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ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE WITH AGRICULTURE IN OUR OPEN SPACE
58

Z ^^/E' >/D d , E' · ^K/> d ydhZ ~W Z ^K/> ^hZs z ^K/> KZ' E/ D dd Z ~W Z ^K/> K XD X d ^d^ EhdZ/ Ed^ l >/D WW>/ ~W Z ^K/> d ^d^ /DWZKs ZKW s Z/ d/ ^ ~W Z dZ/ >^ , Zs ^d/E' /^/KE^

May 23, 2020

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Page 1: Z ^^/E' >/D d , E' · ^K/> d ydhZ ~W Z ^K/> ^hZs z ^K/> KZ' E/ D dd Z ~W Z ^K/> K XD X d ^d^ EhdZ/ Ed^ l >/D WW>/ ~W Z ^K/> d ^d^ /DWZKs ZKW s Z/ d/ ^ ~W Z dZ/ >^ , Zs ^d/E' /^/KE^

ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE

WITH AGRICULTURE IN OUR OPEN SPACE

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JOYCE MEADER

BOARD MEMBER,THE LIVESTOCK INSTITUTE

OF SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND

RETIRED DAIRY/ LIVESTOCK EXTENSION

EDUCATOR, UCONN

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TODAY’S AGENDA- GREENHOUSE GASES OVERVIEW

- AGRICULTURE PRACTICES AS POTENTIAL SOURCES OF

GREENHOUSE GASES,

- ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGES TO PROVIDE FOR SUSTAINABLE

FOOD PRODUCTION

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US GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

EPA 2017

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US AGRICULTURE =

9% OF TOTAL U.S. GHG:

4.5% FERTILIZERS/ IRRIGATION(N2O)

3% BELCHING (METHANE)

1.5% MANURE STORAGE(N2O/ METHANE)

EPA 2017

A10

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Slide 5

A10 Author, 3/7/2020

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INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL

ON

CLIMATE CHANGE

(IPCC)

A6

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Slide 6

A6 Author, 3/4/2020

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GLOBALGHG

EPA2015

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AGRICULTURE

GHG EMISSIONS

Global Agriculture Emissions 2009AR5 Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change

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U.S.CARBON DIOXIDE

EPA2017

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THE

CARBON

CYCLE

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SOIL TEXTURE (PER SOIL SURVEY)

SOIL ORGANIC MATTER (PER SOIL O.M. TESTS)

NUTRIENTS/ LIME APPLIED (PER SOIL TESTS)

IMPROVED CROP VARIETIES (PER TRIALS)

HARVESTING DECISIONS (PER ROOT STORAGE)

OPTIMIZING PLANT GROWTH/

ROOT HEALTH

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PERENNIALS grasses , legumes, fruits:

- Extensive roots / soil organic matter - Less planting/ harvesting and soil exposure - Less machinery fuel burned for planting

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ANNUALS CORN,

SOYBEANS, VEGETABLES

Lots of nutrients per acreBUT, Annual decompositionSO, Cover crops important

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COVER CROPS

- PLANTS THAT KEEP THE SOIL COVERED

- INTER SEEDED INTO GROWING CROPS -- OR SEEDED AFTER THE HARVEST

- PLANTING DEADLINE OFTEN MISSED !

A13

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Slide 14

A13 Author, 3/8/2020

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LIVING ROOTS:

- A BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY IN THE SOIL

- PROTECT SOIL FROM EROSION

- BUILD ORGANIC MATTER TO HOLD WATER

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SOIL ORGANIC MATTER

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- WATER HOLDING CAPACITY

- SOIL STRUCTURE (AIR/ WATER/ ROOTS)

- FEEDS MICROBES

- SLOW NUTRIENT RELEASE

- INCREASED PLANT YIELDS

ROLE OF ORGANIC MATTER IN SOILS

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SOIL ORGANIC MATTER

50% BREAKS DOWN OVER

100 - 1000 YEARS

Unless………

CARBON STORAGEA4

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Slide 18

A4 Author, 3/1/2020

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TILLAGE BARE LANDEROSION

Exposes organic matter

Speeds up decomposition

CO2 EMISSION

EXPOSURE TO OXYGEN

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COULTERS OPEN SLIT

- SEED TUBE DEPOSITS SEED

- PACKER WHEELS CLOSE SLIT

-

NO TILL SEEDINGA2

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Slide 20

A2 Author, 2/22/2020

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- Organic matter max = 15% in root zone

- Max reached up to 25 years after- tillage stops- root growth starts

Organic matter saturation point

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US GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN 2017

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SOURCES OF NITROUS OXIDE

A7

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Slide 23

A7 Author, 3/6/2020

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N CYCLE

Manure Manager, September, 2016, Maximizing the

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- BALANCE RATIONS FOR N NEEDS

