Zahid Ch, Internship Report of Ayub Agriculture research institute Faislabad

7/26/2019 Zahid Ch, Internship Report of Ayub Agriculture research institute Faislabad

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COTTON RESEARCH INSTITUTE,

AYUB AGRICULTURE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, FAISALABAD (2016)

Supervie! "#$

MUHAMMAD RIAZ

Su"%i&&e! "#$

Muhammad Zahid

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Re'i&r&i* N$

2012-ag-4139

For the partial ulillme!t o the degree o

"#$% &Ho!'#( Agri# Departme!t o Agro!om)

FA*U+T, F A.RI*U+TURA+ $*I/*/$

+GHAI UNI-ERSITY

DERA GHAI .HAN/

T % I& #

C*3er*

It i' %ertiied that u%%! i!, Re'4 N4 20125'5178 ha' ored at *otto! Re'ear%h

I!'titute Fai'alaad rom 1&Apri9 to 1:& ;u9#a' a part o I!ter!'hip rogram# The %o!te!t' a!d

ormat o report ha5e ee! %he%ed6 ou!d 'ati'a%tor) a!d re%omme!ded to e pro%e''ed or

urther e5aluatio!#

SU


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7) C4 Or!i*&r$

777777777777777777777777777777

(Dr4 u!!r >"9) Head o departme!t6 Agro!om)

.ha8i U!i5er'it)

Dera .ha8i ha!

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Dedi%ated

To#

:

ALIGHTYALLAH,

H9#


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A % ! o l e d g e m e ! t

I o%ea!' tur! i!to i! a!d all o the ood' e%ome pe!'6 e5e! the! prai'e o ALIGHTY

ALLAH %a!!ot e e>pre''ed ut up ad ao5e e5er)thi!g el'e6 I oer m) humle't a!d the

'i!%ere't tha!' to A99 A9%i'a!d humle't ad the deepe't oligatio!' ith great ho!or a!d

the e'teem to the HOLY pre'' m) oligatio!' to m)

ae%tio!ate a!d adori!g pare!t' ho'e ha!d' ala)' rai'ed i! pra)er' or me a!d ithout ho'e

moral a!d i!a!%ial 'upport6 the pre'e!t hou'e or me i! the dar o%ea!' o lie path# o ord' %a!

reall) e>pre'' the eeli!g' that I ha5e or m) elo5ed pare!t'#

Muhammad Zahid

2012-ag-4139

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Cp&er 1 I*&er*ip pr'r%$######?

ri!%iple Approa%h ######

#B

$o%ial Approa%h ##

#B

Cp&er 2 I*&r!u3&i* @ Ci Fi9"! ###8

I!trodu%tio! ###########

9

.C/RM/T #####

###9

DI$TRI*T FAI$A+A"AD AD A.RI*U+TUR/####

####10

De5elopme!t ###

#10

Cp&er 7 AYUB AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE (AARI), FAISALABAD#####11

I!trodu%tio!

#11

e%ti5e'

####11

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$er5i%e' ered

##12

Future la!'

#####12

rga!i8atio!al $etup ###

13

Cp&er COTTON RESEARCH INSTITUTE, FAISALABAD (CRI)$4..14

I!trodu%tio!

14

*otto! Re'ear%h $tatio!' i! u!a###

##14

rga!i8atio!al $etup ##

1:

Mi''io!

###################################1:

e%ti5e'

###1:

$er5i%e'

##############################1@

Re'ear%h A%ti5itie'

1E

Varieties Released By Cotton Research Institute Faisalabad#1B

Strains of (CRI), Faisalabad and its allied stations in pipeline:

!!!!!!"#

Cp&er : INTRODUCTION TO COTTON$###18

Hi'tor)

19

.e!eti% Maeup ###

##19

.e!eti% modii%atio! #

#20

Role o %otto! i! pai'ta! #

#21

AR/A6 RDU*TI AD ,I/+D F *TT I UA"#

##21

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,ear 5i'e li!t produ%tio! o u!a

##22

,ear 5i'e li!t produ%tio! o ai'ta! #

22

Top 10 %otto! produ%er'

####23

"ota!i%al eature o %otto!

23

Mai! groth 'tage' a!d de5elopme!t

###2E

"reedi!g method'

##29

Cp&er 6 ue$ #####:

Cp&er Bi&i3 *! "i&i3 &ree$44444444:1

Cp&er ? Ger%i*&i* &e&i*' "# &e9 r99 %e&! $ 4444444444444444444:2

Cp&er ? GINNING AND FIBER TESTING LABORTORIES$ :7

Cp&er 8 Fi"er &e&i*' LABORTORIES$44444467

Cp&er 10 Cue @ 9 #ie9! @ 3&&* i*


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INTERNSHI<


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FAISALABAD

(ANCHESTEROF


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+)allpur To!

Madi!a To!

i!!ah To!

I?al To!

*ha humra To!

ara!ala To!

$amu!dri To!

Ta!dlia!ala To!

DISTRICT FAISALAAD AND AGRIC!LT!RE:

Fai'alaad di'tri%t i' u!-parallel or it' agri%ultural produ%ti5it)# The area gre i! importa!%e a' the

grai! elt o the u!a# ro'perou' to!' a!d 5illage' 'pru!g up i! the ae o %olo!i8atio!# Jhari

%rop' are %otto!6 mai8e6 ri%e6 'ugar%a!e a!d ara# Rai %rop' are heat6 arle)6 .ram a!d "er'eem#

I! additio! to the'e6 there are al'o Zaid Jhari a!d Zaid Rai %rop'# Zaid Jhari %rop' are toria6 rai)a6

'ar'oo! a!d Zaid Rai %rop i' toa%%o# The u'e o tra%tor' i' e%omi!g popular a!d a't repla%i!g the

%o!5e!tio!al plough'# Impro5ed 5arietie' o 'eed'6 ertili8er' a!d pe'ti%ide' ha5e greatl) i!%rea'ed

per a%re )ield a!d ith that the pro'perit) o the pea'a!t %ommu!it)6 hi%h ha' toiled or three

ge!eratio!' to tra!'orm a arre! la!d i!to 5erda!t ield'#

Fai'alaad di'tri%t i' amou' or it' ruit produ%tio! al'o# The importa!t ruit' are Ji!!o6 Malta6

Fruiter6 Ma!go6 .ua5a a!d Faal'a# Total area u!der ruit or%hard' i' 346:1E a%re'#

DEVELOPMENT:

Fai'alaad ha' a 'tro!g i!du'trial a'e i!%ludi!g te>tile'6 eelr)6 home ur!iture a!d

pharma%euti%al'6 a''i'ted ) e>pa!di!g tra!'port !etor hi%h i!%lude !el) uild motora)' to

+ahore a!d Raalpi!di# The %it) i' al'o home to !umerou' %ollege' a!d u!i5er'itie' 'u%h a' the

Agri%ulture U!i5er'it) a!d u!a Medi%al *ollege# The de5elopme!t o the !e middle %la'' ha'

led to a maor mall' a!d 'hoppi!g pla8a' aimed i!5e'tme!t rom the U!ited Ara /mirate' a' ell

a' 'ome /uropea! irm'# ame' o 'ome o the mai! pla%e' are a' ollo'

1# earl *o!ti!e!tal 2# Johi!oor la8a 3# *e!tre poi!t

4# Do "ur :# Duai 'hoppi!g mall @# *he! !e

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E# Re> *it) B# Media *om Trade *it) 9# $ere!a Hotel

INTRODUCTION TO AYUB AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

(AARI), FAISALABAD

I"tro#$ctio":A)u Agri%ultural Re'ear%h I!'titute &AARI(6 Fai'alaad i' the premier a!d pre'tigiou'

orga!i8atio! o the %ou!tr)# It' ma!date i' the de5elopme!t o te%h!olog) or ood 'e%urit)6

ge!eratio! o e>portale 'urplu'6 5alue additio! a!d %o!'er5atio! o !atural re'our%e'# AARI

origi!ated i! 19@2 &ater iur%atio! o re'ear%h a!d edu%atio!( i' a 'u%%e''or o ormer

u!a Agri%ulture *ollege a!d Re'ear%h I!'titute +)allpur &/'tali'hed i! 190@(#

O%&'cti(') o* AARI:

.e!eti% impro5eme!t o ield a!d horti%ultural %rop'#

Formulatio! o produ%tio! te%h!ologie' or )ield ma>imi8atio!#

De5elopme!t o %rop produ%tio! te%h!ologie'#

I!trodu%tio! o !e %rop' a!d pra%ti%e' or %ha!gi!g e%o!om)#

ro%e''i!g a!d pre'er5atio! o ruit'6 5egetale'6 et%# to a5oid lo''e' a!d 'taili8e pri%e'#

+i!ageliai'o! ith armer' a!d e>te!'io!#

AARI i' admi!i'trated ) the $e%retar)6 .o5er!me!t o the u!a6 Agri%ulture Departme!t+ahore a!d headed ) the Dire%tor .e!eral Agri%# &Re'ear%h(6 A)u Agri%ultural Re'ear%h

I!'titute6 Fai'alaad# The mai! %ampu' o

the I!'titute i' lo%ated at Fai'alaad

here maor re'ear%h per'o!al a!d

a%ilitie' are lo%ated# The I!'titute al'o

ha' Re'ear%h $tatio!'6 $u-'tatio!'6

Te'ti!g *e!ter'6 $er5i%e laoratorie'6 a!d

Re'ear%h-%um-demo!'tratio! arm'

lo%ated throughout the ro5i!%e o

u!a to %ater the e%ologi%al 'pe%ii% te%h!olog) !eed'#

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Fi'4141 D4G @@i3e AARI4

AARI ha' the u!i?ue di'ti!%tio! o relea'i!g :7 Carietie' o diere!t %rop' a!d their produ%tio!

te%h!ologie' re'ulti!g i! 'e5eral old i!%rea'e i! )ield o heat6 ri%e6 %otto!6 'ugar%a!e a!d potato#

Hoe5er6 merel) 40 to :0 per%e!t o the )ield pote!tial ha' ee! re%o5ered due to a !umer o

a%tor' i#e# i!%o!'i'te!%) i! eather6 improper mareti!g6 poor i!ra'tru%ture6 u!timel) 'upplie' o

i!put'6 a'e!%e o i!'ura!%e %o5er to %rop'6 poor %o!trol o! ?ualit) o i!put'6 mi'ma!ageme!t o

!irrigatio!6 po't-har5e't lo''e'6 high i!put %o't6 !oledge gap6 i!ade?uate i!a!%ial re'our%e' et%#

