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Official Organ of ZANU PF

Official Organ of ZANU PFoDepartment of Informaton and Pub cit, 14 Austin Road 70c sales tax)Volume 25, No. 1 1994, Registered at the G.P.O as a Newspaper________________* Profiles of ZANU PF provincial chairmen0 No glory in heavy-,ight boxing

LEVLaNOSuppliersof Comet Trucks, and ServicePartsLeyland (Zimbabwe) Limited Watts Road SouthertonPhone: 67861Telex: 26387 ZW

Editorial: Letters: National News:Regional News: International News:Obituary: Sport:Contents......... ,........................................................................ 2Vice-President Nkomo and the location of a dam ................ 3Civil Service rationalisation to continue .............................. 4Emerald mining still closed shop ...................................... 11Affordable creches for poor families ................................. 12Around the country with ZIS .......................................... 14Profile of ZANU PF provincial chairmen .......................... 15ZANU PF provincial election results ................................. 19On the eve of a non-racial South Africa ............................ 22The history of the Pan-African Movement .......................... 23Implications of population growth in Southern Africa ............. 27Africa wishes for prosperous 1994 ................................... 28Korean socialism entering new era ................................... 29Russia's thorny road to capitalism ................................... 31Report recommends changes toi British criminal justice system . 32Romanians pay tribute to Ceausescu ................................. 35Collapse of superpower rivalry raised old conflicts ................ 36A farewell to yet another hero ......................................... 38Chinyati is laid to rest .................................................. 43More money, little glory in heavyweight boxing .................. 46Zimbabwe News is the official Organ of the Zimbabwe African National Union[ZANU PFJ and is produced on the authority of the Central Committee by the

Department of Information and Publicity, ,longwe Printing and Publishing Co.,No. 14 Austin Road, Workington, Harare. World Copyright, Central CommitteeIZANU PFJ.Editorial Council: Cde. N.M. Shamuyarira Cde. C.C. Chimutengwende Cde. C.Ndhlovu Cde. S. Kachingwe Cde. A. Sikhosana Cde. M. Munyati.Zimbabwe NewsOfficial Organ of ZANU PFI0AHOW

Action must speak louderthan wordsTHE current debate on the non-availability of credit to the indigenous businesssector and the government's thrust to indigenise the economy signals thebeginning of an earnest economic drive to give indigenous people economicpower. The existing imbalance in credit facilities which has paralysed small andmedium scale enterprises is a carry over from a long-term colonial strategy ofdenying blacks control of the economy. For too long, a myth has been perpetuatedby racist propagandists that African enterprises in all sectors of the economy areinherently unproductive and unsound.However, small scale commercial farmers have disproved this line of thinking byproducing more than half of the country's grain. They have also acquittedthemselves very well in cotton, tobacco and sunflower production. But despitethis, selective lending programmes which are in favour of white entrepreneurs stillpersist. These programmes, together with some restrictive laws adopted atindependence are hindering government's efforts to promote the growth of smalland medium scale enterprises and the indigenisation of the economy. Thiscontinued discrimination against indigenous businesses has culminated in thecurrent struggle for black economic empowerment which is being spearheaded bythe Indigenous Business Development Centre (IBDC). A war has been ragingbetween commercial banks and the IBDC over the banks' lending policies. TheIBDC has called on the government to take affirmative action to redress theimbalance. To show its commitment, government has made available a Z$400million loan facility for small and medium scale enterprises. This presents a goodresponse by government. The ball is now in the court of the indigenous businesscommunity and they must prove that they are capable of delivering the goods.Measures should also be taken to ensure fair and speedy disbursement of thefunds. This is a big challenge to the indigenous business community - Now goahead and prove it. It is also important to note that government's recentidentification of 28 laws stifling the formation and growth of small businesses inthe country is a step in the right direction which should be applauded. Aderegulation team set up last year has already isolated 13 of these laws which areto be reviewed urgently. The laws include the Urban Councils Act, the RuralDistrict Act, the Regional, Town and Country Planning Act, Shop Licences Act,Liquor Act, Public Health Act, Food and Food Standards Act, Traditional BeerAct, Customs and Excise Act and the Second-hand Goods Act.

However, identification of the laws alone is not enough. The government istherefore called upon to move as quickly as possible in effecting amendments.The struggle continues! []ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Vice-President Nkomo andthe location of a damDear EditorThe Vice-President, Dr. Joshua M. Nkomo recently addressed a meeting at BeitBridge attended by local political leadirs, councillors and civil servants. At thatmeeting, the Vice-President bitterly questioned the serviceability and rationalityof constructing the Shopi dam in a commercial farming area instead of locating itin dry communal lands. Dr. Nkomo asked- "What benefit will this dam be to thepeople of this dry district?" He went further to pose the question: "Did theplanners consider the uestion of how many people will har est from this dam?"The Vice-President revealed that the communal farmers of Beit Bridge had earlierasked for the construction of a dam on the Mtetengwe River to enable localpeasants to engage in irrigation schemes.DevelopmentCommercial farmers have the privilege of obtaining loans from the AgriculturalFinance Company (AFC) and commercial banks for the construction of dams ontheir farms while communal peasants do not have this privilege. The commercialfarming sector is highly de- V veloped in Zimbabwe. The development of thecommunal sector takes first priority in the allocation of funds by Government.When Government priorities are turned upside down, people have the right toknow the reasons. Dr. Nkomo, together with Vice-President Simon Muzenda,ranks second in the Government hierarchy. It is therefore surprising to hear himsay: "I will seek explanation from Cabinet as to how this dam came first whenevery person in Government knows the drought position in this district." If "everyperson in Government knows the drought position in this district" who thenauthorised the construction of the Shopi Dam in the commercial farming sector?ConsultantsSources close to the department of Water Affairs have disdosed that the locationof Shopi Dam was decided by consultants seconded to the department.Assuming that the source was correct in attributing the location of the Dam to thewisdom of foreign "consultants", aWithout water, life becomes a nightmarelot of questions immediately come to economic and political conditions in mind.Why should there be the need for Zimbabwe? foreign consultants 1 3 years afterin- The Zimbabwe News is on record as dependence? Are foreign consultantshaving fearlessly questioned the wisdom best informed about the socio-economicof the Government in employing people situation in Zimbabwe? Are they familiarwho do not understand or sympathise with Government policies and priorities?with ZANU PF's policies and Are our own highly qualified universityprogrammes. It is common sense to prograduates who man our ministries so ill-tect one's interests by working with only informed about their own country that

those who are politically aligned with, they have to rely on foreign consultants orare sympathetictgoGovernment POP-1 all the time? Is it financially viable for ciesand priorities. Therefore I urge the the Government to continue to pay highgovernment to utilise our graduates for salaries in foreign currency to foreign suchjobs. consultants who have repeatedly shown B.M. their ignorance about thesocio- HarareZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Civil service rationalisaticto continue- PresidenIn reducing the size of army, we must not render ourselves powerless andimpotentthe rationalisation of the civilservice is a necessity and willcontinue to take place, the President, Cde. Robert Gabriel Mugabe said in his NewYear message at State House in Harare on December 31, 1993.He pointed out that the government looked at how it can reduce the size of thearmy "without rendering ourselves powerless and impotent. So in the event of anyoccurence requiring us to defend our country we would not be found wanting."The following is the full text of his address:Vice President and Mai Muzenda, Senior Ministers and other Ministers present,Governors and Resident Ministers, Members of Parliament, Government Officialspresent here, 4iembers of the Diplomatic Corps, Your Worship, the Mayor ofHarare and Other Mayors who happen to be here, Representatives of theEconomic and Industrial Sectors present here, Secretary to the Cabinet and Headsof Ministries,Vice Chancellors of our Universities herepresent,Representatives of Religious denominations who are here, Chiefs of SecurityForces or their representatives,Invited guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Comrades and Friends. As usual, at the endof the year and on the eve of the New Year, we assemble here at the invitation ofthe President and the reason is for us to celebrate the end of the year and lookforward, with joy and hope, to the coming year. May I, on behalf of Governmenton behalf of the people of Zimbabwe and on my own behalf welcome you to thisend of 1993 reception.As I said, Ladies and Gentlemen, Comrades and Friends, we are here to celebratethe end of the year and I am sure that in our celebrating the end of the year andlooking forward to the new year, we examine also the fortunes and perhaps,misfortunes, that have come our way and they come our way perhaps as we lookat ourselves as a nation. In some cases, as we look at ourselves as community, aswe look at our selves as families as well as individuals.Well, you will agree that they brought us good fortunes and pera the greatest of allfortunes wast which was yielded in agriculture wh we had record yields of maize,toba

- despite the auction prices, where we went up again in our production of soyabeans, cotton and even wheat. I have been told a while ago tha perhaps, hopefully,shall yield ab 300 000 tonnes of wheat or just b that, and that our maize is likely qin the region of 2.5 or 2.6 million t But not all of that is coming to the MarketingBoard. Perhaps 1.3 mi the input or savings in the Grain keting Board. But ofcourse, there other crops as well. We look at th ger plantations, sugar, I happendhave visited the main plantation country and it has recovered rem bly although itwill be some time the actual production will be yielded this will be possibly midnext year (1 994).It is very green at the plantation. The coffee and tea plantationshave also recovered and we hope that recovery continues.Good productionI am sure you will also agree that in that sector, the greatest joy came in the wayof the communal farmer who made a real contribution by way of maize, cottonand other products being received by our parastatal bodies. Only this week, wewitnessed some of the millions of dollars which were paid to rural or communalfarmers in areas where production was high. But this is the brighter side of ouryear. Good agriculture, joy on the part of the farmers, translating itself to some insome respect that joy also shared by the manufacturers who depend on agriculturehad failed. But how they have been propped up - the textile industry is up andwith it the clothing industry.But that is the manufacturing sector and perhaps there are posts of happiness therebut I read feelings also of despondency. That is despite the recovery from thedrought, there have been quite a spate of handicaps in the manufacturing sectorand there are lot to do with the lack of financial liquidity in the sysContinued onpage 6IMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

I Wer no her jus fo th erWe, at Natbrew, are proud to have been brewing the finest clear beers for morethan 80 years. For most people that is our most notable achievement. But, whatgoes relatively unnoticed is our commitment to sport in Zimbabwe.As a responsible corporate citizen we take our role in society very seriously. Thisis manifest in many ways, not the least of which is the setting aside of substantialfunds to sponsor major soccer, rugby, cricket and horseracing events.Like these little fellows in the picture, there are hundreds of thousands of peoplein the country who experience the positive personal benefits of sport. That is whysport deserves hundreds of thousands of dollars from Natbrew.At Natbrew, our corporate philosophy is simple. We will continue to investheavily in our community. Because we are not only committed to providing abetter beer for our community, but also a better community for our beer.Next time you pour one of your favourite beers, please remember that we, atNatbrew, are pouring tremendous sums of money into furthering sport in yourcountry.National BreweriesThe cheer that goes beyond the beer.BARKER, MCORMAC NBG 697

IBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 19945

Civil servicerationalisationContinued from page 4tem. As a result, many a business was liquidated or somehow just wound up forlack of finance, lack of money. And as I Went around the country, I receivedmany, many complaints, especially from the emerging businessmen - the IBDCbusiness person. But there are also an outcry on the part of well-establishedindustrialists.The cry was money, no money and where money was available to some extent itwas too costly. So there was that financial predicament which confronted ourbusiness people and many really closed down their enterprises. And we foundourselves helpless as government because there just were no funds. And welooked at measures, some medium-term, short-term and others perhaps long-term.Some had to do with the rationalisation process, our government could makemoney more readily available by itself not borrowing from the same financialsake that would help push entrepreneurs. And of course, this is the one reasongovernment decided on looking at its expenditure and trying to reduce and do thisin a variety of ways.We looked at how we could ourselves bring about the rationalisation of our ownoperations in the public sector. How we could reduce the public service and infactsteps have been taken regarding that and quite a lot of retrenchments have alreadytaken place and some are due to take place. We looked also at how we can reducethe size of the army without rendering ourselves powerless and important. So inthe event of any occurrence requiring us to defend our country, we would not befound wanting. But rationalisation accross the board of our public sector is anecessity as this is taking place and will continue to take place. But we havelistened to complaints from industrialists, some of whom say, well, true, reducethe size of the public service, but look at your parastatal system and look atparastatals that require to be subsidized and instead of subsidizing them, why notallow them to fall into the hands of the private sector? We have employed a groupof experts from Ireland to look into the parastatals, one by one, and they havemade quite aSuccess in agriculture depends on good rains and markets with good pricesdetailed and comprehensive report to us. We are studying that report. Waiver ofIrish recommendations Perhaps, by and large, we will go by what they haverecommended, but there are areas where perhaps we will waiver. As I mentionedthe day before yesterday when I was interviewed by ZBC, which they recommendmust continue to be subsidized - the Grain Marketing Board - because they havelittle real flexibility. But we would want to see it also do business and not justcontinue to be a servicing institution, to service the farmers and service the miller.To service farmers on the one hand by buying from them and do service to themillers by selling grain to them so that they can make profit when the GrainMarketing Board does not make that profit.