- FERTILIZER TIMING / QUANTITY / SITE

- COVER CROPS REMOVE EXCESS SOIL N

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT TO REDUCE N20 EMISSIONS

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MICROBES FIX N IN LEGUME NODULES

SCHOOL OF PERMACULTURE

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U.S. METHANE SOURCESEPA, 2017

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METHANE

BELCHING

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SOURCES OF METHANE

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METHANE FROM MANURE STORAGE

<1% OF U.S. GHG

ANAEROBIC (NO OXYGEN)- SOLID STOCKPILES - LIQUID LAGOONS

- DIGESTORS(NO EMISSION)

A14

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Slide 31

A14 Author, 3/23/2020

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LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION EFFICIENCYREDUCES

METHANE/ UNIT OF FOOD

•Animal health and genetics

•Livestock Nutrition- Improved forage quality

- Healthy supplementation

A8

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Slide 32

A8 Author, 3/7/2020

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Improved Forage Quality

• High energy annual forage (c.silage,etc) • Immature haylage or dry hay• Rotationally grazed pastures (12 - 4” tall)

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- Forage tested…..animal needs met?

- Supplemented for desired rate of gain/ product quality and yield

Corn, small grains, food by-products

- Income above feedcosts determined

Forage Supplementation?

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A5A11

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Slide 35

A5 Author, 3/3/2020

A11 Author, 3/7/2020

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It Depends on Forage Quality!

Marbling of beef requires over 2 lbs gain/day during finishing phase

Lambs/ kids need 0.25 lbs gain/day to reach desired 100 pounds yearling wt.

GRASS FINISHING OF RUMINANTS

I

A15

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Slide 36

A15 Author, 4/2/2020

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FINISHING PHASE GRAIN VS GRASS________________________________________Average Daily Gain, lbs 4.0 2.0Days of finishing 172 200Carcass weight, lbs 900 600Feed / gain 5.7 13.0Acres per animal 0.6 1.0

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

MICHIGAN STATE U., 2018 STUDY

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Greenhouse Gas (lbs CO2e/lb carcass) ONLYFINISHING PHASE GRAIN VS FORAGEFuel emissions + 0.1 + 0.2Feed emissions + 2 + 2Manure emissions + 2 +2.5Belching emissions + 2 + 5_

+6.1 +9.7Soil carbon sequestered 0 -16.0Net, lb CO2 e/ lb carcass +6.1 - 6.3

*C sink*Until Soil Organic Matter reaches saturation point

MICHIGAN STATE U., 2018

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REDUCING YOUR CARBON FOOTPRINT

Alternative choices to reduce

Greenhouse GasesAction

Per yearGHGsavings

CO2 e,lbs

Diet vegetables reducedDiet cheese reducedDiet white meat reducedDiet beef reduced

Clothesline for drying

Improve car efficiency,+5 mpg

180 days X 0.1/ per 8 oz180 days X 1.5/ per 4 oz180 days X 1.5/ per 4 oz180 days X 6.6 / per 4 oz

10,000 mi

- 36- 270- 270- 1200

- 1200

- 1200

Upgrade to Energy Star Bulbs, boiler, fridge, windows replaced

- 5500

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PROJECTED PRECIPITATION CHANGE BY SEASON 2070-2100

Climate Change Impacts in the US

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PROJECTED PRECIPITATION BY SEASON 2070-2100

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HOW WILL FARMERS ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE?How will farmers adapt to Summer Droughts?

1.Drought resistant species/ varieties

2.Soil moisture protected(conservation tillage, plastic)

3. Cover crops/perennials to increase OM

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Continued:

4. Water sources upgraded (irrigation, waterers)

5. Emergency feed (barn feeding to rest pastures)

6. High tunnels / barns (protection from hot sun)

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1. Disease resistant species/ varieties

2. Select crops resistant to lodging

3. Slopes planted to perennial crops

4. Annual crops in flood prone areas

HOW WILL FARMERS ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE?

Heavy Precipitation Events

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5. Drainage tiles on cropland

6. Drainage of livestock heavy use areas

7. High tunnels (for high value crops)

8. Surface protected withresidue or cover crops

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CONSERVATION LEASES

DEVELOPING A WIN-WIN ARRANGEMENT

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Operation and Maintenance of Land:

“The land shall be continuously covered with growing

perennial or annual crops, ensuring adequate soil

organic matter . Winter cover crops will be seeded as

the cash crop is harvested, with a deadline of _______

to protect land from erosion until spring seeding.

Crops will be fertilized at proper rate and timing .

LAND LEASEThis lease made the _______ day of _____ __,_2020,

between_______________, owner, of _________________________, and __________________, lessee, of _______________,MA

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THANK YOU!

JOYCE [email protected]


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