AARI i' the 'eat o gree! re5olutio! hi%h later 'pread to !eighori!g %ou!trie'# The mome!tum

o gree! re5olutio! ha' ee! ept ) the relea'e o more tha! it) &:0( heat 5arietie'# Due to

%o!%reted reedi!g eort'6 !o epidemi% o ru't %ould 'uer ater 19EE-EB# The popular 5ariet) i!

ai'ta!6 !amel)6 INI+A"-91 i' the e't 'pri!g heat 5ariet) i! the orld6 hi%h ha' remai!ed i!

the ield or la't 1: )ear'6 due to it' 5er'atilit)# AARI ha' the %apa%it) to meet the %halle!ge' o the

21't%e!tur)# e %rop 5arietie' a!d 5ariet) 'pe%ii% produ%tio! te%h!olog) i' prepared to meet the

re?uireme!t o the armi!g %ommu!it)#

S'r(ic') O**'r'#:

The a'i% u!%tio! o the Re'ear%h I!'titute i' to tra!'er produ%tio! te%h!olog) to the groer'

through Agri%ulture />te!'io! i!g o the Agri%ulture Departme!t# Hoe5er6 the armi!g

%ommu!it) ma) %o!ta%t *rop*ommodit) $pe%iali't a5ailale at the Re'ear%h I!'titute' e'tali'hed

throughout the pro5i!%e or the olloi!g 'er5i%e'

I!ormatio! o! promi'i!gappro5ed 5arietie'#

$eed a5ailailit) o !e 5arietie'#

a%age o ad5a!%ed %rop produ%tio! te%h!olog)#

Di'ea'e a!d i!'e%t atta% ide!tii%atio! a!d %o!trol mea'ure'#

$oil6 ater6 Fertili8er a!d pe'ti%ide a!al)'i'#

F!T!RE PLANS:

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The re'ear%h o! "iote%h!olog) a!d .e!eti% /!gi!eeri!g ill e 'tre!gthe!ed to oo't up

the output a!d ?ualit) o o0ithe %rop' impro5eme!t program#

Or'*i=&i*9 Se&up$

1:


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COTTON RESEARCH INSTITUTE, FAISALABAD (CRI)

ri'* i"tro#$ctio":

Re'ear%h or o! %otto! a' 'tarted u!der *otto! Re'ear%h $tatio! +)allpur &!o Fai'alaad(6e'tali'hed i! 1902# There ha' ee! %o!ti!uou' e>pa!'io! i! %otto! re'ear%h ')'tem i! u!a to

%ater the !eed' o armer' a!d other 'taeholder'

Cotton Research Institute

Duri!g 193:6 o!e re'ear%h 'u-'tatio! a' e'tali'hed i! Multa! or te'ti!g the perorma!%e o

5arietie' i! relati5el) hotter $outher! 8o!e# *otto! Re'ear%h $u-$tatio!6 Multa! a' upgraded i!

19:B a!d i! additio! to te'ti!g o 5arietie' de5eloped at +)allpur &Fai'alaad(6 the ta' o

de5elopi!g 5arietie' a' al'o e!tru'ted to thi' %e!ter# Further 'tre!gthe!i!g ga5e irth to 'e5eral

*otto! Re'ear%h $tatio!' i! u!a6 a' outli!ed elo -

C&&* Reer3 S&&i* i*


17/70

3# *otto! Re'ear%h $tatio!6 Rahim ,ar Jha! 19BB

4# *otto! Re'ear%h $tatio!6 Cehari 19BB

Te pree*& r'*i=&i*9 e&up i u*!er$

ii* O"e3&ive

Mi))io": Impro5eme!t i! ,ield#

Di'ea'e Re'i'ta!%e &*+*C(#

Drought Tolera!%e#

I!'e%t Re'i'ta!%e#

Impro5eme!t i! Fier Nualit)#

"roade!i!g .e!eti% "a'e#

/>pa!'io! o .e!e ool

/arl) Maturit)

Carietie' 'uitale or high populatio!

Heat Tolera!%e

O%&'cti('):

*o!ti!uou' ge!eti% impro5eme!t or harmo!iou' %omi!atio! o 5ariou' trait' i#e#

higher )ield6 .T6 oll eight6 etter ier ?ualit)6 et%#

Tolera!%ere'i'ta!%e agai!'t *+*C

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18/70

/arl) maturi!g %otto! or heat-%otto! ')'tem

Re'i'ta!%e agai!'t ollorm'

Tolera!%e agai!'t higher temperature &.loal armi!g(

Tolera!%e agai!'t ater 'tre''

Ideot)pe' 'uitale or higher pla!t populatio!

.ermpla'm e!ri%hme!t a!d H)rid %otto! de5elopme!t# I!tera%tio! ith 5ariou' 'taeholder' i#e# armer'6 e>te!'io! i!du'tr) et%#

.e!eratio! o !oledge to ma>imi8e %otto! produ%tio!#

S'r(ic'):

Trai!i!g o />te!'io! orer' a!d Farmer'

Through Ma'' Media i#e# Radio T#C Tal'

Trai!i!g o i!ter!'hip 'tude!t' o graduate %la''e'

ro5i'io! o a'i% 'eed to u!a $eed *orporatio! a!d rogre''i5e .roer'

Aare!e'' through $emi!ar' a!d Farmer Da)'

Aare!e'' through "ru'her' a!d amphlet'

RESEARCH ACTI-ITIES

+Pro&'ct Pla""i", -1/0-12

AGRONOMIC TRIALS:

$oi!g date trial o! promi'i!g li!e' o %otto!#

,ield re'po!'e to %otto!-heat %rop rotatio!#

*otto! pla!ti!g date a!d pla!t populatio! ee%t' o! 'eed %otto! )ield a!d ire

?ualit) Impa%t o !utrie!t a!d irrigatio! ma!ageme!t o! %otto! %rop eha5ior a!d 'eed

%otto! )ield# Zero-tillage i! %otto! heat %rop rotatio!#

Impa%t o 6 'our%e o! the groth a!d )ield o %otto! %rop#

la!t 'pa%i!g trial' o! promi'i!g ad5a!%e li!e o %otto! de5eloped ) *RI F'd#

REEDING TRIALS:

Mai!te!a!%e a!d e!ri%hme!t o germpla'm o :10 a%%e''io!'#

100 !e %ro''e' ill e attempted u'i!g di5er'iiede>oti% ge!eti% 'our%e' or the

de5elopme!t o high )ieldi!g *+*C re'i'ta!t a!d high ier ?ualit) 5arietie'# 100 F16 1@ F26 13E F36 132 F46 1:0 F:6 = :0 F@ ge!eratio! material' ill e 'tudied#

4 ,T6 3 A,T6 3 **T6 1 *CT trial' ill e %o!du%ted to i!d out de'irale o!e'#

re a'i% 'eed i' produ%ed or the olloi!g 5arietie'#

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Carietie' FH-1146 FH-32@6 FH-11B6 FH-9426 FH-1426 FH-+ala8ar6 FH-R6FH-

JAHJ$HA6 FH-3126 FDH-22B6 FDH-22B6 FDH-1E06 FDH-:02 a!d FDH-:12# $ele%tio! o 'egregati!g material or the de5elopme!t o drought tolera!t 5ariet) o

%otto!

$tud) o ilial ge!eratio!' or drought tolera!%e &F1- F@( $%ree!i!g o ad5a!%ed li!e' u!der drought %o!ditio!' or the de5elopme!t o drought

tolera!t 5ariet) o %otto! relimi!ar) )ield trial &D( u!der ater 'tre'' %o!ditio!'

$%ree!i!g o promi'i!g li!e'5arietie' agai!'t *+*uC

I*ARDA roe%t &I!ter!atio!al *e!ter or Agri%ultural Re'ear%h I! the Dr) Area'(

$%ree!i!g o e>oti% a%%e''io!' re%ei5ed rom U$DA

Re%o!irmatio! a!d '%ree!i!g o 10 lo%al ad5a!%e li!e' or *+*uC

F3ge!eratio! ad5a!%eme!t o lo%al > U$DA %ro''e' i! gree!hou'e#&Three a) %ro''e'( ro5i!%ial %oordi!ated %otto! trial' &**T(#

ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIALS:

Relati5e re'i'ta!%e te't agai!'t ollorm' = 'u%i!g pe't atta%#

opulatio! d)!ami%' o red a!d du') %otto! ug' o! "t# %otto! 'o! at diere!t

'oi!g date' Determi!atio! o morphologi%al trait' o %otto! imparti!g re'i'ta!%e agai!'t %otto!

hitel) /i%ia!%) o 'pra)ale i!'e%ti%ide' or 'ta!dardi8atio! agai!'t i!'e%t pe't' o %otto!

$%ree!i!g o ad5a!%ed li!e'5arietie' agai!'t red a!d du') %otto! ug' at diere!t

'oi!g date'#

FIER TEC3NOLOG ST!DIES:

Fier a!al)'i' o reedi!g material i! hi%h F1 &100(6 F2 &1@(6 F3 &132(6 F4 &13E(6 F:

&1:0( = F@ &:0( ge!eratio! material a!d ,T &4(6 A,T &3(6 **T6 *CT trial' ill e

%o!du%ted#

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20/70

-rie&ie Re9ee! B# C&&* Reer3 I*&i&u&e Fi9"!

S&ri* @ C&&* Reer3 I*&i&u&e, Fi9"! *! i& 99ie!

&&i* i* pipe9i*e$

20

SR. NO. STRAIN

"! F&'alaar

*! F&'+oor

%! F&'-&S&-+

$! F&'%*.