So we will look at how we can make it commercial to some extent. But perhapswe will continue to subsidise it because we will expect it to be the country'sgranery and the country's granery must store grain and therefore, as I said earlieron, have money trapped up in the system because we would want to cater for thatwhich will occur in the future when once again we will be faced by a drought or ifnot a drought - a hardship situation of dire need when we will need to providefood to the nation. But the Grain Marketing Board is not the only parastatal whichis in the habit of being subsidised. There are others as well - the Railways havebeen subsidised to some extent, the airways subsidised, but of course the mostproblematic parastatal is ZISCO, ZISCO, ZISCO, ZISCO - iron and steel, ZISCOis made of iron as you know but iron rusts. The oxidation has taken effect. Itneeds to be boosted.But we cannot allow it to die, you will agree. Just imagine us without iron in thecountry. What construction will take place? Import iron from South Africa andother countries? What happens to those countries of our region which have tendedto depend on us? So something must be done. I am glad that investigation hasbeen done into as to what we could possibly do to resurrect it and I hope that theprocess will succeed. There are two blast furnaces that are in trouble - 3 and 4 -and the greater of these is four but perhaps as the outgoing Secretary, Cde.Nziramasanga, was advising me sometime ago, that if we started with blastfurnace number 3 and because its cheaper to start with that one than to start withfour and keep it going on the strength of it, we could then go ahead with blastfurnace number 4.Problems in manufacturingWell, the manufacturing sector has really experienced most problems. From thedrought year to the good agricultural year just ending, and although there has beensome recovery, that recovery has not been sufficient enough to enable us to retainpeople in employment. And over and above that, to get people who had beenretrenched back into employment. The manufacturing sector is a reallyproblematic sector. In agriculture, I suppose, you can proceed with someContinued on page 7IMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994I -Naio-na~e-w

Civil service rationalisation to continue Continued from page 6degree of certainity that if you plant crops and the rains come, you will have agood year. But even there, the issue of markets is uncertain and the prices on themarkets continue to fluctuate. But the manufacturing sector depends on othersectors - inputs from other sectors and if both fail then trouble enters themanufacturing section. Again, if markets fail, we have lots of trouble. If sourcesof supply are uncertain, or the inputs we get from those sources are too expensive,once again, we are in trouble. ESAP has also brought its own problems. We havesaid that these problems are initial, we are midway in ESAP and perhaps somepeople do not listen to us anymore when we say that these are initial problems,they tend to think now that they are permanent problems. But I would like tobelieve that we have now gone over the hump and that 1994 will certainly yield a

better environment and better prospects for all of us, after perhaps, minimalgrowth rate of 2 per cent has been achieved, to look forward to a greater pace inour growth and development. But let our agriculture continue to achieve so it cancontinue to prop the manufacturing sector. But we do hope that the measures thathave been taken, some of them have been taken today, that there will really benow a phase during which we will see real investment coming into the countryand boosting given to the economy in general. But we are yet to do quite a lot -not just toattract investment, but to ensure that investment goes into correct places and areasthat will create employment most of the investment should come from ourselves -from the domestic sector - and the domestic sector as we envisage when we plan,in the economic reform programme, was to play a major role in investment.But again we have an inbuilt system of contradiction. Perhaps the reality, not justour economics, but economics everywhere. You start an economic reformprogramme and suddenly you realise that because of a number of reasons, theprices continue to go up. But you have to cope with the high rate of inflation, toprevent it from galloping. You would want to see investment as much as possibletaking place, more money being available, but you have surprise inflation as well.And in order for you to succeed, you reckon that it would be better for now toapply mechanisms, which although they have the effect of doing havoc toliquidity, will reduce inflation and you are contradicting yourself. But the isnothing you can do and that is precisely what we did.Interest ratesBut now the situation, we hope, is much better, the high interest rates that were inoperation have started coming down. The industrialists are saying, no they havenot come down enough, money is still too expensive, but that's the reality of thesituation. Money will continue to be expensive and even if the interestESAP problems are not permanentZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994rates come down to 20 per cent, money will still be expensive. 20 per cent is quitea high rate although by our standards that would be regarded as a better situationthan that which prevailed over last year.Well, let's look forward to a better situation. To more money being available andto more imports of capital necessities that will go into our own production systemrather than imports of consumer goods, that these will boost our own exports inturn and enable us to earn more foreign currency. I look with greater hope at themining sector than I do perhaps at the problematic manufacturing sector. Therewe have a greater thrust now than there was perhaps about two years ago, greaterinterest in demonstrating across the board of all minerals. We know of course thatminerals have not been doing that well on the international market for variousreasons. Gold has started picking up, it wasn't doing that well for quite a long timeand the price was, according to producers of gold, at $310-350 and they said thatperhaps they could regulate it at $385 or around $380 an ounce and I think that ismore pleasing than the price that we obtained about six months ago..Copper hasn't been doing that well either but we are not as great a producer ofcopper as Zambia and Zaire. Tin, we are a small producer but there is a real

problem confronting Kamativi and we do hope that we can see them through.Nickel, well, not that bad but has been on the areas of platinum, diamonds andgold that we seem to lay our hopes and there is real attraction to the country ofinvestors, mining companies in the field of platinum. We are glad also that ourprospecting for gold is showing effort, diamond is showing some success and welook forward to several mining companies coming into the country to minediamonds. I am glad to say that there are prospects of our indigenous groups orpersons going into large-scale mining. There is more gold, of course, than hasbeen discovered and one hopes that mining in respect of these people, will startsoon.Joint venturesLet's hope that those who come as investors, whether they come into the miningsectors or into the manufacturing sector or into any other sector, that they docome to become partners withContinued on page 9

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Civil service rationalisation Continued from page 7The totality of our endeavours must be encapsulated in our national policiesus and being partners with us is not just being in a position to pay company tax atthe end of the day, but be prepared to incorporate into the company, partners who

are indigenous and we would want to see every investing company going hand-in-hand with a group of indigenous persons in the country. So that aspect must bewatched very carefully. We toured countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, China andsaw where economic reform programmes have succeeded, but I can assure youthat in a country like Malaysia, they have gone about it in a deliberatelydiscriminating way. They are not ashamed to say they discriminate in favour ofindigenous persons in order to correct the imbalances of the past. But we are shyabout it, I'm not shy but my people are shy. We want our African people whowere left behind, when various companies got established, in the past, because ofhistory, where just whites, not just whites in terms of white settlers here, butwhites even in terms of their foreign control and we have a situation where a largeamount of past investment has been in the hands of foreigners and non-blacks. Toask them to incorporate blacks as partners appears to them as a kind ofracialism being practised in reverse by us. But we are saying no, this is in orderfor us to correct the imbalances, the disparity that history has created. We want tosee a non-racial society. Things cannot continue as they are. We really have to dosomething. But of course, if individuals are not able to call nonracialism to work,we, will have to compel them to espouse non-racialism, espouse the principles ofpartnership. That is national reconciliation at best. I have talked about the publicsector. The public sector, ladies and gentlemen, comrades and friends, is a vastarea. It encompasses, not just the system of government and those that make it go,including not just public servants or civil servants, but the Army, the Police force,CIO, but includes also institutions like Parliament and the Judiciary, you willagree with me that our Parliament has had a good year. 1993 has been an eventfulyear for them, passed lots of legislation and they have therefore done a good bit ofwork for the country just as they have done before and I would want to expressmy gratitude to all performers - those in agriculture, those in the manufacturingsector, those in mining - on the contribution they havemade over the years. I hope they continue to do their best in order to cause oureconomy to grow. I want to thank members of Parliament who are here and thosewho are not here on their contributions over the year. But I must express to themthat we still have a year to go and greater gratitude will be expressed at the end ofnext year when their term of office automatically comes to an end. Some peoplewanted to cause their term of office to come to an end soon so that we can have anelection. Smali parties, they want elections; they want to try themselves. I supposethey want elections for no reason other than that one that they want you to go. Butthe people have given you a five-year period and we must respect the wishes ofthe people. So in my view, you should remain for five years and it will be fiveyears. I don't want us really to get into the tradition that is elsewhere. Wherebecause the going is good you call elections. But the Constitution says that thereshall be elections, every five years and unless there is something very drastic,very wrong in the system of governContinued on page 10ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Civil servicerationalisation

Continued from page 9ment, surely we should not just rush people into an election which is undeservedand the people will say, "do we deserve this?" We will have our elections at theright time in 1995. And the Forum and others must prepare for 1995, they are notready just now. So we are giving them more time, more rope to let them getready.MPs' salariesWell, I have spoken about Parliament and I hear Mr. Speaker say, "Mr. President,you haven't referred to MPs as the underdogs of the country, people who arereceiving peanuts when others are being well-salaried. They are in a managementposition, Mr. President, they perform the sovereign duty of making Law and yetthey get salaries that are three times, if four times, lower than those received by anordinary sales person working for a firm." My reply, Mr. Speaker is, I have heardyour calls and the Ministry of Finance has heard your calls, the Senior Minister ofFinance has presented to me certain proposals and we have concurred and agreedand I hope the announcement which is going to be made within a day or two willplease many at heart.OnenessI want to end up by thanking all of you for having come; thanking all our peoplefor the role they played over the years. The unity they displayed, the oneness,whether faced with hardships or in situations of joy and happiness which theyhave shown. It has been a difficult year, difficult for our entreprenuers, difficultfor the worker, difficult for theconsumers. These three comprise the disparity of our society. We are these three,entreprenuers, workers consumers. Difficult times make these people hardenedpeople. They provide experiences to people; they make them seek for new wayswhereby they can overcome their difficulties and problems. Indeed, you cannothave a solution without a problem. After all, solutions are about problems.Solutions are answers to problems and let us live up to the expectations of ourpeople, we who are in leadership. Let us be seen to be providing solutions. If wehave said to the people that in order for you to be agriculturally viable, thesolution is land, lets provide that land and not dilly daily about it. If we have saidover and above land the solution is means of production, those items or resourceswill apply in order to produce, let us be seen to be providing those resources. Ifwe have said that in order for us to expand our economy, to bring about economicreform, there is need for investment and need for resources that can be used in theinvestment process, let's ensure the resources are available and not negate theavailability of resources. In short, if we have said we will act, let us act and notcontinue to make promises because promises must be fulfilled, fulfilment is thekey to development, fulfilment means have resources applying the resources sothe answer is yielded. I want to thank you and thank you most heartily for the rolethat you played. I thank you on behalf of the people you represent, I thank youequally for what they have done in every walk of life they have operated.Well done ZBCFinally, I want to thank ZBC for the wonderful work they did over Christmas inportraying Christmas as Christmas. For one they were able to organise partici-

