Zebala: A Garbage Story in Al-Darb El-Ahmar

A scientific paper on garbage in Cairo: Al-Darb El-Ahmar

Supervised by: Stefan Theiss Co. Supervised by: Wahideh Abdolvahab

cairogarbage.blogspot.com

Ayah O Moustafa

Pre-Master Research StudyThe German University In CairoFaculty of Applied Sciences & ArtsDepartment of Graphic Design

February 2011

Garbage

2Garbage |

Research and development for expanding our vision of art and the world around us in our daily lives, customs, & traditions.

This study offers an insight to a world where garbage is abundant and predominant. Through this research project, a bridge is built to connect those who live in their own bubble of a world inside Cairo and others abroad, with the humble people of Al-Darb El-Ahmar through the extension of editorial design. The main concept is not to raise awareness of the threatening hygienic issue, but to show garbage from a different perspective. The subjective view I have of the art of over consumption.

Through this research facts, theories, assumptions, and ideas will be put into consideration while trying to expand the idea of garbage in the eyes of both locals in Al-Darb El-Ahmar and the end users who will read the final editorial design. Garbage is more than some smelly pile of leftovers on the side of the road, it is the remains of our existence. This study will analyze how garbage acts and what impression it leaves on people, by starting at the heart of Al-Darb El-Ahmar and spreading out. This research attempts to redefine the image of garbage, setting it at a whole new level of clarity and possibly, serenity. For this study, one-on-one and one-on-many interaction with locals will be put into motion for first person observation and involvement. There is no target age group defined.

Despite the fact that this research revolves around the beauty of garbage and aims at depicting garbage from a new perspective, I am in no way encouraging people to produce more litter and contribute to trashing our streets.

All photos and designs put into this research paper are copyright originals and are not to be copied, altered, or used in any way without the full knowledge and written consent of the author. This project research is for full academic purposes.

Keywords: Garbage, Unintentional Design, Garbage Art, Over-consumption, Egypt, Al-Darb El-Ahmar.

Abstract

3Abstract |cairogarbage.blogspot.com

4Preface |

This paper is for a pre-master course project at the German University in Cairo: Faculty of Graphic Design. It intendeds to develop and redefine the definition of garbage as unwanted material and transforming it into art. A form of art that more people could learn to appreciate and tolerate. This paper’s main concern is to aim at establishing a new bonding connection between people and their waste while introducing people to the area of Al-Darb El-Ahmar, an area that even very few Egyptians know of it’s existence.

Preface

AbstractPrefaceContentsIntroductioni. Motivationii. Purpose of this Studyiii. Overview

Chapter 1Methodology1.1 Zebala1.2 Observation 1.3 Interaction1.4 Documentation

Chapter 2Results2.1 Garbage Barrier2.2 An Action-Reaction Sort of Thing2.3 For Academic Purposes Only

Chapter 3Discussion3.1 A Real Act3.2 A Garbage Reformation

Chapter 4Design Application4.1 Logo

4.1.1 Early Designs4.1.1.1 Arabic Calligraphy4.1.1.2 One-Letter Symbol4.1.1.3 Recycle

4.1.2 Final Implementation4.2 Choosing Layout & Format

4.2.1 Format4.2.2 Layout

4.3 Font4.4 Garbage Box4.5 Blog

References

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Contents

5Contents |

i. Motivation

Everything on this planet is unique in at least one minor feature. Egypt for instance, in my eyes, is the country where history meets the modern world of today. All of its glorious temples, or the breathtaking monuments that only time can value, and it’s kind people, take part in what it is today. Regardless the fact that the population is growing by the minute, people and history cannot stand alone to truly symbolize what Egypt is today. Take a casual drive over Egypt’s narrow bridges and look down over the rooftops of the bare brick-red buildings below, or a casual walk on its long intertwined, dusty streets and look beneath every step you take. Take a second look at a tree to your right and focus on that big crack in the trunk, or at gaps separating stones of a wall, and indeed, you will come to find: garbage.

Not long ago, I had a German photography teacher who once showed us a part of her portfolio in class one day. It consisted of a photo series of forest trees, leaves, and greenery. It was simple, perfect, and was obvious in the fact that it symbolized “Germany” in all the colors of the rainbow. This got me to start thinking and to ask myself, “What ‘greenery’ does Egypt have so much of?”

ii. Purpose of This Study

According to online sources and Egyptian newspapers, Cairo is home to approximately 2,000 tons of garbage a day. As a young lady born and bred abroad, it took me quite a while to learn how to adapt to this reckless, disturbing atmosphere and finally learn to see it through the eyes of my suppressed inner soul: the designer in me. Now, I wonder why we undeniably classify abandoned artifacts as garbage and other objects we keep, as worthy. Or how this so called garbage, was turned on against as a group of terrorists flooding their way into our lives, when really all garbage is, our left behind. Life is not black or white and garbage certainly cannot be classified under either category. On the contrary, I find garbage very colorful in its narrative aspects, compositional setting, composing elements, and obviously, the colors themselves.