/! 0+&'1##

.! 0+&'11*

2! B&'%3/

#! S&'$

1! S&'#"3! V&'%*2

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21/70

INTRODUCTION TO COTTON

*otto! i' a 'ot6 lu)6 'taple ier that gro' i! oll arou!d the 'eed' o %otto! pla!t# It i' a

'hru !ati5e to tropi%al a!d 'utropi%al regio!' arou!d the orld6 i!%ludi!g the Ameri%a6 I!dia a!d

Ari%a# The ier mo't ote! 'pu! i!to )ar! or thread a!d u'ed to mae a 'ot6 reathale te>tile6

hi%h i' mo't idel)6 u'ed !atural-ier %loth i! %lothi!g toda)# *otto! 'eed oil i' u'ed a'

a!a'pati ghee a!d it' 'eed %ae i' u'ed a' meal or a!imal'#

3ISTOR:

*otto! a' ir't %ulti5ated i! old orld 'e5e!

hu!dred )ear' ago &:th mille!!ium "*-4th

mille!!ium "*(6 ) the i!haita!t' o I!du' 5alle)

%i5ili8atio!6 a %i5ili8atio! that %o5ered a huge 'ath

o !orthe'ter! part o the I!dia! 'u%o!ti!e!t6

%ompri'i!g toda) part' o ea'ter! ai'ta! a!d

orthe'ter! I!dia# The I!du' %otto! i!du'tr) a'

ell de5eloped a!d 'ome method' u'ed i! %otto! 'pi!!i!g a!d ari%atio! %o!ti!ued to e u'ed

u!til the moder! i!du'triali8atio! o I!dia# ell eore the *ommo! /ra6 the u'e o %otto! te>tile'

had 'pread rom I!dia to Mediterra!ea! a!d e)o!d#

GENETIC MA5E!P OF COTTON:

*otto! pla!t i' a!!ual a!d pere!!ial i! !ature# It elo!g' to ge!u' .o'')pium6 order

Mala5ale' a!d amil) Mal5a%eae# Thi' ge!u' %ompri'e' o more tha! :0 ild6 %ulti5ated a!d li!t

le'' 'pe%ie'# The'e are 'udi5ided i!to B ge!ome' i#e# A6"6*6D6/6F6. a!d J idel) '%attered o5er

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22/70

i5e %o!ti!a!t'#it i' ou!d i! regio!' o high temperature# .#aroreum a!d .#hera%eum are diploid

ith !O13&2!O2@ %hromo'ome'(#the'e to 'pe%ie' are mai!l) gro! o! tropi%al a!d 'utropi%al

regio!' o the old orld# .#hir'utum6 .#arade!'e a!d our other ild 'pe%ie' &.#dar5ium6

.#la!%eolatum6 .#mu'tila!um a!d .#tome!to'um are tetraploid !O2@6 2!O:2 %hromo'ome'# The

ir't to 'pe%ie' ha5e lo!g hi'tor) %ulti5atio! i! the old orld# Duri!g the la't %e!tur)6 !e orld

%otto! 'pe%ie' &tetraploid'( ha5e ee! repla%ed the diploid 'pe%ie' i! mo't part o the orld6 e>%ept

or 'mall area' o I!do-a %o!ti!e!t# The tetraploid %otto! i' !o! a' Ameri%a! or upla!d *otto!

&.o'')pium hir'utum a!d .# arade!'e( i' !o! a' /g)ptia! %otto!# The ild 'pe%ie' are the

e't 'our%e o re'i'ta!%e to di'ea'e6 i!'e%t pe't' a!d tolera!%e to poor 'oil a!d 'tre'' %o!ditio!'# The

re't o the 'pe%ie' are ild t)pe# The) ha5e lea't %o!triutio! to produ%tio! ut the) are o great

importa!%e or pla!t reeder'#

The'e are diploid6 pere!!ial6 >eroph)ti% 'hru' o arid a!d 'emi-arid regio!' o tropi%'# There 'eed

%oat i' hard6 'mall i! 'i8e a!d do!Pt produ%e ier# .# thurri a!d .#triph)llum ha5e a 'ig!ii%a!t

%o!triutio! to ier 'tre!gth to upla!d %otto! &.# hir'utum +#( a!d old orld 'pp# re'pe%ti5el)#

G'"'tic Mo#i*icatio":

.e!eti% modii%atio! &.M( o %otto! a' de5eloped to redu%e

hea5) relia!%e o! pe'ti%ide'# The a%terium Bacillus

thuringiensis&"t( !aturall) produ%e' a %hemi%al harmul o!l) to

a 'mall ra%tio! o i!'e%t'6 mo't !otal) the lar5ae o moth' =utterlie'6 eetle'6 a!d lie'6 a!d harmle'' to other orm' o lie#

The ge!e %odi!g or "t to>i! ha' ee! i!'erted i!to %otto!6

%au'i!g %otto! to produ%e thi' !atural i!'e%ti%ide i! it' ti''ue'# I!

ma!) regio!'6 the mai! pe't' i! %ommer%ial %otto! are

lepidoptera! lar5ae6 hi%h are illed ) the "t protei!' i! the

tra!'ge!i% %otto! the) eat# Thi' elimi!ate' the !eed to u'e large amou!t o road-'pe%trum

i!'e%ti%ide' to ill lepidoptera! pe't' &'ome o hi%h ha5e de5eloped p)rethroid re'i'ta!%e(# Thi'

'pare' !atural i!'e%t predator' i! the arm' e%olog) a!d urther %o!triute' to !o!-'ele%tio!

i!'e%ti%ide' pe't ma!ageme!t#

22

Genetically modified cotton plants (left)are able to withstand insect attacks thatcan devastate conventional plants (right).


23/70

*otto! ha' al'o ee! ge!eti%all) modiied or re'i'ta!%e to gl)pho'ate &mareted a' Rou!dup i!

orth Ameri%a(6 a! i!e>pe!'i5e a!d highl) ee%ti5e6 ut road-'pe%trum heri%ide

O&er 3u*&rie 9ie USA, C*i* *! I*!i re ui*' "99'r!5

II4 B99'r!5III vi*' pr&ei* rei&*& & 99 "99r% ve #e& & "e re9ee! "#**&4

R9e @ 3&&* i* %ha!ge

ear!i!g o the %ou!tr)# Tae! a' hole6 30 to40 G %otto! e!d' up a' dome'ti% %o!'umptio! o

the i!al produ%t# The remai!i!g i' e>ported a ra %otto!6 )ar!6 %loth a!d garme!t'#

*otto! produ%tio! 'upport' ai'ta!P' large't i!du'trial 'e%tor6 %ompri'i!g 'ome 400 te>tile'6 E

millio! 'pi!dle'6 2E000 loom' i! the mill 'e%tor &i!%ludi!g 1:000 'huttle le'' loom'(6 o5er

2:000 loom' i! the !o!- mill 'e%tor6 E00 !itear u!it'6 4000 garme!t u!it &ith i!i'hi!g

%apa%it) o 11:0 millio! '?uare meter per )ear(6 !earl)1000 gi!!er'6 30 oil e>peller' a!d 1:000

to 20000 i!dige!ou' 'mall '%ale oil e>peller' &Kohlus(# It i' ) a!) mea'ure ai'ta! mo't

importa!t e%o!omi% 'e%tor# ot 'urpri'i!gl)6 go5er!me!t poli%) ha' ge!erall) ee! u'ed to

mai!tai! a 'tale a!d ote! relati5el) lo dome'ti% pri%e o %otto!6 e'pe%iall) 'i!%e19B@-19BE

through the impo'itio! o e>port dutie'6 i! order to 'upport dome'ti% i!du'tr)#

AREA6 PROD!CTION AND IELD OF COTTON IN P!N7A

Year Area (millionha)

Production (millionale!)

Mnd!"ac(Phutti)

#$$$%

$&

#.' .*+ &.

#$$&%

$#

#.*' .+$ &.+

#$$#%

$'

#.#& .-- &.#

23

netically modified cotton plants (left) are able

withstand insect attacks that can devastateventional plants (right).


24/70

#$$'%

$+

#.' .* &.-

#$$+%

$*

#.*# &&.&* #+.

#$$*%

$-

#.+' &$.' ##.$'

#$$-%

$

#.+ &$.'* #&.

#$$%

$

#.+# .$- #$.-

#$$%

$

#.## .* #&.

#$$%

&$

#.+# .'- &.$

#$&$%

&&

#.#$ .* &.

#$&&%

#.*' &&.&' #+.*

#$%

&'

#.'& .*' #'.$#

#$&'%

&+

#.#$ .&* #+.

#$&+%

&*

#.'$ &$.$ #*.-

#$&*%

&-

#.+# *.# .-*

EAR8ISE LINT PROD!CTIONOF P!N7A FROM 19404 TO -1;01/

24


25/70

EAR8ISE LINT PROD!CTION OF PA5ISTAN FROM 19404 TO -1;01/

TO< 10 COTTON


26/70

BOTANICAL FEATURES OF COTTON


27/70

temperature re?uired or germi!atio! o %otto! 'eed i' 30 degree %e!tigrade# $eedli!g' emerge i! : to

10 da)'# o''ile prolem that hi!der germi!atio! i!%lude' poor 'eed ?ualit)6 'oil %ru'ti!g6 'ali!it)6

heri%ide' re'idue'6 %ool temperature a!d di'ea'e# The radi%al or primar) root de5elop' rapidl) a!d i'

the ir't orga! to emerge rom the 'eed %oat# The primar) root or the tap root6 pe!etrate the 'oil

rapidl) a!d ma) rea%hed a depth o upto 10 i!%he' or more ) the time the %ot)ledo!' u!old# The

root de5elopme!t duri!g the earl) 5egetati5e 'tage ma) pro%eed at the rate o 0#: to 2 i!%he' per da)

depe!di!g upo! %o!ditio!# Thu'6 the root ma) go 3 eet deep he! ao5e grou!d portio! o the pla!t

i' o!l) aout the o!e oot tall#

S'a)o"al #'('loppo!e!tial i!%rea'e i!

groth rate duri!g %a!op) ormatio!6 loeri!g a!d oll de5elopme!t#

R& !ep&$

Depth o 'oil re'er5oir that pla!t %a! attai! i! order to get pla!t a5ailale

ater i' !o! a' rooti!g depth o the pla!t# /e%ti5e root depth i' determi!ed )

oth %rop a!d 'oil propertie'# Diere!t 'pe%ie' o the %otto! ha5e diere!t pote!tial

rooti!g depth# *rop root do !ot e>tra%t ater u!iorml) rom the e!tire root 8o!e#

The pote!tial rooti!g depth i' the ma>imum rooti!g depth he! gro! i! a mo't

'oil ith !o arrier' or re'tri%tio!' that i!hiit root elo!gatio!# The pote!tial rooti!g

depth o a %ommer%ial %otto! pla!t i' aout 3-: eet# Deeper root %a! e>tra%t

moi'ture to eep the pla!t ali5e6 ut the) do !ot e>tra%t 'ui%ie!t ater to mai!tai!

optimum groth# he! ade?uate moi'ture i' pre'e!t6 ater uptae ) the %rop i' the 'ame a' it' root

di'triutio!# Aout E0G o the ater u'ed ) the %rop %ome' rom the upper hal o the root depth#