1-N-lational NewsEfficiency is one of the prerequisites to success in businessZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994pation by as many groups of people as possible in rendering Christmas songs,carols, Christmas music, diversity of programmes. And it was not just renderedwithout a plan, a system. You showed all communities participating, You saw allraces participating in programmes and the variety of churches also participating inthe programmes.I want to say congratulations to you on that excellent piece of work. For once wewere proud that we have a nonracial family. But I want also to congratulate theparticipants, whether these were churches or school children or ordinary people,ordinary groups singing carols. I want to say well done. May they continue towork together in that same spirit that avoids groupism, racialism and tribalism.We are a one Zimbabwe nation, one clan but diversity of tribe, diversity of races,but one destiny. We must march together where ever we were born in Zimbabwe,whatever culture has brought us up, whatever colour of our skin, whatever ourown individual ideas, individual plans, the totality of our endeavours must beecapsulated in our national policies, the national direction so all of us are cateredfor in the same way. So all of us can find a place in Zimbabwe and not just aplace, a home, but a meaningful home, a home with means. That is the destiny.Let us endeavour all the time to sing one song, a Zimbabwean song, a nationalanthem of oneness. One Zimbabwe, One nation. I want to thank you for havingcome.Tomorrow, that is only 3 hours to go, I think, start a new year. May that yearbring greater happiness and prosperity to you and may it bring greater happinessand prosperity to all of us and Zimbabwe.Happy New Year. I thank you. L

Emerald mining still closed shopBy Millie PhiriH arare - Demand for preciousstones has always been high worldwide and although Zimbabwe has relativelylarge deposits of emeralds, very little is known about the exploitation of theprecious mineral.Apparently, because of the high risks involved which tend to deter prospectiveminers and financiers, the emerald industry in Zimbabwe has remained tiny withonly one major company and a litany of small ventures involved in the extractionof the mineral. Many of the small ventures are one-man companies whichspecialise in extracting or buying the mineral and selling it on the black market.This has resulted in there being little information on the extraction and sale of theprecious stone discovered in Zimbabwe around 1955. Both the MineralsMarketing Corporation of Zimbabwe (MMCZ) and Ministry of Mines have notresponded to requests sent to them to give more information on the state of theemerald industry.Marketing of the mineral is the sole responsibility of the MMCZ and theparastatal is the one that determines prices of most minerals. The Central

Statistical Office (CSO) classifies data on precious stones as confidential and onlypasses it to the public after consolidating it with information from similarorganisations. There have to be four companies or more. A CSO spokesman saidthey had information from less than four companies dealing in emeralds in thecountry and therefore could not provide any information concerning the mineralwithout prejudicing the interests of the companies.The operators' list provided by the Chamber of Mines, however, showed as manyas 29 operators throughout the country. The Small Scale Miners Associationestimates the number operators at 400.The lack of essential information on the mineral is prohibitive to small minerswho want to venture into mining emeralds but find they cannot plan the venturesbecause of the scarcity of information.Cde. Edson Zvobgo - Minister of MinesThe biggest operations at present are at Sandawana Mines in Mberengwa, onceowned by Rio Tinto until recently when it was sold to Sandawana Mines (Pvt.)Ltd.Mining giants Rio Tinto gave up extraction of the Mineral because it proved to bea complex venture that did not fit well with other mining operations within thecompany, a spokesman for the company said.Figures compiled by the Chamber of Mines show that emerald production ingeneral is on the decline. In 1988, says the Chamber of Mines, 3 683 carats of theemeralds cut was produced at a value of Z$1.4 million compared to only 1 640carats at a value of about Z$1,2 million in 1991.The highest production was in 1989 when 6 542 carats were produced at a valueof Z$1,6 million. There were no figures available for 1992. The same trend isreflected in the production of rough emeralds which has been going down butwith the value going up. In 1988, 562 887 grammes were produced with a totalvalue of about Z$2,6 million and this is compared to only 45 755 grammesproduced in 1992 with a value of about Z$1 1 million.In 1990, about 822 060 grammes were produced with a value of about Z$5million.However, the Chamber of Mines rarely dealt with emerald miners because itconsiders the industry too small. President of Small Scale Miners' Association,Cde. Giles Munyoro confirmed the existence of the illegal trade in emeraldssmuggled mostly to South Africa.Cde. Munyoro said most miners declared zero returns "but to our surprise toeywere not closing down or retrenching their workers, which means they could beselling them somewhere illegally".A University of Zimbabwe lecturer at the Department of Geology said locals whowere involved in the mining of emeralds "played their cards dose to their chests"and it was difficult to tap any information from them on the mineral. He said therewas too much control on the emerald industry that resulted in most of the businessbeing done underground and illegally. This has been criticised by some of theminers, who have alleged under-valuing of their stones."There is no proper system or structure to determine prices and I would rather sellon the black market and fetch a high price," said one miner. "in this country the

MMCZ is the sole exporter and I think these stringent controls are not necessary,"he added. Cde. Munyoro echoed the same sentiments, saying the state-ownedMinerals Marketing Corporation of Zimbabwe was an unnecessary bureaucraticset-up as far as the marketing of emeralds was concerned.He said precious stone cutters in the country operated illegally as they were notallowed by law. In Zambia, he said, operators got government permits to sellprecious stones outside and the government would also get commission. "InZimbabwe the laws are very suppressive and that is why there is a lot of illegalmarketing," Munyoro stated.Continued on page 12ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Affordable crechesfor poor familiesBy Chemist Mafubapilot scheme designed to bring affordable pre-schools to disadvantaged childrenin both rural and urban areas in Zimbabwe has taken off the ground.A brainchild of the Zimbabwe Network for Early Childhood Education and Care,a non-governmental organisation, the programme brings together parentsinEmerald miningstill closed shopContinued from page 11Lack of funding for emerald mining ventures, engendered by the complexity ofthe extraction process and uncertainty of yields, had also contributed to thegrowth of the illegal market. "The problem is that unlike gold and other preciousstones, mining of emerald is a very complex operation. Even if one knew a placewhere they could extract emeralds, sometimes they needed to dig several metresbefore coming across them because unlike gold (which appears in belts), emeraldsare found in pockets."So far an indiyidual who wants cash, if he is going to spend time digging andgetting nothing, he gets discouraged," said the UZ lecturer who did not want to benamed.Emerald mining requires heavy machinery such as bulldozers and caterpillars andCde. Munyoro said it costs Z$400 an hour to hire a bulldozer and very few minerscould afford. "That is why if one gets one stone, he would run around to sell it onthe black market so that he gets at least something to keep him going," Cde.Munyoro pointed out.Internationally, the Zimbabwean emerald is highly sought after. "From theresearch I have conducted, I have discovered that the Zimbawean emerald is ofhigh quality and is highly sought after. I am convinced there is a lot of (potential)in the emerald industry in the country," said the UZ lecturer. lterested in sharing information and resources which increase the quality ofservices for their children under the age of six years.Stella Maravanyika, co-ordinator for the programme in Harare, sourced fundsfrom donors and identified two blocks of flats in, the Avenues where children hadnot been attending pre-school. She managed to motivate and mobilise the parents

to start a creche at their premises. At Warwick Court, parents opened their crechewith 15 chidren on January 5, this year. A parents committee of five runs thecreche in an open ground at the block of flats where they have swings, slides andother play equipment. Similar plans for residents at Grosvenor Court, whichforms part of the Avenues project, have reached an advanced stage.Zimbabwe Network came up with the idea when the organisation realised thatthere were some poor parents in the Avenues who could not afford to send theirchildren to pre-schools in the neighbourhood. Either the schools were expensive,parents had no transport or there were no vacancies. "in my survey," Maravanyikaexplained,Children should start formal education early - Dr. S. Ndlovu"I found a lot of abuse among children of mothers who are involved withcommercial sex. "In future we hope to hold evening meetings to conscientisemore parents on the importance of seriding their children to pre-school. We willemploy a full-time administrator for this project."Zimbabwe Network started a similar pilot project for rural children at KamativiMine in Hwange District of Matabeleland North in October 1992. CharlotteThebe, the coordinator, said the parents turned a nutritional feeding centre, into apre-school.The children engage in stimulating activities such as writing, playing on swings,singing rhymes and telling sto-Continued on page 13We must improve the quality of services to childrenZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994LN'ational News

Affordable creches for poor families Continued from page 12Nutrition should be aimed at the total development of the childries. The nutritional aspect of this programme is aimed at the total development ofthe child. Of the 350 children of pre-schooling going age at Kamative only 100are in the programme. The rest of the parents failed to raised the fee of Z$1 0 perchild per month."ESAP has marginalised children in this case," Thebe said. "The childrenattending creche are much healthier than those who are not." Barbra Tutani,chairperson of Zimbabwe Network, said the organisation wanted as manychildren as possible to engage in some sort of organised activities which stimulatetheir development. The broad goals of pre-schools, she said, should be in line withthe vision of the nation. In this regard, she is looking at other centres to expandthe programme. " here are several models which exist to service children based onthe will of the community," she said. "The problem there is not enough culturallyappropriate Ndebele and Shona models." UNESCO's assistant Southern Africaexpert in basic education, Jeannette Vogelaar, described pre-school education asan investment to develop the nation's children.The breakdown of the extended family system, in which grandmother was theagent for a child's development, has left pre-schools to play that role, she said.

"The trend now is to link pre-schools with primary schools to make a smoothtransfer of the child into the formal education system," Vogelaar said."The primary school should be aware of what has been happening in the pre-school. They should be seen as one." Dr. Sikhanyiso Ndlovu, an eminenteducationist, said children should start going to pre-school at two or three years ofage so that they can start formal education at five.At that age, he said, the child's mind will be highly retentive. If it is allowed toremain blank for a year or two, the mind will acquire bad impressions which canlast for life.The school-going age can only be lowered if pre-schools have the goodequipment, trained teachers and use programmed syllabuses. "The governmentshould regard preschool educaton as a cardinal point for the nation," Dr. Ndlovusaid. "We must invest in our children now. They are the future wealth ofZimbabwe." Since last June, UNICEF has been working on a five-year trainingprogramme to maintain the quality of pre-school education.The organisation's programme officer, Joey Kemamiah, said the aim is to train asmany teachers as possible during this period.Parents, she said, have a responsibility to build play centres for their children andto pay their teachers. Since independence, Zimbabwe has shown that "there is a100 percent chance" that every child is capable of going to school."It is a goal which I think is achievable," Kemamiah said. "We regard Zimbabweas our flagship country." A Ministry of Education and Culture spokeswoman saidthere are about6 000 pre-schools countrywide, of which 2 307 are registered, 90 of them in urbancentres.Tommie-Marie Samkange, head of the Ministry's Schools Psychological ServicesDepartment, said grants totalling Z$1,5 million have been set aside for rural pre-schools during the 1993-94 financial year.Unregistered pre-schools receive their grants to enable them to upgrade sanitaryand water facilities at their playcentres so they, too, can be registered. Thegovernment pays salaries for teachers at registered schools only.Since independence, the ministry has been able to start from scratch and is nowreaching 20 percent of the preschool-going children, a figure which should rise to48 percent by the year 2000."We are trying to get rural communities more involved in the pre-schoolprogramme," said Samkange. "We are pushing the idea of communityparticipation and community initiatives." Of the avenues project by by ZimbabweNetwork, Samkange said: "That's a very good idea. It means that our rural concept(of community participation) is now being applied in urban areas. "There is acommon tendency to think that people in urban areas have plenty of money. Thereare some who don't," and the families in the avenues area of Harare who did nothave the money to send their children to the city's preschools because of theprohibitive costs have had their worries solved by the non-governmentalorganisation with a human face. ElZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

