Yu. Shitov, Imperial College, London From NEMO-3 to SuperNEMO Choice of nucleus for measurments Calorimeter R&D Low background R&D Tracker R&D Sensitivity simulations Location choice Schedule Current status and roadmap of - projects Conclusion SuperNEMO: next generation project to search for neutrinoless double beta decay 1/25
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Yu. Shitov, Imperial College, London
From NEMO-3 to SuperNEMOChoice of nucleus for measurmentsCalorimeter R&DLow background R&DTracker R&DSensitivity simulationsLocation choiceScheduleCurrent status and roadmap of -projectsConclusion
SuperNEMO: next generation project to search for neutrinoless double beta decay
1/25
Neutrino Ettore Majorana Observatory
NEMO-3/SuperNEMO collaboration
~ 80 physicists, 12 countries, 27 laboratories. R&D Program for 02/2006-07/2009 is being carring out. Major contributors: UK, France, Spain. Smaller but vital contributions from US, Russia, Czech Republic, Japan.
USAMHCINL
U Texas
JapanU SagaU Osaka
FranceCEN BordeauxIReS Strasbourg
LAL ORSAYLPC Caen
LSCE Gif/Yvette
UKUCL
U ManchesterImperial College
FinlandU Jyvaskyla
RussiaJINR Dubna
ITEP MoscowKurchatov Institute
UkraineINR Kiev
ISMA Kharkov
Czech RepublicCharles U Praha
IEAP CTU Praha
MoroccoFes U
Slovakia(U. Bratislava)Spain
U ValenciaU SaragossaU Barcelona
PolandU Warsaw
(Neutrino Experiment on MOlybdenum – historical name)
2/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
NEMO-3 SuperNEMO
T1/2() > 2. 1024 y<m> < 0.3 – 1.3 eV
T1/2() > 2. 1026 y<m> < 40 – 100 meV
Sensitivity
7 kg 100MoT1/2() = 7. 1018 y
100-200 kg 82Se||150NdT1/2() = 1020 || 1019 y
Mass of isotope
Energy resolution(FWHM of the ray)
FWHM ~ 12% at 3 MeV(dominated by calorimeter ~ 8%)
Total: FWHM ≤7 % at 1 MeVCalorimeter: ≤4 % at 3 MeV
Efficiency() = 18 % () ~ 30 %
Internal contaminations in the source foils in 208Tl and 214Bi
214Bi < 300 Bq/kg208Tl < Bq/kg
(If 82Se) 214Bi < 10 Bq/kg208Tl < Bq/kg
Background ~ 2 cts / 7 kg / y
(208Tl, 214Bi) ~ 0.5 cnts/7 kg/y=1, 208Tl =0.5
214Bi=0.5 cnts/100 kg/y
From NEMO to SuperNEMO
T1/2 () > ln 2 M e Tobs
N90
NA
A
NEMO-3 successful experience shows us that technique can be extrapolated for larger mass next generation detector to reach new sensitivity level.
3/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
100 kg: 20 modules ~ 60 000 channels for drift chamber ~ 12 000/20 000 channels for 5’’/8’’ PMT
SuperNEMO basic design
4 m
4/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
Shell Model: Caurier et al. (2004)&private com.