-e'e&&ive Gr&$

*otto! ha' a! i!determi!ate groth hait a!d %a! gro 5er) tall u!der %o!ditio!' o u!re'trai!ed

groth# .roth regulator' 'u%h a' Mepi?ual %hloride are ge!erall) applied to %otto! to 'lo i!ter

!ode elo!gatio!' e'pe%iall) or ell-ertili8ed irrigated %otto!# theri'e6 5igorou' %otto! 5arietie'

ith ple!t) o ater a!d !utrie!t %a! de5elop 5er) tall 5egetati5e groth# Thi' t)pe o ra! groth

promote' oll rot a!d ruit a'%i''io! a!d mae' a %otto! %rop dii%ult to har5e't#

2E


28/70

The ir't 5egetati5e 'tru%ture' that appear o! the mai! 'tem are mai! 'tem lea5e' a!d their poi!t o

atta%hme!t i' %alled !ode# A !e !ode i' produ%ed rom the api%al meri'tem a! a5erage o e5er) 3

da)'# The 'tem lie 'tru%ture that %o!!e%t' the lea ith the 'tem i' %alled a petiole #+ea5e' ari'i!g

rom the ruiti!g ra!%he' are reerred to a' 'ute!di!g lea5e'# A ruiti!g ud6 %alled a '?uare6

egi!' to orm at i!itiatio! o the ruiti!g ra!%h#

The ir't '?uare produ%ed o! a ruiti!g ra!%h i' reerred a' ir't po'itio! '?uare# A' thi' '?uare

de5elop'6 the po'itio! o the ruiti!g ra!%h etee! the mai! 'tem a!d the '?uare al'o elo!gate'#

Thi' portio! o the ruiti!g i' al'o %alled i!ter!ode'# A! a>illar) meri'tem al'o de5elop' ada%e!t to

thi' '?uare# The a>illar) meri'tem produ%e' a 'e%o!d po'itio! '?uare a!d 'ute!di!g lea# A' ma!)

a' our '?uare ma) e produ%ed i! thi' a'hio! o! ruiti!g ra!%h#

A' %otto! pla!t de5elop'6 !e lea5e' appear a!d e>pa!d6 i!%rea'i!g 'u!light i!ter%eptio!# I!itiall)

%aroh)drate' produ%ed ) the lea5e' are u'ed to produ%e root' a!d more lea5e'# Thi' produ%tio! o

!e lea5e' %au'e' the lea area o %otto! pla!t to i!%rea'e rapidl)# !%e reprodu%ti5e 'tru%ture

ei!g to de5elop6 %aroh)drate' 'upplie' are 'lol) 'hited to the de5elopi!g ruit# A' the ruit load

o! the pla!t i!%rea'e' a!d de5elopme!t o !e lea5e 'teadil) de%li!e'# +ea photo')!the'i' doe' !ot

remai! %o!'ta!t a' the lea gro' a!d de5elop'# *olle%ti5el)6 a' the reprodu%ti5e groth o %otto!

pla!t i' i!%rea'e' it i' doi!g 'o ith the 'upport o a lea %a!op) that i' agi!g#

C&&* F9er$

The %otto! '?uare i' a%tuall) a loer ud# The ir't 5i'ile 'tru%ture' o the '?uare are

the lea lie ra%et' or epi%al)>#

Three ra%et' 'urrou!d the loer ud i! a p)ramid lie 'hape#

The %otto! pla!t produ%e' pere%t loer'6 mea!i!g the loer %o!tai!' oth male a!d

emale orga!'#

The ir't '?uare i' t)pi%all) 5i'ile o! !ode :-E aout 3: da)' ater pla!ti!g#

A!the'i' or a loer loom o%%ur' appro>imatel) 21 da)' ater the ir't '?uare appear'#

he! a polle! grai! rea%he' the 'tigma6 it germi!ate' i!to a polle! tue#

The polle! tue gro' through the 't)le6 mi%rop)le a!d i!to the o5ule %hamer6 here

the ertili8atio! tae' pla%e#

2B


29/70

A!)thi!g that redu%e' egg or polle! 5iailit) or tue groth i! a loer ad5er'el)

ae%t' the i!al )ield or the oll#

S&'e @ @9er$

Floeri!g i' importa!t to %otto! produ%tio! e%au'e polli!ated loer' orm %otto!

oll'#

The loom pro%e'' tae' 'e5eral da)' a!d loom age %a! e e'timated ) the loom

%hara%teri'ti%'#

! the da) a loer ope!'6 it i' hite i! %olor#

olli!atio! o that loer u'uall) o%%ur' ithi! a e hour' ater the hite loer

ope!'#

! the 'e%o!d da) the loer ill ha5e a pi! lie %olor a!d red %olor o! the third da)#

Appro>imatel) :-E da)' ater a loer appear' it u'uall) drie' a!d all' reel) the pla!t

e>po'i!g the de5elopi!g oll#

%%a'io!all) a loer ill 'ta) atta%hed to the de5elopi!g oll or a lo!ger period# Thi'

i' %alled a loom 'tage4

B99 !eve9p%e*&$

Ater polli!atio! o%%ur' the oll egi!' to de5elop#

U!der optimum %o!ditio!'6 it re?uire' appro>imatel)

:0 da)' or a oll to ope! ater polli!atio!#

"oll de5elopme!t %a! e %hara%teri8ed ) three pha'e'#

E*9r'e%e*& pe$

The e!largeme!t pha'e o oll de5elopme!t la't' or

appro>imatel) 3 ee'#

29


30/70

Duri!g thi' time the ier produ%ed o! the 'eed are

elo!gati!g a!d ma>imum 5olume o the oll a!d

'eed attai!ed#

Duri!g thi' time the ier i' a'i%all) a thi! alled tuular 'tru%ture6 'imilar to a 'tra#

/a%h ier de5elop' rom a 'i!gle epidermal %ell o! the 'eed %oat#

Duri!g thi' pha'e6 the de5elopme!t o the ier i' 5er) 'e!'iti5e to ad5er'e

e!5iro!me!tal %o!ditio!'6 lo ater a5ailailit) a!d e>treme i! temperature a!d

!utrie!t dei%ie!%ie' &e'pe%iall) ota''ium( %a! redu%e the i!al ier le!gth#

Fi99i*'


31/70

Frui&i*' "i& @ 3&&*$

The %otto! pla!t al'o produ%ed ruit o! to diere!t t)pe' o ra!%he'6 ea%h u!i?ue i' groth hait6

urther %ompli%ati!g %rop ma!ageme!t# I! additio!6 %otto! groth i' 5er) 'e!'iti5e to temperature

a!d 'oil %o!ditio!# A' i! other %orp' produ%er' u'e %hemi%al' i! %otto! to %o!trol eed' a!d

i!'e%t'6 ut %otto! i' u!i?ue i! that %rop groth mu't al'o e regulated a!d e5e!tuall) termi!ated

) %hemi%al mea!'#

BREEDING ETHODS$

*ommo!l) u'ed reedi!g method or ge!eti% impro5eme!t o %otto! %rop are gi5e! elo

I!trodu%tio!

ure li!e 'ele%tio!

Ma'' 'ele%tio!

edigree method &mo't %ommo!l) u'ed(

"a% %ro'' method

"ul method

31


32/70


33/70

=$alit> o* Goo# S''#:

$eed 'hould e ree rom eed'6 di'ea'e'6 'to!e' a!d ha5i!g good germi!atio!

Gage# .ood 'eed de%rea'e' :0G %ha!%e' o %rop ailure6 the re't o :0G ill e

%o5ered ) appropriate %rop operatio!' i#e# proper preparatio! o la!d6 u'e oertili8er6 irrigatio! a!d %rop prote%tio!# "ut i poor ?ualit) 'eed i' u'ed ha5i!g

poor germi!atio! a!d 5igor the! proper 'ta!d o the %rop ill !ot e po''ile a!d

'ometime it ma) happe!' that the hole %rop ma) ail# $o to 'aeguard all the

i!5e'tme!t o la!d operatio!'6 %o't o 'eed a!d ertili8er6 pure 'eed i' o e>treme

importa!%e#

Fit or le'' a!d more pla!t populatio!

*rop height remai!' 'uitale#

Fertili8er u'e i! etter a)#

$pra) i' ea')#

+e'' droppi!g o '?uare' a!d oll'#

,ield i' more#

D'li"ti", o* S''#:

The 'eed i' deli!ted ith %ommer%ial grade 'ulphuri% a%id# 1-

2 liter 'ulphuri% a%id i' 'ui%ie!t or deli!ti!g 10 g %otto!

'eed# $eed 'hould e pla%ed i! pla'ti% pot' or deli!ti!g

ma%hi!e a!d 'pread a%id o! the 'eed e?uall)# $tir it ith the help o oode! 'ti% 'o that

the li!t ill e deta%hed rom the 'eed# he! all the li!t i' remo5ed a!d 'eed appear'

'hi!) la% the! put it o! 'ie5e pre'e!t o! loati!g ater#

Fill the u%et ith ater a!d 'pri!le o! 'eed to a'h the 'eed ell#

*olle%t the health) 'eed' rom deli!ted 'eed'#

Cl'a"i", o* S''#:

Ater deli!ti!g the 'eed 'hould e dipped i! ater 'o that the di'ea'ed a!d u!health) 'eed ill

loat o! the ater 'o e ill %olle%t the di'ea'ed 'eed rom the health) o!e#

Stora,' o* S''#:

33

C&&* See! De9i*&er


34/70

The health) 'eed that 'ettle do! i! ater 'hould e pa%ed i! gu!!) ag' i! dr) a!d 5e!tilated

'tore' or the 'torage o 'eed# )lo! a!d pla'ti% ag' 'hould !ot e u'ed or 'torage o %otto!