M asvingo .................................Civil servantsurged toassist thepeople.Civil servants in Masvingo have been urged to be fully committed to their dutyand constantly give advice to people they are employed to serve. Addressingchiefs, councillors and conservationists at a natural resources managementworkshop at Mpandawana Growth Point recently, Chief Chimombe expressedconcern that some senior civil servants had adopted habits of spending their timeloitering at beer outlets. He stressed that people in rural areas desparately neededadvice from technocrats and professionals but these civil servants were reluctantto get to the people.Mashonaland Central ..........Power disruptionsworry BinduraresidentsResidents in all suburbs of Bindura are bitter about power disruptions which havebecome a daily occurrence in the town. Some of the residents told ZIS that thepower cuts were occurring during evenings and mornings when most familieswould be busy preparing meals. Some families complained that their children arehaving to go to school without having breakfast. ZESA superintendent forBindura, Mr. Roy Bishop said the disruptions were caused by lightning andengineers were working around the clock reparing damaged transformers.Matabeleland North ...................Thieves tarnishingZimbabwe's imageZimbabwe's image is being tarnished by thieves who are stealing from visitingtourists, a Hwange magistrate has said. Speaking when sentencing Ndaba Sibanda(20) to an effective 16 months imprisonment for snatching 250 pula (Z$775) froma Botswana tourist, Mr. Jabulani Ndlovu said the accused had tarnished thecountry's image by. stealing from a tourist. The magistrate also brought into effecttwo months suspended from a previous sentence in 1993.M ashonaland W est .......................................................Kariba river god appears on lakeThe Kariba River God, Nyaminyami, is said to have appeared to the Tonga peopleon January 20, resuscitating rumours of the existence of the spirit. According to amanager at a hotel in Kariba, the snake appeared early in the morning around 8.30am in the form of a whirlwind. It reportedly stretched along the lake for about 500metres and from the lake skywards into the clouds. Some tourists and Tongas whowatched from the balcony of Bumi Hills SafariMinistry launchesmassive choleracampaignThe Ministry of Health and Child Welfare has launched a massive choleracampaign throughout Gutu district to conscientise people on the dangers of the

disease. District health officer for Gutu. Cde. Henry Dzapata said 15 meetingshave already been held in the district at clinics and more have been lined up withchurch leaders, headmasters and councillors. He said 12 positive cholera caseswere reported last year in Gutu which prompted the ministry to set up a temporarycholera clinic at Mutombwa in Gutu East. ElLodge confirmed the story and added that the whilrwind slithered slowly acrossthe lake past Bumi Hills to the lake shore of Karba town. Eye witnesses said thewater foamed and rose skywards into the clouds. Where the water rose, largebubbles could be seen as if the water in the lake was boiling. The Tonga believethe snake moves under water and whenever the whirlwind appears, the snakeshows itself to the people.Mashonaland West ....................AIDS supportgroupdecentralisesThe Chinhoyi-based Batsirayi Aids Support Group has embarked on adecentralisation programme to other areas in the province, the groupadministrator, Cde. Ramson Mabvadya has said. The group is looking beyondChinhoyi urban to service centres like Chirau, Zvimba, and commercial farmsaround Lion's Den. The group, established in 1989 conducts Aids awarenesscampaigns, homebased care for patients and embarks on income generatingprojects to help afflicted persons and their families.IPrince Charles must go - cler icrince Charles' unsuitability to become king of England was raisedfor the first time by a senior official of the Church of England, George Austin, 'thearchdeacon of York, on a BBC radio programme on December 7, 1993 and in acommentary in the Times of London the following day.The issue of the succession to the throne is creating a controversy after PrincessDiana of Wales announced that she was withdrawing from public life. Pressreports have alleged that Queen Elizabeth wants Prince William, her grandson, tosucceed her and that the archbishop of Canterbury would not be able to acceptCharles as supreme governor of the Church.options and possibiities".In his commentary in the Times, Austin states that Prince Charles' allegedadultery with Camilla Parker-Bowles, which was never officially denied, brokethe "solemn vows before God" made at his marriage to Diana Spencer. There iscertainly nothing new about adultery in the royal family, Austin wrote, but thequestion certainly needs to be asked whether Charles can be trusted, when hemakes a second set of solemn vows before God in his future coronation oath.IAustin added that trust, once broken, is hard to restore although all Christianshave the possibility of repentance and forgiveness, "it may be that PrinceCharles has gone too far". His behaviour

Both allegations originated from discus- "raises questions not only about his sionsthe archbishop held with press ex- own role, but also about the monarchy'secutives last summer in which he "aired very survival". 0ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994I1Aoun th Countryl i1!11h IS

Herbert Sylvester Masiyiwa Ushewokunze - Harare ChairmanCde. H.S.M. Ushewokunzeseasoned politician, former Cabinet minister and ZANU PF Politburo member,Cde. Herbert Sylvester Masiyiwa Ushewokunze staged a dramatic comeback toprovincial politics when he overwhelmingly defeated former chairman, Cde.Joseph Macheka and Central Committee member, Cde. Don Muvuti to becomethe head of Harare province.Cde. Herbert Ushewokunze was born in Marondera on 7 June, 1938 and is aholder of an MB, Ch.B., M.N.P., M.C.G.P and M.I.C.G.P. degrees. He is amedical practitioner by profession and was once the Party's secretary for theCommissariat and Culture from 1984 until 1986.He was elected Member of Parliament for Matabeleland North in 1980. At theformation of ZANU in 1963, Cde. Ushewokunze was a member of the party'syouth wing. He was also an organiser of university students in Natal, South Africaand member of the underground cell activities in Matabeleland from 1965. Hewas a member of the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA)forces and member of the external wing of the party's Central Committee. He wassecretary for health in the external wing of the executive committee.Cde. Ushewokunze was the first Minister of Health in independent Zimbabwe. InFebruary 1982, he became Minister of Home Affairs and Minister of Transporttwo years later. After the January 1988 Cabinet reshuffle, he was appointedMinister of State for Political Affairs responsible for the commissariat. At the1984 former ZANU PF congress, Cde. Ushewokunze was re-elected to theCentral Committee and was also appointed to the party's Politburo as secretary forthe commissariat and culture, a post he held until 1986. He was the ZANU PFdirector of elections in the 1985 elections and was elected Member of Parliamentfor Chinamhora the same year.Dr. Ushewokunze is a former president of the Medical Students Council of Nataland a former vice-president of the Association of Medical Students of SouthAfrica. He was the editor-in-chief of the University of Natal Medical School Journal for five years. An all round sportsman, he won the university colours in rugbyand lawn tennis and represented the university at soccer, table tennis andbadminton.His hobbies include drama, traditional jazz music, sport and study. He is married.During the 1990 general elections, he was returned to Parliament as MP forHighfield East and held the post of Minister of Energy, Water Resources andDevelopment before the ministry was disbanded in the July, 1992 cabinetreshuffle. He resigned as MP for Highfield East in January, 1993. He is thenational Secretary for Health and ChildWelfare.

Cde. Ushewokunze's parents were devout Wesleyan Methodists. He attendedMadzima Primary, Chirimamhunga Primary near Marondera and United Schoolin Bulawayo, the Marshall Hartley Mission, the Waddilove Institute, andGoromonzi High School. He qualified as physician in 1963 and spent timeserially at King Edward VIII Hospital and McCord Zulu Hospital in South Africa.Towards the end of 1965, Dr. Ushewokunze took up the position of RailwaysMedical Officer with the Rhodesia Railways. The following year, he establishedMarondera Polyclinic in Bulawayo and went into private medical practice inMkoba township of Gweru and Amaveni township of Kwekwe. He alsoestablished and ran a charity clinic at Marundu in the Gokwe area.He was the first black private doctor in Matabeleland. He was also the first blackdoctor to own and run a Nursing Home in the then Rhodesia. While at theUniversity of Natal, Cde. Ushewokunze became a member of the Pan AfricanCongress of South Africa from which he joined the ZANU youth wing. Duringthe years 1966 and 1967, he was engaged in underground and covert activities forZANU. Cde. Ushewokunze was the first ZANU doctor-cadre to join the strugglein Mozambique, where he ministered to the health-needs of both refugees andZANLA forces. He underwent full military training in Mozambique. He is amember of the Central Committee and is still into private medical practice. F-1Kumbirai Manyika KangaiManicaland provincial chairmanThe Manicaland ZANU PF provincial elections saw Cde. Kumbirai ManyikaKangai overwhelmingly elected chairman, defeating Cde. Zororo Duri by a widemargin.Cde. Kangai was bom in 13uhera on February 17, 1938 and attended MakumbePrimary School from 1953 to 1955 before proceeding to Zimuto School andFletcher High School for his secondary education. After completinghis secondary education, he attended Mutare Teacher Training College from 1963to 1964 before obtaining an associate degree in arts at San Matao College in theUnited States. He holds a Bachelor of Science oegreE in public health andmedical technology. Cde. Kangai, who is the Minister of Lands, Agriculture andWater DevelopContinued on page 17ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994I Natt onal Ne js

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Manicaland provincel Swithun Tachiona MombeshoraKumbirai KangaiContinued from page 15Cde. Kumbirai Kangaiment, worked as a school teacher from 1960 to 1962 and from 1964 to 1965. Healso worked as a public assistance investigator in 1965. He has held variousministerial posts since 1980. Currently Member of Parliament for Buhera South,he was a member of the African National Council (ANC) youth league in 1958and was at one time a member of the National Democratic Party (NDP) andZimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU). He was a member of the ZimbabweAfrican National Union (ZANU) at its formation in 1963. During the liberationstruggle, Cde. Kangai was ZANU chief representative in North America, He wasthe secretary for labour and social welfare in the Dare ReChimurenga. He alsoheld the posts of Central Committee member in ZANU where he was secretaryfor transport and social welfare. Presently, he is the deputy national secretary foreconomic affairs in the Party. He has been a Member of Parliament since 1980and his subjects of interest are politics and conservation. He is married with sevenchildren. 0I- Mashonaland West chairmanrhe Minister of State for Local Government, Rural and Urban Development, andMember of Parliament for Makonde North, Cde. Swithun Tachiona Mombeshorais the new chairman for the Party's Mashonaland West province. Cde.Mombeshora was born on August 20, 1945 and enrolled for his primary educationat St. Marks in Mhondoro. He did his secondary education at St. Augustine's andFletcher High Schools. He holds Bachelor of Chemistry and Bachelor ofMedicine degrees obtained from the University College of Rhodesia in 1972. Hewas also awarded a University of Birmingham medical degree.In 1963, Dr. Mombeshora became involved with organising the ZANU youthwing in Sinoia (Chinhoyi) district. In 1965, he was arrested and sentenced to sixcuts for demonstrating against Ian Smith's Unilateral Declaration of Independence(UDI). During his University days, he was politically active and was chairman ofthe Westwood delegation to the British Commission in 1971, protesting againstthe proposed settlement agreement.Since then, he has participated actively in politics and was involved in the ZANUPF election campaign in 1980. In the 1980 general election, Cde. Mombeshorawas elected to the House of Assembly, representing Mashonaland West province.A year later, he was appointed Deputy Minister of Agriculture, a post he retaineduntil 1985 when he was re-elected to the House of Assembly as MP for Makonde