QRPA Simkovic et al. (1999)Stoica et al. (2001)Suhonen et al. (1998 and 2003)Rodin, Simkovic (2005)
Recent calculations:
Uncertainties in nuclear matrix elements (NME) theoretical calculations – essential problem
Nucleus choice depends on: enrichment possibilities experimental techniques NME value (not very strong due to calculation uncertainties) Q values (phase space factor, background) high life-time
Choise of nucleus for measurements
5/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
202722200102/1 ||~/||),()( v
ev MZQmmMZQGT
a) Compilation of QRPA & Shell model (MEDEX'07 workshop)
b) Shell model onlyc) Deformation is not taken into account
Nucleus Q(keV) T1/2(), y G, 10-14 y-1 √G/G76Ge
Ma) Abundance(%)
48Ca 4272 4.2·1019 6.43 3.19 0.76 b) 0.187
76Ge 2039 1.74·1021 0.63 1 2.58-6.36 7.4
82Se 2996 9.2·1019 2.73 2.08 2.49-4.60 9.2
96Zr 3350 2·1019 5.7 3.00 1.12-4.32 2.8
100Mo 3034 7.11·1018 4.58 2.70 2.78-4.85 9.6
116Cd 2805 3.1·1019 4.68 2.73 1.96-4.93 7.5
128Te 867 2.5·1024 (geo) 0.17 0.52 2.54-5.84 32
130Te 2529 7.6·1020 4.14 2.56 2.34-5.44 34.5
136Xe 2468 - 4.37 2.63 1.26-3.72 9
150Nd 3367 9·1018 13.4 4.61 4.16-4.74 c) 5.6
Choise of nucleus for measurements
Two main options: 82Se and 150Nd. 82Se obtained by centrifugation. Impossible for 150Nd, only laserenrichment
6/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
Source foils productionGoal: 250 m2 of 82Se foils of 40 mg/cm2
NEMO3: ITEP (Moscow) powder + glue (60mg/cm2)=>Extrapolation 100 kg possible if very clean conditions. Or new technique is in test in LAL
Enrichment Goal: To be able to produce 100 kg of 82Se
- 30 kg of 76Ge for GERDA- 100 kg of 82Se possible in 3 years- Distillation of 82Se (for purification) possible Distillation of 116Cd tested with NEMO-3- 3.5 kg of 82Se funded by ILIAS(*) (2005-2007)
Facilities exist in Russia
-1 kg (ITEP, done&checked) + 2 kg of natSe done
ITEP; Collaboration with Kurchatov and Nizhnij-Novgorod institutes (distillation)
7/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
technically it is potencially possible to enrich Nd (MENPHIS/CEA), strongly supported by the international double beta decay community
150Nd advantages- no constraint for Radon and 214Bi- constraint less severe for 208Tl- phase space: 100 kg 150Nd 1 700 kg of 76Ge 400 kg of 82Se or 130Te 4000 kg of 136Xe- nuclear matrix element : could be good but ?- if SUSY is a mediator : very good for Nd- search to -transition to excited state level very promising too
Nd is the candidate for SuperNEMO (2 electrons search) and for SNO++ (pure calorimeter)
R&D for 150Nd
8/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
• Production of 200 kg of enriched U at 2.5 % in few days
• Results in agreement with simulation expectation
Design : 2001Building : 20021st test : early 20031st full scale exp. : june 2003
MENPHIS simulation shows that enrichment of 150Nd is doable (ton scale), ~ 100 kg
48Ca enrichment is theoriticaly doable. Studies must be done
Expression of Interest of SuperNEMO, SNO++to keep MENPHYS for Nd enrichment
150Nd R&D: MENPHIS facility support
Based on AVLIS (Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation) method of enrichement
9/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
Calorimeter R&D• Energy resolution is a combination of energy losses in foil and
calorimeter E/E
• Goal: 7-8%/√E 4% at 3 MeV (82Se Q)
• Studies:
– Material: organic plastic (PS) or
liquid (LS) scintillators
– Geometry and shape (block, bar)
– Size
– Reflective coating
– PMT• High QE
• Ultra-low background
Factor of 2 compared to NEMO3!
BC404 PS in teflon
Hamamatsu high-QE
PMT
207Bisource
DDE/E = 6.5% E/E = 6.5% at 1 MeVat 1 MeV
3.8% at 3 MeV3.8% at 3 MeV
Required resolution achieved for small ~5-6 cm samples for both LS and PS scintillators. Bicron is best so far but other manufacturers competing (ISM, Kharkov, Dubna)
Real challenge starts from scintillators with ~10 x 10 cm surface size.
Cuvette with LS
10/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
Calorimeter R&D
• Focus on large block studies (~20cm, 8” PMT)
• Four routes pursued– 8” PMT + plastic block
– 8” PMT + liquid scintillator
– 8” PMT + hybrid (liquid + plastic) scintillator
– 2m scint. bar with 3” or 5” PMTs
• PMTs– Working closely with manufacturers: Hamamatsu, Photonis, ETL
– Real breakthrough in high-QE PMTs from Hamamatsu and Photonis: 43% QE
– First large (8”) high-QE Hamamatsu PMT is under test
– Deep involvement in ultra-low background PMT development (especially Photonis)
• Enhanced reflectors available. 98% reflectivity instead of usual 93%
• First tests with high-QE 8’’ PMT are encouraging: 8%-8/5% for LS/PS with 15-20 cm. Further intensive tests are in progress.
• Plan B: 3”/5” high QE PMTs and larger number of channels.
• Decision on calorimeter design in December 2008.
8” High-QE Hamamatsu PMT
11/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
SC bars double sided with PM. Only ~ 3000 relatively cheap (3’’||5’’) PM (~12000 8’’ PM in basic design). More compact, less background from PM, but worse resolution (~10-11%). Simulations are in progress.