Introduction

6Introduction |cairogarbage.blogspot.com

Garbage, as a matter of fact, can be very complicated. Take a minute now and step back to look at the whole picture. We live, we consume, and we dispose. Have you ever thought that what we dispose, can actually be used to tell your grandchildren’s children a bedtime story for years to come? Like any painter, an idea is first developed, then a suitable canvas is selected for composition, setting and layout. I cannot figure out which puzzles me more: the fact that people create this smelly art or that they complain about it even more. I will not (because I cannot) declare that I am at complete peace with things the way they currently are. The true heros of this story are the men who work with these artifacts for a living. They do not complain and treat our pungent leftover material with such care like a valuable piece of gold. Who are we to complain?

iii. Overview

This scientific paper will be divided into four chapters to help analyze the topic at hand. Chapter 1: Methods will help explain the steps I took to deal with the subject of garbage in Cairo, and briefly illustrate the limits I dealt with. Chapter 2: Results, outlines the outcome results produced through research and interaction in Al-Darb El-Ahmar. Chapter 3: Discussion analyzes the results delivered from the previous chapter. Finally, Chapter 4: Practical Application discusses the practical part of this project through the exploration of the logo, editorial concept, format, font, and final project.

7Introduction |

Chapter 1: Methodology

1.1 Zebala

Zebala (pronounced “ze-baa-lah”) is no more than the Arabic word for garbage. To start off with this project, I started reading about garbage systems in Cairo and comparing them with those abroad. With a total population of approximately 86 million Egyptians, Cairo alone is home to 7,786,640 people. Like other people all over the world, they too over consume and have way too much excess leftover. I cannot say that the city is well in control of the situation, but there is somehow a sort of order in this disorder.

One of the simplest forms of garbage control available today in Cairo exists in a small-over populated city hidden in the shadows of the central Cairo District, Mokattam (“mok-kat-tamm”) mountains, called Manshiyat Naser (“man-shay-yat naa-sir”) and is known widely as Garbage City. It is named after its people, Zabaleen (“zab-baa-leen”), the “Pig-Pen Operators” or the “Garbage People”.

According to online sources, Garbage City is home to nearly 60,000 people whose lives revolve around our waste. Every morning the men of the family head out with their large sacks carried over their shoulders, or if privileged, on the back of a donkey carriage, and collect items out of our garbage dumps that are of use to them. They look for plastics, metals, paper, cloth, and many other items that can be sorted, stacked, and sold. Once the junk is collected, it is brought home for the wives, daughters, and younger boys to sort. Basically, it’s a family-run business all through town.

The Egyptian government has tried and failed many times to sort out the issue. The streets are narrow, bumpy, and the civilians are hard to keep up with. Garbage men are underpaid and demotivated. Today, the Italian waste management firm AMA Arab Environment Company (AAEC) earns 52 million Egyptian pounds a year for their services. Their main incentive with employees is that they are not paid by the hour but rather by the net weight of the garbage they collect.

8Methodology |cairogarbage.blogspot.com

1.2 Observation

Before going back to Al-Darb El-Ahmar with my concept in mind and ready for a go, I visited the Zabaleen at Garbage City to get a first hand experience on what the place is. Unfortunately, they are not big camera fans and refused to grant me photography privileges. They claim that they did not want trouble with the media (government), especially after they ordered to kill their herds of pigs (approximately 300,000) and drastically reducing their daily income and bread.

1.3 Interaction

Regardless what many may call research, the best way to reach full capacity results, is through getting in touch with factors outside ones comfort zone. The Egyptian people are unlike the people of the West who usually tend to keep their nose and business to themselves. Where on the contrary, Egyptians are used to life as an open book; my business is yours, and yours is mine. I find this to be the case due to the circumstances people here live in. In the west, the weather is cold for a the greater majority of the year, drawing people indoors, and close to those they know. Where as in the Middle East, countries experience frequent heat waves, humidity, and rarely have rain all winter long. This encourages outdoor activities and life with neighbors, kids, cars, dogs, and passing tourists. Where terms like private zone, and privacy have no existence.