North. During the same year, he was made Deputy Minister of the expandedMinistry of Lands, Agriculture and Rural Resettlement.After the 1980 elections, he helped reorganise the Party and in 1983, he waselected ZANU (PF) deputy secretary for Mashonaland West province. Two yearslater, he was elected provincial treasurer and elevated to being Mashonaland Westsecretary in 1987. He is a member of the ZANU PF Central Committee.Dr. Mombeshora was elected coordinating and publicity secretary for the formerZANU (PF)'s national fund raising committee in 1986. The committee's task wasto raise funds for the constructionCde. Swirhun Mombeshoraof the new ZANU PF headquarters which is now complete in Harare. In 1988,Cde. Mombeshora was appointed Deputy Minister of Health. While in thisministry, he was appointed to the planning committee for the World Summit forChildren. He took up his present ministerial portfolio in 1990. In 1991, he waselected member of the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child.He is a trustee of the Nyaminyami Wildlife Management Trust in Kariba. Cde.Mombeshora is married with three daughters and three sons. He is the patron ofMhangura Football Club, and a member of the Zimbabwe Police Golf Club.[]It paysdividends toadvertiseinThe Zimbabwe NewsmagazineZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994LNaliolial NCN s

Border Gezi - chairman,Mashonaland CentralCde. B. Gezide Border Gezi is the new ZANU PF chairman for Mashonaland Centralprovince. He succeeds Cde. James Makamba, who did not stand in the elections.Cde. Gezi was born in Guruve on 17 December, 1964 and is married with twochildren:He did his primary education at Muzika School in Guruve from 1971 to 1977 andattended Holy Rosary School for his secondary education from 1978 to 1981.He has worked with the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA) as atechnical clerk from 1983 to 1990. Cde. Gezi, who is the Member of Parliamentfor Centenary, was very active in the liberation struggle as a youth from 1978. Heheld various posts from youth political commissar, section commander and was ayouth district secretary for security in Guruve at independence. He also held thepost of district chairman, councillor and chairman of the health and educationcommittee of Mvurwi Rural Council.Later, he was provincial youth secretary for information and publicity, provincialyouth secretary for administration, national youth secretary for production and

labour. He is a member of the Central Committee and was elected to Parliamenton 31 March, 1990.Johnson Manasseh NdlOvu chairman' Matabeleland SouthThe newly elected ZANU PF chairman for Matabeleland South province, Cde.Johnson Manasseh Ndlovu was born on November 24,1937 and did his primaryeducation at Siwazi School and Wanezi Mission from 1946 to 1953. He obtaineda University Junior Certificate of South Africa at Matopo Mission in 1957 and aCambridge School Certificate at the same school in 1959. He then attendedLuveve Technical College in Bulawayo where he obtained intermediate and finalbuilding certificates under the City and Guilds of London Institute.Cde. Ndlovu also attended Huddersfield College of Technology where he securedthe Full Technological Certificate City and Guilds. He obtained certificates inindustrial supervision, building calculations and building science at the LondonInstitute.From 1965 to 1966, he obtained a certificate of education at Huddersfield Collegeof Education where he also studied economics and the British Constitution upto'A' Level. Between 1967 and 1968, Cde. Ndlovu studied for a pre-degreediploma in public administration, economics, and politics at the University ofSussex in Brighton, the United Kingdom. He has a BA (honours) obtained atUniversity of Sussex while majoring in international relations. He passed thefollowing subjects: foreign policy analysis, international organisations,international theory, international law, international economics, Non-Alignment,urbanism in Africa and international history since 1900.The Matabeleland South chairman also holds an MA degree from the Universityof Sussex whose coursework included foreign policy analysis, internationaleconomics, relations between rich and poor countries. The degree was obtainedbetween 1971 and 1972.Work experienceFor the twelve months of 1972, Cde. Ndlovu. was manager of the HoxtonCommunity Centre in London. At the same time, he was chairman of the IslingtonLaw Centre whose main task was to provide free legal advice to British citizenson all problems pertaining to housing in the London Borough of Islington. From1972 to 1976, Cde. Ndlovu was employed as research officer in theCde. I.M. Ndlovuinternational affairs division of the Commonwealth secretariat, in London. Fromthen up to April 1980, he worked as senior executive officer in charge ofCommonwealth projects in thesecretariat.He is a member of the parastatals commission, managing director of ACPDevelopment and has been a member, chairman or president of the SussexAfrican Student November, Islington Law Centre, Commonwealth SecretariatStaff Association and Focus Group which is a ")ressure group of the RoyalCommonwealth Society. He is the Member of Parliament for Gwanda North.For the latest innews, sport andentertainment: Get

a copy of,The Zimbabwe Newsmagazine from yournearest newsstandZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

The following are the results of Party provincial elections in Mashonaland West,Manicaland and Matabeleland South. Committeemembers Cde. Lameck KutsawaMain Mashonaland West Provincal Chairman ViceSecretary Deputy Treasurer Vice Treasurer Political Commissar DeputySecurityADeputyPublicity & Information Deputy Transport & Welfare Deputy Production &Labour DeputyEconomic Affairs Deputy Legal AffairsDeputy Education Deputy Health Health (Deputy) Committee MembersWomen's League Chairlady Vice Chairlady Secretary ViceTreasurer Deputy Treasurer Political Commissar Vice Political CommissarSecurity Deputy Security Publicity & Information Deputy Secretary for TransportDeputy Secretary for Labour and Production Deputy Economic Affairs LegalAffairs Deputy Education DeputyHealth DeputyCommitee MembersYouth League Chairman DeputyWingSwithum Mombeshora Fanuel Majome Dionaisios Chikava Philip MugutiJacobus Dewet Herbert Munangatire Mayford Mawere Kenneth Mhorombeakamure Ngonldzashe L. Autyambizi Witness Hondo Augwagwa RichardTakavarasha David Mawere Enock Munhenzwa Michael Mboma Mark MadiroFredrick Mugangavari Peter Gwanzura Tongayi Nyikadzino LameckMashayamombe Chief)Titus Zvimba (Chief) Martin Zimani Ignatius Mbasera Epiphania KarengeshaFelix Muchemwa Zakadya Ziyambi Paul SiyamenaPrimrose Gombingo Elita Chandigere Auxiia Matsvaire Fungai Chaderopa RoseRuwizhi Rachel Mupakawiri Virginia Muchenle Cathrine George MarvisZengeya Bridget Chida Pauline Musonga :Esnath Satiya Ephraesia Battes EgnesMutongerwaMaud Mushayandebvu Shine Mutematsaka Oppah Machaka ElizabethChiyangwa Magret Rwodzi Hilda Wasiya Vinoriya Mujuruki Lilian RukarwaTrayphine Mvenge Constance Mubvumbi Christina SinatiGodfrey Marimo : Sunfald GavaCde. Gideon Muriwo Women's LeagueSecretary Tirivangani MuduwaDeputy Isaac Chengeta

Treasurer Elphegio TicharwaDeputy Sabatian MaptumoPolitical Commissar John Yotamu Deputy Caleb ChigomararwaSecurity Sankie GarufuDeputy Stanley RukonoPublicity & Information Gabriel Chigwida Deputy Stephen ParatemaTransport & Welfare Chrispen Mutira Cladious MhuriroProduction & Labour Benson Gomo Deputy Kaison MartinMavhangireEconomic Affairs Richard ChitongoDeputy Nobert MunhedziLegal Affairs George MudhefiDeputy Justin ChikofiEducation Samply ChabarwaDeputy Omam MagutseHealth Chiratidzo GavaDeputy Anna GanyaCommittee Members Kapungu Z.Matsangatsanga T.Manicaland main wingChairman Cde. Kumbirai M. KangaiVice-Chairman Cde. Tichaendepi MasayaSecretary for admin. Cde. Win Mlambo Vice-Secretary for admin.Cde.Christopher Chingosho Treasurer Cde. Nat ShingadiaVice treasurer Cde. Gibson MunyoroPolitical Commissar ' Cde. Daniel Madondo Vice political commissar Cde. JohnMvundura Secretary for security Cde. Caston Mavera Vice secretary forsecurity Cde. Uoyd ZengeniSecretary for information and publicity Cde. Diana MasayaVice secretary for information and publicity Cde. Michael Mataure Secretary fortransport and Welfare Cde. John TsokaVice secretary for transport and Welfare Cde. Aaron MudekunyeSecretary for production and labour Cde. Christopher MushoweVice secretary forproduction and labour Cde. Dexter Chavhunduka Secretary for economic affairsCde. Edson MandeyaVice secretary for eco. nomic affairs Cde. Dorothy ChiotaSecretary for legal affairsCde. T.E. Chigudu Vice secretary for legal affairsCde. Ishmael ChatikoboSecretary for education Cde. S. Mukwekwezeke Vice secretary foreducation Cde. S. MafarochisiSecretary for health and child welfare Cde, (Dr.) MbawaVice secretary for health & child welfare Cde. Gideon MwendoZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994Chairperson Cde. A. MakonoVice chairperson Cde. Reason Masenda

SeCretary foradministration Cde. Value MunowenyuVice secretary foradministration Cde. Florence MajachaniTreasurer Cde. ZvavamweVice treasurer Cde. MandeyaPolitical Commissar Cde. Kanhu Vice Political Commissar Cde. KnightSecretary for security Cde. Chitima Vice secretary forsecurity Cde. MutautoSecretary for information and publicity Cde. MusoraVice secretary for information and publicity Cde. Chidawanyika Secretary fortransport and welfare Cde. MadondoVice secretary for transport welfare Cde. MoyanaSecretary for production and labour Cde. SakabuyaVice secretary forproduction and labour Cde. Pfumai Secretary for economic affairs Cde.MatengabadzaVice secretary for eco. nomic affairs Cde. TawaziwaSecretary for legal affairsCde. Goko Vice secretary for legal affairs Cde.DubeSecretary for education Cde. Roseline Manica Vice secretary foreducation Cde. NemaireSecretary for health and child welfare Cde. C. MachiwanaVice secretary for health and child welfare Cde. GorogopoCommittee members Cde. MubaiwaCde. ThondhlanaYouth LeagueChairman Cde. Kenneth NyaguraVice Chairman Cde. Gideon ChidSecretary foradministration Cde. Jesca ChidzaVice Secretary foradministration Cde. Felix MurimiTreasurer Cde. lane SanyamandweVice treasurer Cde. Panganai ChamaitaPolitical Commissar Cde. Zebbedie Munhopo Vice political commissar Cde. FiveMapunsa Secretary for security Cde. Edward Machingauta Vice secretary forsecurity Cde. Maxwell JereketeContinued on page 21National NeNi-s

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Secretary tor intormatio and publicity Vice secretary for information and publicitySecretary for transport .A Li fCde. Christopher Jena Vice Secretary for Vice Secretaryfor HealthEducation Cde. Thompson Mbedzi and Child Welfare Cde. JescaMasekoSecretary for Health & Committee Members Cde. GeorginaMaphosaCde. Francis Matepo Child Welfare Cde. Dr. G. BangoCde. Kessy MangisiVie arv fnr i-palthRAWVic iuar forUVHealthVice secretary for transport and welfare Cde. Idah MuyarnboSecretary for production and labour Cde. Adoniah MasikalVice secretary for production and labour Cde. Nichodemus MasulkwezaSecretary for economic affairs Cde. Sikhumbuzo ThodhanVice secretary for eco. nomic affairs Cde. Elizabeth MudavanhuSecetary for legal affairsCde Munawa Vice secretary for legal affairs Cde.Langton CharumbiraSecretary for education Cde. Happymore Mauze Vice secretary foreducation Cde. Moses TasaSecretary for health and child welfare Cde. Denford NyamberaCommittee members Cde. Weston Bhariri Cde. Sarah Gwara* Main WmgMatabeleland South Chairman Cde. Johnson NdlovuVice Chairman Cde. Clemence Musa KhupheSecretary for Admin. Cde. Joseph Makhado Vice Secretary forAdmm. Cde, Abednico NcubeTreasurer Cde. Phineas NkalaVice Treasurer Cde. Zenzo Herold Ncube