Alternative SuperNEMO sandwich bar design
12 m
11 m
12/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
R&D for bar scintillators
11-12% resolution has been obtained without optimizationNew tests with improved setup are in progress.
13/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
• To measure contaminations of 208Tl and 214Bi in source foils before installation in SuperNEMO
• Goal: ~5kg of foil (12m2 , 40mg/cm2) in one month with a sensitivity of– 208Tl < 2 Bq/kg– 214Bi < 10Bq/kg
(e.g. sensitivity limit of “standard” 400cm3 HPGe detector 60 Bq/kg in 208Tl and 200 Bq/kg in 214Bi for 1 month)
14/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
BiPo-1capsule
BiPo-1: 10 capsules in operation since 12/2007, current sensitivity < 7.5 µBq/10m2 x 40 mg foilBiPo-2 and Phoswhich: started in 04/2008: results expected in the end of 2008
BiPo-2
Low background measurement R&D: BiPo prototypes
BiPo-1capsule
Set of BiPo-1 capsules
15/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
Drift cell worked in Geiger mode
Goal: tracker performance optimization • sizes of wires and cell (3-5 cm) • wire material, gas mixture, readout• simulation for optimal tracker desing • desing of automatic wiring equipment
R&D for tracker
• 9-cell prototype (in photo) has been built and tested with cosmics in Manchester University:- perfomances are ok, optimized for autowiring; - different configurations (8-12 cathod wires per cell) have been tested. • 3cm, 4.4 cm and 5cm cells have been tested with different setups using laser. Preliminary results show the close performances.• 90-cell prototype (below) is in production and will be ready this summer.• final choise of SuperNEMO tracker: 12/2008.
- Transverse position from electron drift times- Longitudinal position from plasma propagation times
Revised 90-cell prototype
16/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
R&D for wiring robot
17/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
82Se 150Nd
“Con
serv
ativ
e” s
cena
rio
82Se:T1/2(0n) =1-1.5 1026 y depending on final mass, background and efficiency<m> 0.06 – 0.1 eV (includes uncertainty in T1/2) – MEDEX’07 NME150Nd:T1/2(0n) =0.5 1026 y <mn> 0.045 eV (but deformation not taken into account)
Sensitivity
Simulations
18/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
Possible SuperNEMO location cites
Main HallMain Hall40 x 15 m (h=11 m)
RAILWAY TUNNEL
ROAD TUNNEL Ultra-Low
backgroundFacility
15 x 10 m (h=8 m)
Old Laboratory
20 x 5 m(h=4.5 m)
installations, clean rooms
& offices
Access gallery
Characteristic of the
new LSC
Depth 900 m (2450 mwe)
Main experimental hall
600 m2 (oriented to CERN)
Low background lab
150 m2
Clean room 45 m2 (100/1000 type)
General services
135 m2
Offices 80 m2
-BiPo-SuperNEMO-- Dark matter-- ….
New LSC Canfranc laboratory
20/25XX Rencontres de Blois, Shitov Yu., ICL, 21/05/2008
Could be available for 2012
Future extension of LSM laboratory
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HM Claim
NEMO 3CUORICINO,EXO-200
GERDASuperNEMOCUORE,EXO
2015-2020, 1t experiments (1 or 2)
>2020, >10t experiment
Roadmap for double beta-decay projects
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- The 0decay is a test of physics beyond the Standard Model by the search of the leptonic number violation and would determine the nature of the neutrino (Majorana), absolute neutrino mass scale and neutrino hierarchy.
- Several experiments are needed to measure different sources with several techniques.
- NEMO-3 technique can be extrapolated at ~100 kg to be sensitive to 2.1026 y Only tracko-calo (SuperNEMO) and gas TPC can directly register -decay. In the case of discovery only direct methods will allow to determine the process leading to : light neutrino exchange, right-handed current, supersymmetry, etc.
- 3-year SuperNEMO R&D program is carrying out and it is in good shape. Key challenges are calorimeter resolution, isotope choice, and radio purity. Based on design study results full proposal for 100+ kg detector in 2009. “Last minute” isotope change possible. E.g. CUORE sees the signal in 130Te.
-First module 2010/11-All 20 modules ~2013
Target sensitivity: 50-100 meV by 2016, which is competitive with the other next generation -experiments.
- The next generation of bb(0n) detectors will improve by a factor of 100/10 the sensitivity to T1/2 / <m> respectively.
Conclusion
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