On that note, I decided I needed to be bold. I realized I had to mix into this context and learn to swim in the Egyptian ‘man-waves’. Luckily, unlike the people of Zabbaleen, the local residents of Al-Darb El-Ahmar were used to the presence of cameras due to frequent touristic visits. The only problem I wanted to avoid, was getting people to act differently and out of their normal character, which is exactly what a camera gets people to do.

1.4 Documentation

Finally, gathering all the information collected is essential to help wrap up the project. On every visit, I had a back up person on stand by overlooking the situation from afar. This person observed my interactions with the people and helped me analyze my results after the intervention was complete.

9Methodology |

10Results |

2.1 Garbage Barrier

Ironically and to my utter surprise, I learned during a casual side talk with some Darb residents (and computer research afterwards), that Al-Azhar park originally used to be a garbage dump. For centuries, locals dumped their trash along the eastern wall of the Fatimid Cairo (Al-Azhar park) and it continued to layer for centuries. Cairo grew and spread around it without even considering to treat it, move it and settle in; it was bad. In 1984, the Agha Khan Trust for Culture accepted thirty million United States Dollars from Agha Khan IV (who was a descendant of Fatimid Imam-Caliphs) to build a park, restore the 12th century Ayyubid wall (which was destroyed by the garbage it held up from collapsing over the Eastern part of Al-Darb El-Ahmar), help improve several qualities, and support the poor people there. Imam-Caliphs is set in history as the man who founded the city of Cairo in the year 969.

2.2 An Action-Reaction Sort of Thing

During my search for the perfect garbage site, many people reacted with the slightest effort to try and hide their feelings. What I found to be pure art in the way it just laid there with a thick layer of humid dust, and so colorful and attractive with its surrounding mess, others found the perfect opportunity to mock. People could not understand why I would walk into a dump site, squat down, analyze, and shoot a lifeless empty Chipsy bag. Rarely were those who understood-or thought they did with the idea that I was putting together a complaint letter for the government. Those individuals, not only encouraged me, but begged me to make sure I help them reach out to those up along the hierarchy levels and demand that they get their tax’s worth. One man explained, with pity, that the best places to find garbage are at schools, hospitals, and Mosques.

Unlike those who were beneficial and went out of their way to make sure I find what I am looking for, some were completely sarcastic, or just plain rude. The line, “Take my picture, I look and smell better”, was frequently heard as it was thrown in my direction by younger high/middle school students. Most of these retorts were often followed by accusations that I was not a true Egyptian, and that I was looking for what was ugly to photograph and make it look bad. Some tried to offer other alternatives to photograph, such as historical buildings, the

Chapter 2: Results


11Results |

Citadel, or Al-Azhar park (because it was full of greenery and beautiful spots), if I was so hungry to photograph.

2.3 For Academic Purposes Only

I realized that a camera in the hand of a fellow Egyptian, like them, was something they considered strange, if not alarming. This fact caused me to run into many problems with police officers (who always asked, “do you have a license?”), market/workshop owners, passing by pedestrians, and home owners. Especially when they realized I was not photographing historical monuments the area was so famous for. The safest path I found was when I was honest with them. Assuring them that all this was for educational purposes and that you have nothing to do with the government or media, was my best bet. The “I’m a student, and I’m doing a school project” line, eased many unhappy faces. If I’m lucky, they will leave it at that and walk away. But most times they wanted more. It was tricky attempting explain my concept of the project, which usually led me to resort to my second best answer, “I’m an applied arts student.” This answer always gives me an excuse to be wild with my thoughts and creative imaginations.

12Discussion |

Chapter 3: Discussion

3.1 A Real Act

As we talked earlier, the people of Al-Darb El-Ahmar are used to attracting tourists (foreign and non-foreign) who come to photograph the ancient buildings that tell so much history of great part of Cairo, or simply to see their everyday life. My point of interest was really hard for most of them to register. One that many found funny, bizarre, mad, and made me the trending topic of the hour.

While I was out shooting, many students would be walking home together is groups of at least two or more ‘backup friends’ (one-to-many). These combinations found it very humorous to humiliate, annoy, and enjoy a good laugh at me. Then there were those teens who were alone (one-to-one interaction) would just watch with puzzlement while quickly passing by. Surprisingly, I found that I had an inner self-defense mechanism set in me. During the one-to-many mix, many over-stepped their borders and crossed the line. To these types, I leaned how to stand up for myself and show them this is my country too. No one could ever argue and take that away from me.

Those who pointed, laughed, and jokingly said that I should take their picture instead were usually pranked on by me. I would pretend to be ignoring them, snapping away at the garbage I adore so much, until a surprisingly jump up and a photo-attack is initialized! This would cause them to scream and run: apparently, no one wanted their photo taken. I would then yell back at them, “Don’t offer what you can’t give!”