Political Commissar Cde. Mafesi Roland Ncube Vice Political CommissarOrdens Mlilo Secretary for Security Cde. Tennyson Ndlovu Vice Secretary forSecurity Cde. NichodemusMthombeniSecretary for Information and Publicity Cde. Afias NcubeVice Secretary for Information & Publicity Cde. Gibson Moyo Secretary forTransport and Welfare Cde. Rhodes MalabaVice Secretary for Transport and Welfare Cde. Daniel PhuthiSecretary for Production and Labour Cde. Alma BaloyiVice Secretary forProduction and Labour Cde. Comelias Sibanda Secretary for Economic AffairsCde. lohn MoyoVice Secretary for Economic Affairs Robert Ndlovu NyoniSecretary for LegalAffairs Cde. Vezi MadunaVice Secretary for Legal Affairs Cde. Enos Tshilisecretary for Education Cde. Fred Masobadela Nyoni&Child Welfare Committee MembersWomen's League Chairperson Vice Chairperson Secretary for AdministrationVice Secretary for Administration TreasurerVice Treasurer Political CommissarCde. L Mkandla Cde. Chief Mathe Cde. Menias MoyoCde. Chipule M. Malipa Cde. Llian NyathiCde. Rennie KibiCde. Cara Ngwenya Cde. Hetta Ncube Cde. Betty Mpofu Cde. Ester MoyoVice Political Commissar Cde. Dorothy Dlamini Secretary for Security Cde.Elizabeth Kulube Vice Secretary forSecurity Cde. Thibonali MbedziSecretary for Information & Publicity Cde. Abigail DamasaneVice Secretary for Information & Publicity Sipiwe Mataka Secretary forTransport and Welfare Cde. Thandiwe MasukuVice Secretary for Trans port and Welfar Cde. Lydia HoveSecretary for Production and Labour Cde. Harriet SibandaVice Secretary forProduction and Labour Cde. Eveline Moyo Secretary for Economic AffairsCde. lane PhuthiVice Secretary for Economic Affairs Cde. Anna PhiriSecretary for LegalAffairs Cde. Tambudzai MohadjVice Secretary for Legal Affairs Cde. Moddie MbaselaSecretary for Education Cde. Otta Moyo Bhajila Vice Secretary forEducation Cde. Priscilla MoyoSecretary for Health & Child Welfare Cde. Simangaliso N. BandaZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994The Zimbabwe News magazine isprinted and published by

Jongwe Printing & PublishingCompany Pivate Limited 14 Austin Road WorkingtonHarareN afioiial NewstiYouth LeagueChairman Cde. Giant NyathiVice Chairman Cde. Elijah JokoSecretary forAdministration Cde. Andrew LangaVice Secretary forAdministration Cde. Dandy VelaTreasurer Cde. Never Matsha:ieVice Treasurer Cde. Regina NdiwenaPolitical Commissar Cde. Richard Sibanda Vice Political Commissar Cde.Lenford Ndou Secretary for Security Cde. Tsireletso Makado Vice Secretary forSecurity Cde. lethro MoyoSecretary for Information & Publicity Cde. Patrick HoveVice Secretary for Information & Publicity Cde. Patrick Ncube Secretary forTransport and Welfare Cde. Lovemore NdlovuVice Secretary for Trans. port and Welfare Cde. Freedom Tshuma Secretary forProduction and Labour Cde. Masilela SibusisoVice Secretary forProduction and Labour Cde. Ndabezinhle Moyo Secretary for Economic AffairsCde. Edmon MoyoVice Secretary for Economic Affairs Cde. Esther NgwenyaSecretary for LegalAffairs Cde. Jameson PhiriVice Secretary for Legal Affairs Cde. Everisto MoyoSecretary for Education Cde. Alex Dube Vice Secretary forEducation Cde. Freedom TshabalalaSecretary for Health and Child Welfare Cde. C. MaphosaVice Secretary for Health and Child Welfare Judith Moyo Committee MembersCde. Kethani Ncube Cde. Standford Sibandaa

On the eve of a nonmracial South A IcaBy Malachia M. Basvi MadimutsaO n January 8, 1912, when NelsonRolihlahla Mandela was only 7 years old, the African National Congress wasformed to start the long struggle for freedom and democracy in South Africa.Now, 82 years later, Nelson Mandela is saying: "We are almost there (to freedomand democracy)." Mandela's optimism for freedom and democracy in SouthAfrica arises from the general expectation that his ANC will win by a landslidemajority in the forthcoming General Elections scheduled for April 27, this year.

Two factors will decide the out-come of the elections and numerous ones willdetermine the durability of the outcome. The elections will be decided by whetherthey will be free and fair and, in turn, this will rest on the reaction of right winggroups - both black and white. The durability of the outcome will again bedetermined by the content and form of these two factors plus the unknownquantity of the overt and covert roles of the various interests of a dividedinternational community.FactorsTo have free and fair elections presupposes absence of intimidation of any kindand a high turn-out of the electorate. These factors are unlikely to be present inview of the fact that Buthelezi's Inkatha Freedom Party had declared that it willnot participate in the elections if the Interim Constitution will not have beenamended. Inkatha is a right wing black party based in Zululand and is in alliancewith white conservative groupsViolence in all its form must stop in South AfricaCde. President Mugabe (centre) wants to see the eradication of apartheid in SouthAfricabased in Pretoria and Johannesburg. powers for ethnic enclaves. Speaking onbehalf of the Conservative Freedom AlGiven the fact that right winlg blacks andliance, a former racist cabinet Minister whites have already formed the so- lacafreaitcbntMnse wted satve reforedm the 0 in the Ian Smith regime Rowan Cronje,calhed Conservative Freedom aice said: "We have come t the endof the whichboycotted meetigs at which the read ... There is no sense in moving InterimConstitution was worked out, it 0 follows that those who drafted it will notforward (with negotiations)." agree to make any amendments be- Rowan Cronjeran away from Zimbabwe cause this will delay the holding of on the eve ofindependence because he General Elections on April 27. Inkatha's did not want towitness black majority leader, Mongosuthu Bhuthelezi, charac- rule. Now he isleading the delegation terises the Interim Constitution as "an of Bobuthotswanabantustan which is instrument for the destruction of in the Conservative FreedomAlliance. Inkatha." Inkatha and the Conservative One can see what type of"freedom" Freedom Alliance are calling for ethnic Cronje envisages for SouthAfrica. It is autonomy while the ANC and de Klerk's the "freedom" to upholdapartheid by Government have agreed on limited making Africans the horseswhose riders are whitemen and women. He has already ridden over the, blacks ofBobuthotswana to the extent that he is now their spokesman! The racist wishes-ofwhite right wingers like Rowan Cronje are bound to be resisted by conciliatoryblacks led by the ANC.As conciliatory blacks resist both white and black conservative extremism, theconservative extremists will 'redouble their line ot provocative aggression. Theoffshoot of this antagonistic conflict will be the escalation of ethnic violence. TheANC election Manifesto promises unspecified measures to promote politicaltolerance despite the fact-that four years of dismantling apartheid have alreadyclaimed the lives of 14 000 people. It is'tContinued on page 23 ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUA

The history of thePan-African MovementBy Malachia M. Basvi MadimutsaNkomo Vice President -he 7th Pan-African Congress will be held from the 3rd-9th April, 1994 Tat theNile International Conference Centre, Kampala, Uganda. This PanAfricanCongress should not be confused with the South African national liberationmovement of that name which split from the South African National Congress ledby the late chief Albert Lutuui on April 6, 1959. The Pan-African Congress wasstarted as a Black Movement uniting all people ofOn the eve of anon-racial South AfricaContinued from page 22 a certainity that more lives will be lost during and afterthe elections.DisadvantagedUnveiling his election campaign, Nelson Mandela said he would not be makingpromises he could not honour. Among the promises he made were a crashprogramme to provide employment for 3 million jobless over a period of 10years; provision of roads in rural areas, water, electricity, schools, clinics andhomes. Statistics show that there are 7 million homeless Africans in South Africa.Mandela would need at least 20 bllion rands to provide homes for the 7The People of South Africa must beware of a racial insurrection following theelectionsmillion homeless. Creating jobs for the 3 million jobless would take at least Sobillion rands. If we add money needed for the making of roads in the neglectedrural areas, the money needed for water, electricity, clinics and schools, NelsonMandela will need money running into hundreds of billions of rands. From wherewould the ANC-dominated government get it?The list of disadvantages endured byblacks in South Africa during centuries ofracial discrimination is inexhaustible. The blacks were, have been, and still arevirtual slaves in their own country. Mandela has said real change must start withdemocracy but past wrongs will have to take "five years to redress" Since theInterim Constitution provides for a government of national unity for a five-yearperiod, the ANC leader may be placing his hopes on the ability of the governmentof national unity to right the wrongs of the past. If the Zimbabwean experience isanything to go by, Mandela is unaware of the stubborness of privileged whites toaccede to democratic transformations, especially in the economic sphere. SouthAfrican whites have been conditioned by centuries of oppressing black peoplethat they regard with self-righteous horror any thoughts of black upliftment. Onthe other hand, the disadvantaged blacks believe they will inherit the earthimmediately after the April 27 elections. The stage will be set for hitherto unheardof levels of violent confrontation between the races, and among ethnicities inSouth Africa. 0African ancestry the world over. The idea of uniting all black people of Africanancestry started in the United States and the West Indies towards the end of the

19th century. In fact, as early as the late 18th century, a Negro separatist churchwas founded in Philadelphia and called itself the "African Church". About thistime, various "African Societies" were formed in many pars of the United States.Thus, towards the end of the 19th century, it had become the practice of blackAmericans to call themselves "Africans" just as white settlers in Africa calledthemselves "Europeans" during the colonial period.ConferenceIn 1900, a black barrister, H. ,SilvesterWilliams who had set up a law office inLondon, called together a "Pan!African Conference". This conference has gonedown in history as the precursor to the first Congress. It was attended by 30delegates mainly from the West Indies, England and a few from the United States.The first Pan-African Congress was welcomed by the Lord Bishop of London. Inimplementing one of its resolutions, the Congress used the offices of JosephChamberlain, then British Colonial Secretary, to obtain a promise from QueenVictoria that the British government should not "overlook the interest and welfareof the native races". This became the basis of the Balfour Declaration in respect tothe rights of colonised peoples.The 1900 Pan-African Conference had no deep roots on the African continentitself as it was an idea that had originated among West Indians and blackAmericans. Furthermore, there were very few educated Africans at that time. Thefew, mainly from South Africa and the West African region, were scattered thinlyon three continents of Europe, Africa and the Americas. Between 1900 and theoutbreak of World War 1 in 1914, the activities of the movement for Pan-Africanunity were largely of a passive nature.The first Pan-African Congress was held in Paris in 1919. Its moving spirit wasDr. Wilhem B. Burghardt Dubois. The meeting was timed to coincide with theParis Peace Conference sitting at VerContinued on page 25ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994Dr. JoshuaZANU PF