'eed#

G'r


35/70

Field 'hould e properl) le5eled

ith pre%i'io! la'er le5eler or

u!iorm appli%atio! o ater#

Doule rai!) i! allo ield'

'hould e %arried out i! %a'e o lat

'oi!g ater heat %rop#

"ed

preparatio! or 'oi!g


36/70

I!ter%ultural pra%ti%e' are ea')#

$pra)i!g i' ea') i! lat 'oi!g#

DISADVANTAGES:

More a'tage o irrigatio! ater# oor germi!atio! o! 'alt ee%ted 'oil'#

A%%umulatio! o rai! ater i! the ield %au'i!g death o %otto! pla!t'#

RIDGE@ ED SO8ING:

Ridge ed 'oi!g i' pra%ti%ed here 'oil i' 'ali!e a!d lo ater holdi!g %apa%it)# +a!d i'

prepared ) deep ploughi!g olloed ) 2-3 %ulti5ator' pla!er'# Ridge' ed' are prepared

) ridger ed pla!ter mou!ted ) tra%tor#

ADVANTAGES:

It 'a5e' 30-40G ater#

More area u!der irrigatio! i! le'' time#

.ood germi!atio! Gage o 'eed a!d good pla!t populatio!#

$a5e rom rai! all lo''e'#

:0G 'eed 'a5e rom thi' t)pe o 'oi!g#

*rop height i' ma>imum#

i%i!g i' earlier#

DISADVANTAGES:

I!ter%ulture a!d eedi!g i' dii%ult i! ed 'oi!g#

$pra)i!g i' dii%ult i! ridgeed 'oi!g#

3@


37/70

Be! %i*' i*' L#u&

SO8ING TIME OF COTTON:

Cre re$ 1:thMar%h- 31'tMa)

Multa!6 Jha!eal6 Cehari6 +odhra!6 "ahal!agar6 "ahaalpur6 D#. Jha!6 Raa!pur6

Mu8aargarh6 +a))ah6 Rahim,ar Jha!#

N*53re re$ 1:thMar%h-1:thMa)#

Fai'alaad6 Toa Te $i!gh6 ha!g6 *hi!iot6 $ahial6 ara6 aatta!#

r'i*9 re$ 2!d ort!ight o April#

"aahr6 Mia!ali6 Jhu'ha6 $argodha6 .urat6 Ma!di"ahaodi!6 Hai8aad6 .ura!ala6

aroal6 $ialot6 $hiehupura6 a!a!a 'ahi6 +ahore6 Ja'ur6 Atto%# Raalpi!di6 ehlum6

*haal#

S''# rat' a"# )paci",:

Depe!di!g upo! the 5ariet)6 'oil t)pe6 the %ulti5atio! o! pra%ti%e' a!d method o 'oi!g6 'eed rate'

a!d 'pa%i!g ha5e ee! re%omme!ded#

The 'eed rate o 1:-2: gha a!d 'pa%i!g o E:-90 %m etee! the ro' are ge!erall)

re%omme!ded or irrigated %o!ditio!'# For rai!ed de'hi-%otto! 'eed rate o 12-1@ gha a!d

3E


38/70

'pa%i!g 4:-@0 %m etee! ro' are adopted# For rai!ed Ameri%a! %otto!

'eed rate i' 12-1@ g a!d 'pa%i!g i' @0-E: %m etee! the ro'#

Pla"t pop$latio":

Sr4N Si*'&i%e


39/70

pla!t'

'hould

e

mai!tai!ed a%%ordi!g to time o 'oi!g a' re%omme!ded#

Thi!!i!g o *otto!

Re%omme!ded a) or thi!!i!g

Ater 20-2: D$ thi!!i!g do!e a' u't 3 pla!t' let &health) appeara!%e(

A!d ater o!e mo!th out o three u't o!e pla!t i' 'ele%ted let o! ield

8''#) o* cotto":eed' are u!a!ted pla!t' gro! i! %otto! %rop ithout the de'ire o groer'# The'e u!a!ted

pla!t' !eed to e eradi%ated eore maturatio! o their 'eed'# It ha' ee! o'er5ed that eed'

arou!d ater %ha!!el'6 ridge' a!d road' a%t a' ho't pla!t or hitel) hi%h i' %au'e o lea %url

5iru' i!e%tio!# Thereore6 eradi%ate eed' rom pla%e'6 %lea! ater %ha!!el'6 ridge' a!d road'

eore 'oi!g# It'it6 Madha!a gra''6 +ehli6 Ta!dla6 "hahra6 Jhaal gra''6 $a! a!d Deela are

the importa!t eed' o %otto!#

Le !ue & ee!$

Redu%e produ%tio! %o!'ideral)

ro5ide 'helter or i!'e%tpe't'#

*ompete %rop or ater6 !utrie!t'6 air a!d light et%#

eed' are re'po!'ile or le'' produ%tio!#

$e%rete %hemi%al %ompou!d' hi%h harm pla!t'

39


40/70

eed' 'er5e a' 'helter or i!'e%t pe't'#

eed' %ompete or air6 ater a!d light ith %otto! %rop#

8''# Co"trol:

eed' 'hould e eradi%ated a' earl) a' po''ile# There are to method' or ee%ti5e %o!trol o

eed'

1# *ultural operatio!' &Ha!d hoei!g a!d i!ter%ulture ith tra%tor(

2# *hemi%al %o!trol &Appli%atio! o pre-emerge!%e a!d po't-emerge!%e eedi%ide'(

Cu9&ur9 per&i*$

3a"# ho'i",:

There are 'e5eral e!eit' o eed' %o!trol ) ha!d hoei!g# It retai!'

moi'ture i! 'oil# It allo' air pa''age to the %rop root' i! 'oil# 1-2ha!d hoei!g' 'hould e do!e eore ir't irrigatio!

3o'i", ?ith tractor@ho'


41/70

o't emerge!%e heri%ide' 'hould e u'ed ater emerge!%e o %rop a!d eed' i! the

ield

Irri'&i*$

Irrigatio! 'hould e applied ) eepi!g i! 5ie ertilit) o 'oil6 method o 'oi!g6 5ariet)

'o! a!d %limati% %o!ditio!'# A5oid hea5) irrigatio! e%au'e it i' harmul or pla!t'# +ight ut

re?ue!tl) irrigatio! i' re?uired ) the %rop# $hort 'tature a!d earl) maturi!g 5arietie' !eed

ir't irrigatio! earl) tha! the late maturi!g 5arietie'

Irrigatio! o Field

Dra?%ac o* h'a(> irri,atio":

Temporar) ater loggi!g#

itheri!g o )ou!g pla!t'#

"ud a!d loer 'heddi!g#

+ea%hi!g o !itroge!#

/>%e''i5e groth#

S>


42/70

Upper 'ura%e o lea5e' e%ome' rough#

Irrigate the ield immediatel) eore the appeara!%e o 'u%h ')mptom' 'o that %otto! %rop %a!

e 'a5ed rom a!) 'ort o damage#

Ti


43/70

(Fer&i9i=er App9i3&i*)

I*e3& pe& %*'e%e*&$

I!'e%t pe't ma!ageme!t i' a %ru%ial 'tep i! the ield or the ma>imum )ield o %otto!# I! %otto!

%rop i!'e%t pe't ma!ageme!t %a! roadl) e di5ided i!to three maor %o!trol'#1# *ultural %o!trol

2# "iologi%al %o!trol

3# *hemi%al %o!trol

C$lt$ral co"trol:

A5oid the %ulti5atio! o alter!ate ho't pla!t !ear the %o!trol ield# A5oid e>%e''i5e amou!t' o

!itroge!ou' ertili8er'# e5er o5er irrigate the %otto! ield 'o that6 there ma) !o!-'u%%ule!%) i!

lea5e'# I! order to a5oid rom the a''id atta%6 %otto! %rop 'hould e 'o! earlier# *ompletel)

remo5e the eed' rom the %otto! ield# De'tro) the 'tule' i! order to de'tro) the o5er-

i!teri!g egg' a!d pupa o pi! ollorm# For the %o!trol o arm)orm6 the mo't ee%ti5e

method i' the ha!d pi%i!g o egg ma''e' a!d their de'tru%tio!# roper preparatio! o la!d

re'ult' i! illi!g o pupae or e>po'i!g them to e!5iro!me!tal a%tor'# Trap %rop &millet( i' 5er)

ee%ti5e or the ee%ti5e %o!trol o pi! oll orm6 or attra%ti!g the ird predator o lar5ae o

oll orm'# For ee%ti5e %o!trol o pi! oll orm6 olloi!g pra%ti%e' 'hould e applied#

"eore 'oi!g6 all the 'eed' mu't e de-li!ted a!d e>po'ed 'u! ) 'preadi!g them o! the hardloor at mid- da) or aout 4-: hour' a!d or 2-3 %o!'e%uti5e da)'#

All the doule6 triple a!d ?uadruple 'eed'6 %o!tai!i!g di'prai'i!g lar5ae 'hould e pi%ed out

a!d de'tro)ed# I! %a'e o earl) 'ea'o! atta%6 the i!e%ted loer' &ro'ette loer'( 'hould e

ha!dpi%ed a!d de'tro)ed# Remo5al o %rop re'idue' let o5er oll' a!d %otto! 'ti%' 'oo! ater

har5e't 'o a' to %he% the %arr)o5er o the di'prai'i!g lar5ae# .ra8i!g ) a!imal' &'heepP' a!d

goat'( or 2-3 time' i! %otto! ield' ater la't pi%i!g a!d eore %utti!g o 'ti%'# loughi!g o

%otto! ield' ith urro tur!i!g plough to ur) deri' a!d oll' %o!tai!i!g di'prai'i!g lar5ae#

*hoppi!g a!d 'la'hi!g o the %otto! 'ti%' i! the ield' a!d ur)i!g them ith tra%tor' to

de'tro) pi! oll orm a!d to i!%rea'e orga!i% matter a!d !utrie!t' i! the 'oil6 olloed ) a

hea5) irrigatio! to ill the re'ti!g lar5ae i! the 'oil#

43


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iolo,ical co"trol:

"iologi%al %o!trol i' !ot mu%h de5eloped i! ai'ta!# Hoe5er6 olloi!g 'pe%ie' o the

predator a!d para'ite' are 'u%%e''ull) ei!g u'ed or the %o!trol o 'u%i!g a!d %hei!g i!'e%t

pe't#

*hr)'operla%ar!ea

+ad) ird eetle

Ho5er l)

M)rid ug

A!ag)ru'amali

*r)pto)olaemu'mo!trou8ieri

Tri%hogramma 'pp#

+ad) ird eetle Ho5er l)

Ch'


45/70

Thrip' Chrysoperlacarnea6 predator mite

Mite M)rid ug6 predator mite

Meal)ug Anagyruskamali,

cryptoleamousmountroieri

C3E8ING INSECT PESTS

Spotted boll7or5 4richogra55assp,5yrid bug!