Trying to explain to the reason of my fascination to these people through my perspective and reason for shooting garbage was very tricky not only because of language barriers, but because this project was so personal. As far as I am concerned, I believe that my interaction of photographic encounters, was a live performance, an intervention totally worth the experience. They may have not be able to grasp my emotions, but the fact that people saw me photograph something so worthless, made some stop to think; I raised awareness.

Most adults, either those who were sitting at the entrance of their small grocery shops across the street or others who finished their prayers and were coming out of Mosques, expressed feelings of gratitude, and pride in that a young Egyptian soul with good spirits could care about her country.


Thinking that I was out in the street with my camera out to document a problem and analyze it elaborately (based on how close they saw me get with garbage when I photograph it), they believed that I had a good vision in store and was going to help them reach out to someone who could do anything about their sticky situation. It was times like this where being honest, felt dishonest.

The mere presence of garbage suggests nothing more than a problem. Whether it be from the government, or the people, it arises at the base of a difficulty, a hiccup we know the solution to, but don no have it. This fact makes it hard for me to completely depict garbage as an artistic factor without looking into the story of how it got there.

3.2 Garbage Reformation

One man, a mechanic, surprised me when he showed great interest in my activities and wanted to dig a deep discussion about it. He asked me as a designer, how I would demonstrate garbage to show my point. Can one take it, recreate something new out it, and present that? He believed that there was more to it than just taking a picture. He went on and on about how ample his neighborhood is with samples. My main problem however, was language. I may speak Arabic, but English is my native and I was short in dialog context due to lack of sufficient Arabic vocabulary words. Words I could not decipher, and others I could not send back his direction.

13Discussion |

Chapter 4: Design Application

4.1 Logo

4.1.1 Early Design

As any professional magazine, I needed to create a logo that resembled this topic, the Arab version of garbage. Naturally, I translated the word to Arabic and started working around it.

4.1.1.1 Arabic Calligraphy

When I started to think of a name for the magazine, I could not help but picture the word in Arabic. The word Zebala is very expressive and cannot be substituted whatsoever. As shown in Figure 4.1, I drew the letters that form the word.

Figure 4.1

After all the letters were sketched, I tried to arrange them to form a logo. Figure 4.2 is a collection of trials I put together in search for the perfect match.

Figure 4.214Design Applications |cairogarbage.blogspot.com

4.1.1.2 One-Letter Symbol

The previous example of letter-arrangement seemed to resemble too much to the Arabic calligraphy art and did not seem fit for this topic. I decided to try something out with the first letter only. As shown in Figure 4.3, I chose the square as a shape that was already used in an earlier part of the project: garbage-sampling boxes from chapter 1. I did not like impression the black and white color scheme gave. The logo felt dark and even a bit clean. I decided to give the box an outline stroke only and tried something, as shown in Figure 4.4, with a bit more lines and color. The messy lines that form the letter resemble the natural composition garbage is found in reality.

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

4.1.1.3 Recycle

The logo did not feel right just yet. The box gave me the impression of a suppressed, tortured letter. In a way preventing garbage from what it does naturally: spreading out, and littering our world. I removed the box and tried cloning the letter multiple times.

The cloned-letter offsprings were then arranged as shown in Figure 4.5 and Figure 4.6 in the form of a recycle symbol resembling some sort of order among all of the disorder. I liked the idea and shapes, but it still did not seem appropriate for the Egyptian (Al-Darb El-Ahmar) garbage.

15Design Applications |

Figure 4.5 Figure 4.6



4.1.2 Final Implementation

The logo needed a lot less frill and a lot more simplicity: reduction to the max. I starting thinking outside the box and remembered this one assignment we had in typography years ago where we were asked to design a font using grids. I went for modular shapes of squares. The idea that something so simple could create something of greater value, resembled the impact of garbage in the streets of Cairo, especially in Al-Darb El-Ahmar.

Figure 4.7 was the first attempt in this series showing basic letter structure. In Figure 4.8, the baseline rule was eliminated putting the second half of the logo, down below its baseline and on the descender: bad idea; a new letter was born. In the cases of Figure 4.9 and Figure 4.10, emphasis on the first letter was put to, as in earlier cases, try and find an iconic identity for the magazine where that letter could be used at times alone. Finally, Figure 4.11 shows the logo in a solid fill, unifying it all. I found this look to much stronger than just the emphasis of one letter, and the color can easily be adjusted to suit the issue’s color scheme.