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The history of the Pan-African- MovementContinUed from page 235illes. the story had gone aiound that analand and In the Union of South lyconceived but intensely earnest dethe victorious allied powers were goingAfrica." termination to unite the Negroes of theto divide among themselves the colonial possessions of conquered Germany.These views reflected the composition world, more especially in commercialen4Y this time, there had emerged a size- of the delegates attencing the Congress.terrise. It used all the nationalistic and Ofte5 elgtsfo 1 onre racialparaphernalia of popular agitation.able number of educated Africans from 2 fits strength lay in being backedby thethe mother continent Besides, there 12 delegates represented 9 African counmsse t Inding ad by e were the black-ruled States of Abyssinia tries, 16 delegatescame from the Unit- m es of ei a Nresfihiopia), Liberia ahd Haiti. The involve-ed States, 21 delegates represented the ing numbers of American Negroes." mentof these governments in World West Indies and 8 were from South SmallWar I had revolutionised their peoples America. The 4th Congresswas held in Londonand opened their eyes to wider concerns The Congress specifically asked that theand Lisbon in late December, 1923. A for human solidarity. Germancolonies be turned over to an very small representation attended theSelf-determination international organisaton instead of be- London session.The poor attendance,if the Pan-African Conference was con- ing partitioned among the various nodoubt, was the result of the influence celited Pafri nereande wfar co lonil pofGarvey's "Back to Africa" movement. cetned for the "interest and welfare ofcolonial powers. When the League of Na- This is confirmed by the deducible factthe native races", the first Congress tions was constituted, this idea was in- thatwhite London liberals tooks particelevated this liberal and patronising at-corporated in the setting up of the Man- ular efforts to boost the liberal Pantitudeto the higher revolutionary stance dates Commission as the authority to AfricanCongress by gracing it with their for the "self-determination" of all Afri- whichthe respective administering pow- attendance. The speeches of the white canpeoples. ers had to report. The request for the in- liberals at theCongress denounced the

Part of the resolution of the conference clusion of "educated Negroes" was re-"Back to Africa" movement. read: "This Africa for the Africans shouldAmong the white liberals were Lordbe under the guidance of an internation- Growth Olivier, HaroldLaski from the Londonat organisation. The governing Interna- After the third Congress, the idea of Pan-School of Economics, H.G. Wells of the tional Commission should represent notAfricanism spread rapidly ir Africa. This Labour Party. The famous Social onlygovernments but also modern cul. was due to the growth of educated Afri-Democratic leader, Ramsey MacDonald ture, science, commerce, social reform,cans who were living and studying in was kept from attending only-by the imandreligious philanthropy. It must not Europe and the United States. The Thirdpending general elections. He, however, be restricted to a simple white world,Congress 'was held in three European sent a message to the Congress which butmust include the civilised (educat capitals (London, Brussels and Paris) in read:"Anything I can do to advance the ed) Negro world." August andSeptember, 1921. Of the cause of your people, I shall always glad.137 delegates,41 were from Africa, 35 ly do upon your recommendations." It is interesting tonote that the were from the United States, 24 were delegates. to the first Pan-African Con- blacks living in Europe and -7 delegates The Lisbon session was alittle more sucgrqss lobbied the Paris Peace Conference represented the WestIndies. cessful due to the fact that there were for the inclusion of "civilised(educated) large numbers of freedom fighters fromNegro world" in the interational ad- The West Indies sent the largest delega- thePortuguese colonies based in Lisbon. ministration of forme German colonies. tionto the Second Congress but sent the These were grouped into an umbrella Whatthey actuary meant was that edu- smallest to the Third Congress. This wasmovement called Liga Africana (Africancated blacks from the West Indies and not without reason. A rival movementLeague). Dr. DuBois wrote: "The great asthg United States should be joined byled by Marcus Moziah Aurelius Garvey sociation of Portuguese Negroes with thefew educated blacks from the Afri- from the West Indies had become in-headquarters at Lisbon which is called can continent to set up such an adminis-fluentially predominant in the West In- the Liga Africana is an actual federationtration "under the -guidance" of the dies and was gaining wide, support in of allthe indigenous associations scatcolonial powers. The Chicago Tribune the UnitedStates. in fact, this rival tered throughout the five colonies of Porpublished thefollowing statement on Movement had been found by Marcus tugal in Africa andrepresents millions January 19, 1919:"Dr. DuBois sets forth Garvey on 1 August,1914 in the West of people... This Liga Africana which that, while the principle ofself- Indies. Called the Universal Negro Im- functions at Lisbon in the very heartof determination cannot be applied to un- provement Association (UNIA) themove- Portugal, so to speak, has a commission civislied peoples, the educatedblacks ment preached the gospel that blacks from all the other nativeorganisations should have some voice in the disposi- in all the Americas and inEurope should and knows how to express to the tion of the German colonies. He

wants "go back to Africa" and turn the whole Government in no ambiguousterms but the Peace Conference to consider the continent into a "Black AfricanEmpire". in a highly dignified manner all that wishes of intelligent Negroes in thecolo- Writing of the Third Congress and the should be said to avoid injustice andnies'themselves and the Negroes of the effect on it of the Garvery "Back to Afri-bring about the repeal of harsh laws." United States and of the South America ca"movement, Dr. DuBois said: "There The delegates of the Third Congress and theWest Indies, the Negro govern- came simultaneously another move- came from11 countries. The liberalistic ments of Abyssinia, Liberia and Haiti, mentstemming from the West Indies stance of the Third Congress was shown theiducated Negores in French West which accounted for our small West In- notonly by the fact that British Labour Africa .and Equatorial Africa and the dianrepresentation. This was in its way Party white liberals were invited tc Negroes inBritish, Uganda, Nigeria, a people's movement rather than a speak at the Londonsession but thal Basutolard, Swaziland, Sierra Leone, movement of intellectuals.It was led by Gold Coast, the Gambia and Bechu- Marcus Garvey and itrepresented poor- Continued on nape 26ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994I Regiolial NvN%.,,I

The history of the Pan-AfricanContinued from page 25two former Portuguese Ministers o turned down. Then came the Great CongrColonial Affairs were also invited to ad- Depression and no one thought of the itsvet dress the Congress and they accepted Pan-African idea until the tragic up-progra the invitation. This is in contrast to the heavals of World War II arousedthem in pla fact that the white world Was mounting from political slumber. alstra campaign of vilification against Mar- At the Trade Union Conference in Lon-resolu cus Garvey's "Back to Africa don in 1945, black labour representaNewYork tives from Africa and the West Indies The pThe Fourth Congress was held in New participated. Together with blacks livingAfrica York in 1927. Thirteen countries were in England, a call was made for thehold- from t represented. There were 208 delegates ing of the Fifth Pan-AfricanCongress. last ye from 22 American States and 10 foreign Thus, the Fourth Pan-African Congress gume countries. Africa was poorly represent- was held inManchester in October, ticipar ed. African delegates came from Gold 1945. Themeeting was co-chaired by Dr. be hel Coast (now Ghana), Siera Leone, Niger-DuBois and Dr. Kwame Nkrumah who Cas no Ghra. , Swas then President ofthe influential count ia and Liberia. West African Students Union. TheFourth as ChaAmong the Africans who spoke at the Pan-African Congress attracted the delegFourth Congress was Chief Amoah Ill greatest number of participants than babwfrom the Gold Coast. There were also a any previous Congress. This time, gress'

number of invited European liberals delegates from Africa dominated the Commfrom Britain, Belgium, France, Holland proceedings. of chaand Germany. The following six resolu- the Ztions were passed: Dar-es-Salaam MutuThe sixth Pan-African Congress was held Ms M 1. Negroes the world overneeded a in June 1974 at the University of Dar- of th voice in their owngovernment. es-Salaam, Tanzania. This was the first work2. Negroes needed rights to their own Pan-African Congress to be held on Afri-Comr land. can soil. Although Kwame Nkrumah had tembe3. Negroes needed modem education for hosted an All-African People's Confer-Chapt their children ence in Ghana in 1958 at which 62 liber- 7thation movements were represented, in- tative 4. There should be development ofAfri- cluding the Southern Rhodesia African ment cans and not theirdevelopment for the' National Congress led by Joshua Nkomo, ment profit ofEuropeans. the Ghana conference does not follow and n5. There should be a reorganisation of under the series of Pan-African Congres-conne commerce and industry so as to make sess whose history is the subject ofthis sellin the main object of capital and labour the article- accepwelfare of the many rather than the en- The 6th Pan-African Congress was a verytradei richment of the few. wide representation of black people The N6. There should be the treatment of civi- from African and Caribbean independentthe Ca lised men as civilised despite the differ- States, African national liberationmove- the C ences of birth, or colour. ments, black communities from NorthnrousLnces America, South America, Britain and the "ChriLapse Pacific. As to be expected, the sixth Pan- its oThere was a lapse in the activities of the African Congress mirrored the globalwar Pan-African Congress between 1928 and ideological and political strugglesof The U 1945. Efforts made to hold the fifty Pan- those years and how they wereimpact- Cong African Congress on the African conti- ing upon the Pan-Africanworld. USA C nent in 1929 but a number of problems Deliberations centred onissues of the How made this impossible. First, colonial Dpowers were frightened by the right of oppressed people to self- thatpropaganda and organisational success determination through armed struggles,"Afric of Garvey's "Back to Africa" movement questions of imperialism and neo-side t] and had become very suspicious of any colonialism, the need for self-reliance, Similt moves towards Pan-Africanism, positive neutrality and theNon-Allied be he however moderate. Second, the or- Movement, ThirdWorldism, material as- was ganisers had selected Tunisia as the sistance anddiplomatic support to liber- strayvenue but the French government firm- ation movements, the role of African Theq ly informed them that no Pan-African women and the youth. These issuestheir; Congress would be held anywhere in were analysed and resolutionsadopted with French-ruled Africa. The French suggest- inspite of the differentviews and per- babw ed Marseilles or any other French city, spectives of the

participants. plus a suggestion which the organisers The weakness of the sixthPan-African als.Movementess lay in its inability to transform y good resolutions into concrete mmes ofaction by way of putting ce organisational and institutionactures for the realisationof the tions.Kampalareparations for the seventh Pann Congress in Kampala, Uganda, he 9th to the 16thof December ear, were made amidst heated arnts on who should be the parits andwhere should the Congress id and what should be the agenda.ry delegations are now referred to pters. For example, the Zimbabwe ition wasknown as "The Zime Chapter of the Pan-African Con'. The internationalPreparatory littee was composed of a number pters, including representatives ofimbabwe Chapter led by Msma.utuma gave a report to members e Zimbabwe Chapter about the of theinternational Preparatory rittee. In her report, given in Seper, she revealed that theNigerian er vehemently insisted that the ongress be confined to represens of thepeople excluding governofficials. They wanted "no governofficials among theparticipants o government money and nothing cted with governments which arethe masses through corruption, ting kickbacks from modern slave rs of the West."igerian Chapter was supported by anadian Chapter which added a cureligioustheory of rejecting the stian God insisting that Africa has n African God who isalways at vith the satanic Christian God". nited Kingdom Chapter wanted the ressto be held in London while the :hapter wanted it held in New York.ver, the majority view prevailed the question of inventing a new an God" wasmore on the lunatic han a theory worth serious pursuit. arly, the demand that theCongress !ld either in London or New York more an aberation of the mind ingfrom reality.uestion of barring governments or representatives was .also dismissed thecontempt it deserves. Zimve sent a government delegation a large contigent ofwilling individuE3ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994I eioa Nw

