality of Poria cocos using infrared radiation combined with air impingement drying
(1. College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; 2.China Research Center for Agricultural Mechanization Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; 3. Bee Research Institute of Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China)
Abstract: Poria cocos has a long history of medicinal use in China. It is a kind of edible and pharmaceutical mushroom. Drying process usually affects the chemical and physical properties of the extracts of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Quality control remains a big issue, affecting herbs, formulations, and even the practice of TCM. Poria cocos generally takes almost 7 days to be dried by traditional natural drying and is sensitive to microbial spoilage. Poria cocos blocks (15 mm × 15 mm × 15 mm) are also easily broken at the traditional hot air drying, such as oven drying. A promising solution to the problem is to take advantage of innovative process techniques including alternative drying methods in the pharmaceutical processing. In this work, poria cocos was dried by medium and short infrared wave drying combined with air impingement drying. Dincer’s model was also applied to the drying process and the lag factor (G), drying coefficient (S), Biot number (Bi), moisture effective diffusivity velocity (Deff), mass transfer coefficient (k) were analyzed. The Deff was also calculated based on Weibull function and Fick’s second law, and there was difference among them. Combined with the GB-4857.5 T-1992 Droping Test Method and Pharmacopoeia of People’s Republic of China, the broken rate and the extractum of poria cocos under different drying conditions were tested. The main results were as follows: 1) Compared with air impingement drying, drying time was shortened by infrared radiation combined with air impingement drying technology, and It could reduce the broken rate by 18% and improve the extractum mass fraction by 1%; the drying process also occurred in the falling rate period; at the range of the testing parameters, the drying rate increased with the increase of temperature and wind speed, but there was not direct correlation between broken rate, extractum content and drying conditions. 2) The G values of different drying methods were between 1.0136 and 1.0202, steady around 1. Drying coefficient was related to material drying speed; the higher temperature and wind speed, the faster drying ratio and drying coefficient was also larger. 3) The range of combined drying technology’s Biot number was 0.0826-0.0982, lower than 0.1, which indicted the drying process was mainly influenced by external resistances. The range of mass transfer coefficient was 1.0319×10-6-1.8003×10-6 m/s. 4) The Deff calculated by Fick’s law, Weibull function and Dincer’s model showed a certain regularity, and all of them increased with the increase of temperature and wind speed. Fick’s law and Weibull function didn’t have relation with external resistances; and Fick’s law didn’t require drying curve in “exponential form”, but only was applied in the falling rate drying process. Weibull function and Dincer’s model had a broader application, but they needed drying curve must be exponential fitting. In summary, infrared radiation combined with air impingement drying technology can improve the quality of poria cocos. The results provide a reference for the application of Dincer’s model on poria cocos drying, and help people to analyze drying process and gain the best drying method. Key words: drying; temperature; models; poria cocos; weibull function