-5erican boll7or5 4richogra55assp,

Pin9 boll7or5 4richogra55assp,spider

-r5y7or5 a5sel and dragon


46/70

Moi'ture le5el mu't !ot e ao5e B-10G

$tore room' mu't mae o %o!%rete a!d 'hould e dr)

I 'tore room' are !ot %eme!ted6 a la)er o dr) 'a!d 'hould e put o! the grou!d the! pla'ti%

'heet i' pla%ed o! thi' la)er a!d 'eed %otto! 'hould e 'tored i! the'e 'tore'

$eed %otto! 'hould e pla%ed i! 'mall heap' i! 'tore' 'o that air %ould mo5e ea'il)

$eed %otto! 'hould e 'tored ater 'u! dr)i!g

/a%h 5ariet) 'hould e 'tored 'eparatel)

I 'tore' are !ot a5ailale the! 'eed %otto! 'hould e pla%ed at ele5ated a!d dr) pla%e' i!

'mall heap'

Pricipl') *or ,'tti", hi,h'r >i'l#:

+e5el ield

roper 'oil preparatio!

Health)6 graded a!d treated 'eed

"ala!%ed u'ed o ertili8er' ith mi%ro!utrie!t' appli%atio!'

U'e appro5ed a!d re%omme!ded 5arietie'

Timel) 'oi!g up to 1: Ma)

roper a!d timel) ma!ageme!t

Timel) pi%i!g

SELFING AND CROSSING TECHNIUES$

*otto! i' a! ote! %ro'' polli!ated %rop# The ir't loer ope!' at the loer 'ide o the pla!t a!d

!ear the mai! a>i'# Mo't o the loer' %omplete a!the'i' etee! B to 10 am6 although there i'

a great 5ariatio! i! loeri!g time#

EB$ip


47/70

S'l*i", Proc'#$r':

la%e a ruer a!d arou!d the u!ope!ed large 'i8e loral ud o de'irale pla!t i! the e5e!i!g

to pre5e!t the %orolla rom ope!i!g# Tie the ud ith %opper ire !o# 30 elo the loer tip6

tai!g %are that the pi'til i' !ot ei!g damaged# $tit%h the u!ope!ed loral ud a!d %omplete the

operatio! ) pa''i!g the !eedle through the ud i! the dire%tio! oppo'ite to the ir't# la%e the

utter paper ag o! the u!ope!ed loral ud a!d tie the loo'e e!d ) mea!' o a 'ot thread#

Appl) a%eto!e6 %la) or a!) other adhe'i5e material lie !ail poli'h at the ape> o the u!ope!ed

loral ud#

Cro))i", proc'#$r':

E%3u9&i*

I! the e5e!i!g 'ele%t a de'irale loral ud a!d %ut the %orolla ) gi5i!g a %ir%um%i'io! arou!d

the loral ud !ear the a'al 'ide# Remo5e the 'tame! ge!tl) ith a or%ep'# $lide a a> a'ed

'oda tue o! the pi'til ater ema'%ulatio!# lug the ope! e!d o the tue ith 'urgi%al %otto!#

t mor!i!g %olle%t the polle! grai!' i! the etridi'h#

Du't the polle! grai!' ith the help o i!e %amel hair ru'h o! the 'tigma o the

ema'%ulated ud ater remo5i!g the 'oda 'tra tue#

olli!ate etee! B-10 a#m# ut the 'oda 'tra tue ater polli!atio! to prote%t it rom

'tra) polle! %o!tami!atio!#

$terili8e )our ha!d' a!d e?uipme!t ith meth)lated 'pirit ater ea%h o polli!atio!#

La%'li",:

4E


48/70

rite the !ame' o the pare!t' i! a! order that emale pare!tP'

!ame i' ritte! ir't the! the !ame o male pare!t# Al'o rite date

o ema'%ulatio!6 polli!atio! a!d )our !ame o! the tag# U'e lead

pe!%il or riti!g o! tag'#

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJolli!atio!

Taggi!g

4B


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BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESSES IN COTTON

$tre'' reer' to ad5er'e %o!ditio!' or %rop groth a!d produ%tio! impo'ed ) either ioti% or

aioti% a%tor'#

1# "ioti% 'tre''

Ad5er'e %o!ditio!' or %rop groth a!d produ%tio! impo'ed ) ioti% a%tor' 'u%h a' di'ea'e'6

i!'e%t' a!d para'iti% eed'#

2# Aioti% 'tre''

The 5ariou' aioti% 'tre'' a%tor' ae%ti!g %otto! groth6 de5elopme!t a!d )ield mo'tl) origi!ate

due to eather a!d 'oil %o!'trai!t'# Their o%%urre!%e ma) e errati% or 'pe%ii% a!d the i!te!'it)

ma) e 5ar)i!g i! their ad5er'it)# *o!'e?ue!tl)6 'tre'' impri!t' are mared i! the altered pla!t

trait'# The maor aioti% 'tre'' a%tor' ae%ti!g %otto! produ%tio! areL

Drought 'tre''

High temperature 'tre''

$ali!it) 'tre''

aterloggi!g

DRO!G3T STRESS:

rolo!ged dr) 'pell due to u!e5e! a!d errati% mo!'oo! parti%ularl) u!der rai!ed %o!ditio! ill

lead to rapid depletio! i! 'oil moi'ture# Drought 'tre'' graduall) de5elop' a!d i!te!'iie' duri!g the

%our'e o 'oil moi'ture de%li!e re'ulti!g i! re'tri%ted groth a!d de5elopme!t i! %otto! the %riti%al

%rop 'tage e!%ou!teri!g dr) 'pell i' importa!t# Drought 'tre'' at earl)groth pha'e ma) lead to

poor %rop 'ta!d a' the 'ur5i5al o the %rop i' at a great ri'# />te!'io! o dr) 'pell duratio! at 5er)

earl) groth 'tage ma) e%ome di'a'trou' or %otto! perorma!%e# Mid 'tage drought 'tre''%orre'po!di!g to pea loeri!g i' %riti%al a' ar a' )ield reali8atio! i' %o!%er!ed# ater

re?uireme!t i' relati5el) higher at thi' %rop age to 'u'tai! de5elopi!g '?uare' a!d )ou!g oll'6

herea' it i' %omparati5el) loer at pre-loeri!g a!d po't-loeri!g 'tage'# *o!ti!uou' 'tre''

ma) e!ha!%e a'%i''io! o ruiti!g part' thu' ae%ti!g 'i! 'tre!gth# *otto! ater re?uireme!t i'

aout :000 to B000 m duri!g the 'ea'o! or otai!i!g a !ormal )ield# Redu%ed ater a5ailailit)

49


50/70

due to dr) 'pell ha' 'ig!ii%a!t ee%t o! groth a!d de5elopme!t due to ad5er'e ee%t o! the

o!goi!g ph)'iologi%al pro%e''#

M'cha"i)< o* Dro$,ht R')i)ta"c':

There are our me%ha!i'm' a' ollo'#

1( Drought e'%ape

2( Drought tolera!%e

3( Drought a5oida!%e

4( Drought re'i'ta!%e

1. Dro$,ht E)cap':

Ailit) o %rop pla!t to %omplete their lie %)%le eore the 'tart o moi'ture 'tre'' i! the

ield i' !o! a' drought e'%ape# /arl) maturi!g 5arietie' ge!erall) e'%ape rom late 'ea'o!

drought#

-. Dro$,ht Tol'ra"c':

Ailit) o %rop pla!t o gro de5elop a!d reprodu%e !ormall) u!der moi'ture dei%it

%o!ditio! i' %alled a' drought tolera!%e# I! other ord'6 it reer' to 'ur5i5al o a %rop pla!t u!der

ater dei%it %o!ditio! ithout i!ur)#

. Dro$,ht A(oi#a"c':

Ailit) o pla!t to mai!tai! a a5orale i!ter!al ater ala!%e u!der moi'ture 'tre'' i'

!o! a' drought a5oida!%e#

4. Dro$,ht R')i)ta"c':

Ailit) o %rop pla!t to gi5e higher )ield u!der moi'ture 'tre'' %o!ditio!' i' !o! a'

drought re'i'ta!%e# It reer' to good )ieldi!g ailit) u!der moi'ture dei%it %o!ditio!#

:0


51/70

Dru'& Avi!*3e Dru'& T9er*3e

1# la!t mai!tai!' a5orale ti''ue ater

%o!te!t#

2# It redu%e' photo')!the'i' a!d i!%rea'e

root de5elopme!t#

3# I! %ereal'6 it operate' duri!g

5egetati5e pha'e#

4# la!t %a!!ot ith'ta!d lo ti''ue

ater %o!te!t'#

:# It i!5ol5e' 5ariou' morphologi%al a!d

a!atomi%al eature' o pla!t hi%h

redu%e ater lo'' through

tra!'piratio!#

1# la!t doe' !ot mai!tai! a5orale ti''ue

ater %o!te!t#

2# Tolera!t ge!ot)pe' e>hiit etter 'eed

germi!atio!6 'eedli!g groth at

photo')!the'i'#

3# I! %ereal'6 it operate' duri!g

reprodu%ti5e pha'e#

4# la!t %a! ith'ta!d lo ti''ue ater

%o!te!t'#

:# It ge!erall) i!5ol5e' tho'e trait' hi%h

'upport or etter photo')!the'i' u!der

drought %o!ditio!'#

Dro$,ht 3ar#'"i",:

Impro5eme!t i! drought tolera!%e ailit) o a ge!ot)pe through 5ariou' 'eed' a!d 'eedli!gtreatme!t i' %alled drought harde!i!g#

DROUGHT EASURING INSTRUENTS


52/70

E**'ct) o* Dro$,ht:

Drought ee%t' are gi5e! elo#

Redu%tio! i! oth ?ualit) a!d )ield#

Ad5er'e ee%t' o! pla!t groth a!d de5elopme!t#

Damage %hloropla't a!d loer' output' o the photo')!theti% a%ti5itie'

+ead to i!%rea'e i! proli!e6 a'%i'i% a%id a!d eth)le!e le5el' i! the lea5e'#

Morpholo,ical trait) a))ociat'# ?ith Dro$,ht:

Folloi!g morphologi%al trait' o %otto! pla!t are a''o%iated ith drought re'i'ta!%e

$mall or ora lea 'i8e

+e''er !o# o 'tomata per u!it area o! lea5e'#

Thi% %uti%le la)er o lea5e'#

+ea a!d 'tem a>i!e''#

Deep root ')'tem#

Determi!ate groth hait#

Ph>)iolo,ical trait) a))ociat'# ?ith Dro$,ht:

Folloi!g h)'iologi%al parameter' o %otto! pla!t' are a''o%iated ith drought tolera!%e

re'i'ta!%e#

High photo')!theti% rate' &umole m2 mi!(#

+o tra!'piratio! rate&mm'(

+ea ater pote!tial&-mpa(2

+ea o'moti% pote!tial &-mpa(

Turgor pre''ure &-mpa(#

+ea ga' e>%ha!ge# &mol m-2 '-1(

+ea area i!de>&mol m-2 '-1(

$tomatal %o!du%ta!%e#&molm2'e%(

*a!op) temperature#&V*(

:2


53/70

/>%i'ed lea ater lo'' &G(

+ea ater %o!te!t &G(

Relati5e ater %o!te!t &G(#

*ell memra!e permeailit) &G(

*aro! i'otope' di'%rimi!atio!#

*hloroph)ll luore'%e!%e#

ioch'


54/70

ma) lead to lea %ooli!g ee%t'# U'e o light rele%ti!g material a!d 'oil moi'ture %o!'er5atio!

at appropriate time' ma) e u'eul i! redu%i!g the ill ee%t' o ele5ated temperature# $u%h

mea'ure' ma) e!ha!%e ater u'e ei%ie!%)

SALINIT STRESS$alt ae%ted 'oil' are mai!l) %o!i!ed to arid a!d 'emiarid

regio!' o the orld# *ommo! io!' %o!triuti!g to thi'

prolem are *a# Mg6 a6 *16 $46 a!d H*3a!d i! 'ome

i!'ta!%e' J a!d 3# The 'oil' ha5i!g /* o the 'aturated

e>tra%t more tha! 4 d$ m-16 /$ more tha! 1: a!d pH more

tha! B#: are %ategori8ed a' alali 'oil'#

$ali!it) o! la!d

8ATERLOGGING:

aterloggi!g reer' to the 'aturatio! o 'oil ith ater# $oil

ma) e regarded a' aterlogged he! the ater tale o the

grou!d ater i' too high to %o!5e!ie!tl) permit a! a!ti%ipated

a%ti5it)6 lie agri%ulture# I! agri%ulture6 5ariou' %rop' !eed air

&'pe%ii%all)6 o>)ge!( to a greater or le''er depth i! the 'oil# I!

rai!) a!d humidit) regio! %otto! u'uall) 'uer' rom ater

loggi!g 'tre'' i! groi!g 'tage lea area i!de> &+AI( i! the

%otto! ud period 'tage a!d loeri!g a!d oll-'etti!g 'tage#

ater loggi!g

Ger%i*&i* &e&i*' i* 33e9er&e! 'r& 3%"er "# &e9 r99 %e&!

Fi5e 5arietie' &FH-+ala8ar6 FH-1426 FH-32@6 FH-312 a!d FH-444( ere 'ele%ted or their

germi!atio! te'ti!g u!der %o!trolled %o!ditio! o temperature &30V*( a!d humidit) &B0G( i!

a%%elerati!g groth %hamer# $eed' ere 'pread o5er 'heet' o et toel# A' 100 'eed'toel i!

:4


55/70

three repli%atio!'# .ermi!atio! data ere re%orded ater E da)'# The data i' pre'e!ted i! the tale

gi5e! elo

Ger%i*&i* @ per3e*&'e @ !i@@ere*& vrie&ie &e&e! i* # 201:

GINNING AND FIBER TESTING LABORTORIES

*otto! Re'ear%h I!'titute6 Fai'alaad ha' o!e gi!!er) la a!d to ier te'ti!g laoratorie'#

Gi""i", La%orator>:

.i!!i!g i' the pro%e'' ) hi%h 'eed' are remo5ed rom the 'eed %otto! &phutti(# .i!!i!g out

tur! i' the li!t per%e!tage# It i' %al%ulated a' u!der

.i!!i!g out tur! O +i!t eight$eed %otto! eightX100

To t)pe' o gi!!i!g ma%hi!e' are u'ed i#e# Ru9er Gi*a!d S Gi*#

::

SR4 NO RE


56/70

GOT (K) @ A!v*3e Li*e &e&e! & CRI !uri*' 2016

9ariet0 Set & Set #

4V" $*!2 %1!%

4V* $.!% $%!3

4V% $%!3 $3!34V$ $"!2 $"!3

4V/ $%!2 $*!2

4V. $%!3 $"!2

4V2 $%!2 $"!2

4V# $*!2 $3!%

4V1 $%!% $*!3

4V"3 $*!% $*!2

4V"" $$!% $*!3

4V"* $*!2 $3!%

Fi"er

Te&i*'

L"r&rie

14 *u9 Fi"er Te&i*' L"r&r#$

I! ma!ual ier te'ti!g laorator) i!'trume!t' u'ed or mea'uri!g ier 'tre!gth are operated )

ma!ual a) a!d all ier trait' are mea'ured 'eparatel) o!e ) o!e# I! thi' laorator) 'taple le!gth

&mm(6 ier i!e!e'' &gi(6 'tre!gth &tpp'i(6 u!iormit) ratio &G( a!d maturit) &G( i' mea'ured#There are olloi!g 'tep' hi%h are i!5ol5ed i! ier le!gth mea'ureme!t

$li5er Mai!g

Drati!g

:@


57/70

Tuti!g

S9iveri*'$

Tae aout : gm o li!t 'ample a!d rea it i!to to pie%e'#

Tae oth pie%e' o li!t i!to let ha!d a!d pi% out the

protrudi!g ier ith right ha!d#

he! the ier are o le!gth o aout @Y the! role it to mae 'li5er#

Dr@&i*'$

Dri5e the dra o> ma%hi!e a!ti

%lo% i'e#

a'' the 'li5er through dra o>

%areull)#

Remo5e the drated 'li5er rom the ig roller

Tu@&i*'$

Tae the drated 'li5er a!d rea it i!to to pie%e'

Fi> it tightl) i! the %om 'ta!d#

Remo5e all the loo'e ier rom protrudi!g u!til there i' a 'traight edge# A tut 'hall !o e

pulled rom the 'ample ) u'i!g a tee8er#

*om thi' tut 2 or 3 time' a!d tra!'er o! the la% 5el5et tut oard#

A %ut i' mared ith the '%ale at edge o the ier#

:E


58/70

The le!gth o ier i' mea'ured etee! to poi!t' &grip o ier a!d mar ier(

*omi!g Tuti!g

S&*!r! @ Fi"er Le*'& i*


59/70

It i' highl) importa!t that ul %otto! 'ample e thoroughl)

le!ded eore 'pe%ime!' o %otto! ier are tae! or te'ti!g# A

le!der perorm' olloi!g o'

1( pe! the %otto! 'ati'a%toril)

2( *ertai! amou!t o %lea!i!g o 'ample

3( "le!di!g the ier thoroughl) a!d appre%ial) le'' ier

damage

"le!ded

'ample

i' u'ed or

te'ti!g

moi'ture6

'tre!gth6 i!e!e'' a!d maturit) et%#

Ater le!di!g the 'ample6 it i' eighed or %aliratio! o ier i!e!e''#

8'i,hi",:

The eighi!g i' do!e ) digital ala!%e or 'hadograph# The 'ta!dard eight or i3r*ire

Se@@ie9! %3i*e i' :0 grai!'(1gm O1:#43( :0 grai!' O 3#24 gm'4

:9


60/70

i3r*ire v9ue$

Rate o air lo through ier ma'' i' %alled mi%ro!aire 5alue# It i' mea'ured ) +Mi%ro!aire

$heield ma%hi!e#

I!'tallatio! o ma%hi!e

*o!!e%t the air 'uppl) to i!let oot paddle 5al5e o paddle#

Air 'hould e mi!imum 40 pou!d''?#i!%h a!d !ot more tha! 120 pou!d''?#i!%h#

*o!!e%t the outlet o oot paddle to the i!let o the air ilter 5al5e#

*o!!e%t the outlet o ilter 5al5e to the i!let o mi%ro!aire ma%hi!e#

ro%edure

eigh :0 grai!' &3#24gm( ith ala!%e

la%e the %otto! i! %ompre''io! %hamer

re'' the paddle to tur! the air o!6 tae dire%t readi!g to the !eare't '%ale readi!g

rom top o loat

Tae to readi!g' rom the 'ample

@0


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S&*!r! @ Fi"er Fi*e*e i*


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N'?


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41-43 +o u!iorm

43-4@ A5erage u!iorm

4E-4B High u!iorm

Ao5e 49 Cer) high u!iorm

Fi%'r Str'",th:

The or%e re?uired to rea a 1 '?#i!%h o %otto!

OR

1 la% pou!d re?uire' reai!g 1 '?# i!%h#

e&! & eure$

re'le) method &tpp'i(

.ram per te>&000 'i(

Pr')l'> imatel) [ i!%h ide#

+o% the top %lump'#

*ut o the e!d' o the ier' protrudi!g rom a'# U'e a 'pe%ial re%ipe pro5ided or thi'

purpo'e#

Relea'e the eam eight ) ge!tl) rai'i!g the lo%i!g le5er#

he! the eight 'top'6 readi!g the reai!g 'tre!gth i! pou!d'#

Remo5e %lump' rom ma%hi!e a!d pla%e i! the 5i'e#

U!lo% the top a'#

Remo5e the roe! ier ith tee8er a!d eight to the !eare't 0#1 mg#

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S&*!r! @ Fi"er S&re*'& i* u9i re>uire%e*& @r vrie pprv9 "# u9i &ri& i*i%u% &*!r!