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.11


The garbage portrayed in this project is Egyptian and cannot be given a catchy foreign name. It needed its Arabic name to accompany it, Zebala. The struggle however came when I realized that my target group involved both educated, higher class Egyptians (not the people of Al-Darb El-Ahmar) and foreigners who do not read Arabic. Translation of the logo was needed somewhere in between otherwise the concept of project may loose it’s gravity. I must admit that I unsure before if I would include the people who were under the microscope in the final target group. After research, interaction proved that they are not interested in garbage the way I am: from a design perspective and would not stop to even look at pictures of it.

A4

A5

A3

A2 A1

Figure 4.14

Figure 4.12 Figure 4.13

GarbageGarbage

In Figure 4.12 , using the font type Blackout (2 AM), a font with similar bold characteristic features as the logo, I added the English word garbage. As you can see, the negative feature of the font, very much resembled the font face the logo already used, but now caused a bit of a legibility issue with the logo. Blackout 2 AM was adjusted to sub-type Midnight: an invert. This change allowed the logo, Figure 4.13, to stand out.

4.2 Choosing Format & Layout

The original plan for the editorial part of this project was to execute a photo book through which I can portray my view. However, I started to realize that there was a better, suitable option. Most advertising and design agencies run monthly magazine issues with in-depth articles, tutorials, and sources of inspiration for aspiring designers. This path of development seemed more fit to the topic and was immediately adjusted so.

4.2.1 Format

Like most magazines, I thought of creating a normal A4-size with a staple bind down the spine. That soon came to prove too complicated and fancy for a topic so simple and cheap. I started folding various sheets of paper and kept folding until an appropriate fold was acquired. I decided to use a sheet of A1 paper that folds four folds across and four folds down. Please refer to Figure 4.13 for a better understanding.

4.2.2 Layout

Since pictures speak a thousand words and my view of garbage can never be thoroughly expressed in the use of words, the layout of the final editorial aimed to stand as a photographic-based magazine, rather than a typical arts and culture monthly article-based one.

Figure 4.14 shows the front side of the editorial when it is unfolded. It includes the cover, end, a teaser image with a quote, and four pages for an article about the selected issue district (i.e. Al-Darb El-Ahmar). Then along the right (left when folded) of


cover page

text 1

text 2

text 3

text 4

image

article

article

article

article

back page

phrase

Figure 4.14

site 1

site 2

site 3

site 4

Figure 4.15


the page are four pictures of, what I call, Garbage Boxes (which will be discussed later in the chapter). Accompanying every box is a small, short-story text which gives the reader an idea of what each location is like. The back side, shown in Figure 4.15, is the final collection of images of garbage I took that build one great poster. Every row is set according to the location the dump/garbage was at.

4.3 Font

Like in any visual project, typography is essential in the editorial as it helps illustrate a word. Some people may not be able to read, but just by looking a the font used, can allow them to partially decode the gist of any message. The following is a list of the fonts I mixed together to design the final editorial print project:

• Blackout• Old Rubber Stamp• Unisketch Limited/Light Limited• DCC Sharp Distress Black• Dirtybag• Illuminate by Brittney Murphy• Dirty Play• Franklin Gothic Book• Meta• Arial• Adobe Garamond Pro• Geneva• Gill Sans

• Bell Gothic Std• Bebas• LaPresse• [ank]*• Kingthings Printing Kit

The first font of the list, Blackout, is the font I used in addition to my self-created logo because of its thick negative background stripes, made it possible to integrate. In addition, the font itself is not too clean and helped me express the word visually. The reason why I chose to use so many different fonts in the editorials, is because it seemed fit to mix and match. Using one font family seemed too clean and strict for the topic. Through the art of typography, I was able to arrange a formation of different, expressive, fonts to give the topic an artistic essence to it.

4.4 Garbage Box

While photographing the beautiful, smelly abandoned objects, I came to realize that I had to take a part of this as a souvenir. Then as a little feature special for the magazine, I realized it would be interesting to put together bits and pieces

from every location into one small box. Like a final masterpiece. Additional photos of these garbage boxes were taken and posted onto the project blog online.

4.5 Blog

Everything today is fast come, fast go, and so much easier because of the Internet-making most of our lives impossible without. Of course, in this project, it is not a necessity, but an expansion of limits through different mediums. Blogging has proven to help designers expose their works (even if just


a preview) reaching potential clients internationally within seconds of posting. Zebala at http://www.cairogarbage.com was set to help display this project to both Egyptians and non-Egyptians who have never seen garbage like this before in hopes of encouraging them to respond back with their own ideas and thoughts of the topic.

Figure 4.16

22References |

References

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23References |

Zebala: A Garbage Story in Al-Darb El-Ahmar

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