1 .T G 3B G

2 $taple le!gth 2B#0' mm

3 Fi!e!e'' 4#9 gi!%h

4 Fier 'tre!gth 92#: tpp'i

@4


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24 Hi' -9u%e I*&ru%e*& L"r&r# (H-I)$

Re%e!tl) thi' i!'titute ha' pur%ha'ed the U$T/R HCI 1000# Thi' i!'trume!t mea'ure' ourtee!

ier trait' ith high pre%i'io!#

A trial %ompri'i!g o 12 5arietie' i! three repli%atio!' a!d to 'et' &ormal irrigatio! &B( a!d le''

irrigatio! &3(( a' a!al)8ed or ier trait' oth ) ma!ual a!d HCI method'#

The re'ult' o %ommo! trait' mea'ured ) Ma!ual a!d HCI method' are 'ummari8ed a' elo

Fi"er &e&i*' "# *u9 %e&! @ !v*3e 9i*e u*!er Dru'& (Se&51)

-rie S4L4 (%%) F4F4 ('i*3) F4S&4 (&ppi) AT (K)

DCT1 2B#0 4#3 9B#2 B1#:

DCT2 2E#E 4#: 100#4 B2#0

DCT3 2E#E 4#@ 90#9 B1#B

DCT4 2E#B 4#3 9B#: B0#E

DCT: 2B#1 4#0 100#9 B0#@

DCT@ 2E#E 4#3 101#0 B1#@

DCTE 2E#9 4#3 101#4 B1#:

DCTB 2E#B 4#@ 99#2 B2#2

DCT9 2E#E 4#0 92#E B0#0

DCT10 2E#: 4#3 101#0 B1#0

DCT11 2E#4 4#4 99#1 B1#@

DCT12 2E#: 4#E 9B#@ B1#9

Fi"er &e&i*' "# *u9 %e&! @ !v*3e 9i*e u*!er *r%9 irri'&i* (Se&52)

@:


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-rie S4L4 (%%) F4F4 ('i*3) F4S&4 (&ppi) AT (K)

DCT1 2E#E 4#4 9E#: B1#@

DCT2 2E#9 4#@ 100#2 B2#3

DCT3 2E#9 4#@ 101#3 B2#1

DCT4 2E#E 4#3 9B#9 B1#4

DCT: 2B#0 4#3 9@#: B0#E

DCT@ 2E#9 4#3 102#2 B1#1

DCTE 2E#@ 4#4 9@#E B1#:

DCTB 2E#9 4#: 93#4 B1#4

DCT9 2E#E 4#0 B9#: EB#E

DCT10 2E#: 4#: 101#E B1#B

DCT11 2E#: 4#4 101#@ B2#0

DCT12 2E#9 4#@ 99#9 B1#:

Fi"er &e&i*' "# H-I %e&! @ !v*3e 9i*e u*!er Dru'& (Se&51)

-rie S4L4 (%%) F4F4 ('i*3) F4S& ('&) AT (K)

DCT1 2B#4 4#: 2@#4 BE

DCT2 2@#B :#0 2:#4 BB

DCT3 2B#4 4#@ 2E#2 BE

DCT4 2E#9 4#3 2E#3 B@

DCT: 29#9 4#1 2B#1 B:

DCT@ 2E#B 4#: 2:#4 B@

DCTE 2E#E 4#3 2E#0 B@

DCTB 2E#9 4#@ 2@#B BE

DCT9 2E#E 4#1 2@#E B@

DCT10 2@#: 4#4 2:#B BEDCT11 2:#2 4#4 24#1 B@

DCT12 2@#3 4#B 2:#B BB

Fi"er &e&i*' "# H-I %e&! @ !v*3e 9i*e u*!er *r%9 irri'&i* (Se&52)

-rie S4L4 (%%) F4F4 ('i*3) F4S&4 ('&) AT (K)

DCT1 2B#3 4#3 2B#@ B@

DCT2 2E#B 4#E 2E#3 BE

DCT3 2@#9 4#: 2E#4 B@

DCT4 2@#3 4#3 2@#0 B@

DCT: 30#2 4#3 30#3 B@

DCT@ 2B#4 4#3 2E#@ BE

DCTE 2E#1 4#4 2E#: BE

DCTB 2B#0 4#: 2E#4 BE

DCT9 2@#: 4#2 2@#0 B@

DCT10 2E#4 4#@ 24#0 BE

@@


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DCT11 2:#3 4#@ 24#9 BE

DCT12 2E#: 4#@ 2E#3 BB

S&u!# &e e@@e3& @ irri'&i* *! %e&! @ *9#i @ @i"er >u9i &ri& i*C&&*$

R*'e @ >u9i &ri& (Se&51 Dru'&, 7 irri'&i*)$

e&! S&p9e Le*'& (%%) Fi"er Fi*e*e ('i) Fi"er S&re*'& &uri (K)

Ma!ual 2E#4-2B#1 4#0-4#E 90#9-101#4&tpp'i( B0-B1#9

HCI 2:#2-29#9 4#1-:#0 24#1-2B#1 &gta>( B:-BB

R*'e @ >u9i &ri& (Se&52 Nr%9, ? irri'&i*)$

e&! S&p9e Le*'& (%%) Fi"er Fi*e*e ('i) Fi"er S&re*'& &uri (K)

Ma!ual 2E#:-2B#0 4-4#@ B9#:-102#2 &tpp'i( EB#E-B2#3

HCI 2:#3-30#2 4#2-4#E 24-30#3 &gta>( B@-BB

There i' !o 5ariatio! 'ee! i! 'taple le!gth u!der drought a!d !ormal ater %o!ditio! i! the 'ample

te'ted i! thi' trial#

Co"cl$)io":

Diere!%e ha' ee! o'er5ed i! the method' u'ed or mea'uri!g 'taple le!gth i#e# ma!ual

a!d HCI# Mi!imum 5alue i! ma!ual method i' 2E#4 mm hile 2:#2 mm i! HCI# $imilarl)

ma>imum 5alue 2B#1 mm i! ma!ual method hile 30#2 mm i! HCI mea'ureme!t#

Fier i!e!e'' 5alue 'eem' almo't 'ame u!der drought a!d !ormal %o!ditio!'# A 5er) little

5ariatio! i' 'ee! u!der to method' i#e# ma!ual a!d HCI#

I! thi' ier trial ier 'tre!gth i' almo't 'ame u!der !ormal a!d ater 'tre''ed %o!ditio!'#

Cer) little 5ariatio! i' o'er5ed i! the oth method' u'ed or a!al)'i'#

Fier maturit) ra!ge u!der drought a!d !ormal irrigatio! a!d 'eem' almo't 'ame u!der oth

ater le5el'# Ma!ual method o a!al)'i' 'hoed le'' maturit) 5alue' &EB#EG- B2#3G( tha!

the HCI &B:G - BBG(#

Cue @ 9 #ie9! @ 3&&* i*


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The %otto! arri5al'6 a' o! 1'tDe%emer 201:6 i!di%ate' :#103 millio! ale' %ompared to B#49B

millio! ale' o! the 'ame date i!20146 rele%ti!g a dimi!utio! o 40Gi! u!a6 herea' $i!dh

pro5i!%e produ%ed 3#:29 millio! ale' duri!g the %urre!t )ear a' %ompared to la't )ear arri5al o

3#@4Emillio! ale' o! the %orre'po!di!g date6 'hoi!g a redu%tio! o o!l) 7426K4! ai'ta!

a'i'6 there i' a de%li!e o 23#2G i! produ%tio! o5er the la't )ear# The pro5i'io!al e'timate' o *rop

Reporti!g $er5i%e' u!a 'ta!d at a5erage )ield o 1E#12 mo!d'a%re duri!g 201: to that o

29#0mau!d'a%re duri!g 2014L 'hoi!g a de%li!e o 34G o5er the la't )ear# The produ%tio! i'

e'timated a'E#432 millio! ale' duri!g 201: %ompared to 10#2EE millio! ale' duri!g 2014 ith a

pro!ou!%e atte!uatio! o 3B#3G# The area u!der %otto! duri!g 201: a' :#:B2 millio! a%re'

%ompared to :#E40 millio! a%re' duri!g 2014L hi%h 'ho' a 2#B G de%rea'e o5er the la't )ear#

E@@e3& @ vriu @3&r * 3&&* 3rp !e39i*e !uri*' 201:Sr4

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mortalit)6 i!e'tatio! o eed populatio!6 lea%hi!g o !utrie!t' rom 'oil6 poor pe't %o!trol a!d

'tu!ted pla!t groth# +e'' 'u!'hi!e a!d high humidit) due to e>te!ded et a!d %loud) eather

ad5er'el) ae%ted !itroge! appli%atio!6 pe'ti%ide 'pra)6 eed %o!trol a!d other agri%ultural

pra%ti%e'#

The e>te!t o eed populatio! a' e!ormou' ith multiple !egati5e ee%t' 'u%h a' !utrie!t

depletio!6 %ompetitio! or !utrie!t'6 'u!light6 hier!ati!g 'our%e' or i!'e%t'pe't' a!d prolem' i!

pi%i!g# *+*C pla)ed lo to medium damagi!g role i! diere!t di'tri%t'# Amo!g ioti% a%tor'6

hitel)6 pi! ollorm6 arm)orm a!d a''id ere the mo't damagi!g pe't'# +o %otto! pri%e

duri!g ul) to $eptemer ae%ted ma!) %otto! ma!ageme!t de%i'io!' o the armer'# Nualit) o

'eed had a mi!or ee%t o! the redu%tio! o )ield# Although6 a5ailailit) o %ertiied 'eed ha'

i!%rea'ed rom 2EG &2014( to 3:G &201:( )et it !eed' to e impro5ed# There a' !o i''ue o i!put'

a5ailailit) 'u%h a' ertili8er a!d pe'ti%ide'6 et%# Hoe5er6 ertili8er a!d pe'ti%ide u'e a' loer

%ompared to 2014 e%au'e o i!termitte!t rai!' a!d lo pri%e' o 'eed %otto!# Dela)ed pla!ti!g6 lo

pla!t populatio!6 poor pla!t groth %a!op) al'o %o!triuted to loer produ%tio!# There a' !o

i''ue o to>i! le5el o "t# 5arietie' a' "ollgard-I ha5e o!l) re'i'ta!%e agai!'t Ameri%a! = 'potted

ollorm' a!d it doe' !ot e!'ure %omplete prote%tio! agai!'t pi! ollorm'#

Co


70/70

I!ter!'hip ha' ee! a o!derul opportu!it) or poli'hi!g 5ariou' a%et' o a 'tude!tP' per'o!alit)#

Thi' i' a i!d o e>perie!%e hi%h I!%orporate' proe''io!ali'm a!d %o!ide!%e# I a' pla%ed at

+C&&* reer3 i*&i&u&e (CRI) Fi9"!, or i!ter!'hip trai!i!g# At *RI Re'pe%ted 'ir6

u%%! Ri=a' m) i!ter!'hip 'uper5i'or#

Duri!g the period o m) i!ter!'hip I ve 9er*e! && & +CRI/there i' a u!dle o te%h!i?ue'

te%h!ologie' that are a%o!e' or the progre'' de5elopme!t o %ou!tr)# A!d at *RI I ha5e

lear!ed more aout %otto!6 %lo'el) !o aout it6 a' eore thi' I a' e)o!d o !ature ut ater

or at *RI i !o aout .od "le''i!g'# I am highl) tha!ul to m) i!ter!'hip 'uper5i'or ho

remai!ed 'upporti5e to me i! thi' hole te!ure a!d guided at all 'tep' o m) i!ter!'hip#

Zahid Ch, Internship Report of Ayub Agriculture research institute Faislabad

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