Implications of population growth in Southern Africaam a rich man, my friend, do not be fooled by my tatteredI clothes. With my five wives and 24 children no other man can stand up to me,"said Takura Makamba with open pride.In his late 70s, Makamba, of Domboshava district in Zimbabwe, is one of manyZimbabweans who believe that a large number of children symbolizes wealth andstrength. His next words, however, belie his earlier statement. "It has becomedifficult to feed them because my land is too small and does not produce as muchas it used to." Efforts are being made to convince people like Makamba, that thenumber of children is no indication of wealth or strength as many countries in theregion wake up to the fact that rapid population growth negatively affects

development in areas such as employment creation, housing, food availability andquality of education. Zimbabwe, which budgets US$1.5 million for familyplanning projects, is one of the four countries whose efforts to reduce populationgrowth have been praised by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).Zimbabwe's population growth rate is 3.3 percent per year and fertility rate is sixchildren per woman, projecting a doubling of its population every 20 years.Unfortunately, poor people having larger families means more children are borninto poverty. This creates a large population without income or assets, who areilliterate, underfed, lack good shelter and have poor access to education, healthcare and clean water or sanitation.Minimal Economic GrowthIt also puts a strain on a government's resources as funds for development arediverted to providing for the poor. The UNFPA reports that economic growth isminimal in coutries with rapid population growth. Rapid population growth in theregion threatens to overtake or even hamper opportunities for development atnational level.Zimbabwe, in an effort to check population explosion, has embarked on anationwide family planning campaign to encourage wide contraceptive use. Con-By Virginia Kapembezatraceptive use rose from 14 percent in 1982 to 30 percent today. In Zambia, only15 percent of the women use contraceptives. There is need, however, to movefrom contraception only for birth spacing to limiting family sizes to lowering thefertility rate. Unemployment is increasing in the region and many countries arebattling an upsurge of unskilled and untrained workers.Rapid population growth is more evident in cities in the region. Building housesand installing electricity, water and sanitation remains one of the greatestchallenges. Inter Press Service (IPS) Third World News Agency reports thatHarare, Zimbabwe's capital city, has on the waiting list for accommodation abacklog of 80 000 names and gets 12 000 new applicantions every year. But itonly builds 2 200 houses every year.Unavailability of accommodation and high rents for the jobless in the cities hasencouraged squatter camps and backyard shacks. At the end of 1992 there were16 009 informal housing units in Harare.In South Atnca, eight million people live in squatter camps while only 1 350houses are built each year instead of the 270 000 they need to build to meet theneeds of everyone.Squatter camps and backyard shacks in the cities lead to overcrowding and thespreading of contagious diseases like cholera, tuberculosis and dysentry. Thesediseases strain already overloaded health systems. In 1992 cholera killed around 1000 people in Zambia. The fighting of diseases is thwarted by shortages of drugs,hospital beds, shortages of qualified medical personnel, worsened by brain drainand rising medical costs.HungerMany countries in the region now rely heavily on importing food as populationgrowth has overtaken food production, Apart from the loss of foreign currency inimporting the goods, lack of transport to get the goods to remote areas results in

their being left at depots for long periods. Hunger and malnutrition forcegovernments. and non-governmental or-ganisations (NGOs) to emoarK on supplementary feeding schemes. IPS reportsthat United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) has embarked on a feedingscheme to feed expectant mothers and children in Tanzania where about threemillion children suffer from malnutrition annually - 300 000 oL them severecases. In Zambia child malnutrition rose from 6 percent in 1980 to 20 percentnow.Modern technology to effect development requires large investments in materials,specialized machinery and skilled manpower. With limited resources andpopulation pressure efforts of government are hampered.Malawi, with a population of 10 million, a fertility rate of 7.6 children per womanand 3.4 percent annual growth rate, is experiencing an acute population growth. Inthe past, the government has considered its fertility rate satisfactoryBut now itadmits that its fertility rate if too high.Malawi's efforts at family planning projects have not been that impressivebecause of entrenched cultural and traditional beliefs that family planning is aforeign tradition. There is need for family planning information if the predictionthat Malawi's population will double in 22 years is to be avoided. Rapidpopulation growth puts a strain on natural resources. According to Prodder, aSouth African newsletter, Malawi's population density is 1 062 per 1 000 hectarescompared to Zambia and Zimbabwe with 113 people per 1 000 hectares and 265people per 1 000 hectares respectively.Population growth in countries in the. region is especially worrying consideringthat land sizes are static. As calls for the conservation of the environment areincreasing, this population explosion overburdens the environment especially inrural areas where people cut down trees for fuel.The large-scale cutting down of trees, also a regional phenomenon, strips groundcover causing erosion. Overcultivation also makes the soil infertile andContinued on page 28ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Africa wishes forprosparare - A prosperous 1994 is afervent which rather than a ritual salutation for Africa after a troubled year inwhich standards of living fell across the continent. In 1993, Africa's growth ratewas 1.4 percent according to the UN's Economic Commission for Africa. TheEthiopianbased institute's best estimates for this year is a growth of 2.5 percent,well below the population increase. Although the figures indicate some measureof "growth", they hide the stark reality of the daily struggle for survival.In a six month-ldng survey of prices on a basket of basic commodities in selectedAfrican countries by IPS, all registered increases while wages remained static. InNigeria, the cost of rice jumped by 30 percent and fuel 400 percent between Juneto December. In Zambia, the price of a 25kg bag of maize almost doubled, while

in Kenya it soared from 840 shillings (Z$12) in June to 1.725 shillings (Z$25) inOctober.Implications ofpopulation growthin Southern AfricaContinued from page 27 unproductive. Inability to depend on the land for foodoften leads to the ruralurban migration.To reduce family sizes, the range of contraceptives needs to be increased aspresently many women rely heavily on the use of the pill while others such as theintra-uterine devices (loop and diaphragm), injection, sterilization or condoms areunknown or ignored. Both old and young need to be educated about familyplanning and contraceptives. In the words of the late Dr. Esther Boohene, formerZimbabwe National Family Planning Council's programme coordinator, "Apopulation policy must be defined in relation to a national development policyand must be included as an integral component of the national development plan."(SARDC) ElerousMeanwhile, the value of local currencies fell against the dollar and exportcommodity prices sunk - one of the worst falls being oil, from $17 to $13. "I haveno mad hope that my life will change for the better in 1994. After all, why shouldI hope so when life was unbearable this year," says Mr'sho Mzee, a messengerwith the state-run Tanzania news agency."I am bitterly enraged by politicians who always stand on platforms deliveringfalse hopes that the economy is improving. In fact, life is now worse than 15 yearsago, and it won't be better in the coming years," adds the 43-year-old Mrisho, whoearns $12 a month. The majority of Tanzanian peasant farmers also see 1994 as ayear of further suffering due to the current drought."For we poor people who every year depend on God's rain to water our crops,1994 paints a gloomy picture," says Hemed Kongoni, a cassava farmer in theoutskirts of Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania's capital.In Zimbabwe, the pessimism is much the same. "Only a fool can hope for animprovement in our standard of living," says 23-year-old taxi driver TakesureGora.The wish of municipal policeman Douglas Chimedza is for the government to"reduce income tax and school fees and suspend its economic reformprogramme, but who listens? We only suffer in silence."An ice-cream vendor, Amon Ngwenya is praying for good rains. "We don't wantto starve like we did two years ago, the government should continue supplyingfree seeds and fertilizer in the rural areas."In Sierra Leone, business has also been bad this year."I think the country is going down the economic drain. People can hardly affordthree square meals a day," Fatima Kamara, a Freetown merchant complains. "Notonly are we buffeted by the scarcity of money in the market but the customspeople charge ridiculously high amounts on imported goods."According to university lecturer1994

Lawrence Bassey, "I tiave made up my mind to go to the Gambia to teach at ahigh school where renumerations are better ... I have to go before I become alecturer who begs on the streets for food."Nightclub manager junior Foray is concerned about the military government'spledge to return Sierra Leone to civilian rule." My hope for 1994 is that thenational provisional ruling council keeps to its promise and does not replay theNigerian example."He adds: "My fear is basically that this country might well degenerate into chaosif the social tensions and economic hard times are not addressed." In Kenya, theproblems of the economy are. compounded by a crime wave and fears overstability as the politically instigated ethnic violence in the rift valley continue.Thomas Atandi, an information assistant with Voice ofAmerica hopes that "1994will see the end of clashes in Western Kenya."Commissioner of police, Shadrack Kiruki wants Kenyans to have"greater respectfor the law and their fellow Kenyans in the coming year." A tour firm manager,Jose Perera hopes Kenya will tackle both the economic and political problems sothat "we remain an attractive tourist destination." Dr. Florence Afandi appeals fora year in which the message on Aids prevention will be understood and practiced"so that we can reign in this pandemic that is beginning to kill so many of ourpeople." 0TheZimbabweNewsmagazineYourchoice!ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Korean socialismentering new eraThe following is a full report on the New Year message delivered by the Presidentof the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) Cde. Kim ft Sung.PYONGYANG - The great leader Comrade Kim Ili Sung, General Secretary ofthe Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea and President of theDemocratic People's Republic of Korea, delivered a New Year Address for 1994at a joint meeting of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea, theDPRK Central Committee and Administration Council which was held at theGrand Conference Room of the Kumsusan Assembly Hall on December 31.,1993.In his New Year Address President Kim 11 Sung elaborated on the achievementsmade by the Korean people in their efforts to accomplish the cause of socialismlast year and on the tasks for this year, the question of national reunification andthe DPRK Government's foreign policy.Reviewing the work of last year, he said 1993 was a historic year whichpowerfully demonstrated the validity of the Party's revolutionary line ofindependence and the mighty of juche Korea. He said: "Last year, the imperialists

and reactionaries worked more malignantly than ever to isolate and stifle ourRepublic and crush our cause of socialism. The officers and men of our heroicPeople's Army and all the people foiled the enemy's challenge and aggressivescheme and honourably safeguarded the dignity and security of their socialistmotherland."Thus they fully demonstrated the unbreakable spirit of Juche Korea. This meansthe victory of the singlehearted unity of the leader, the Party and the masses.""During the third Seven-Year Plav we made long strides in all fields of socialisteconomic construction in spite of the enormous difficulties and obstacles 'causedin economic construction by unexpected international events and the tension ofour country. "Under our people-centred socialist system our people enjoy aworthy and happy life on an equal basis free from any social and poli al urest and* Cde. Lun II Sung (right) embraces Korean Unification church leader, ReverendMoonSun-Myungwithout any worries. about their life even in the present complex situation, and abeautiful communist morality is flowering further throughout our society, thepeople sharing weal and woe and helping leading each other forward, on theprinciple of one for all and all for one. Though the recent harsh trials and strugglewe have convincingly proved once again that our Party is a great Party possessingan iron will and capable of seasoned leadership, that our people are a heroicpeople having unshakable revolutionary confidence and unbreakable fightingspirit, and that the socialism of our own style embodying the Juche idea is anunconquerable socialism which has struck its roots deep among the popularmasses.Referring to this year's tasks, President Kim IL Sung said: The new year 1994 is ayear of a revolutionary advance when the building of socialism in ouj country willenter a new stage of development it is a year of a worthy struggle for theentire Party, the whole country and all the people to make an all-out efforts andeffect a great revolutionary upsurge on all fronts."The internal and external situation of our revolution is still complex and tense,and we are building socialism in sharp confront with the enemy. "To meet therequiremepts of the present situation and the development of our revolution wemust carry out the revolutionary line of independence, self* sufficiency and self-reliant defending and expedite the Three Revolutions - Ideological, technical andcultural - to further increase the political economic and military power of thecountry. "Setting the next three years as a period for adjustment in the sectoreconomic construction as decided - at the Twenty-First Plenary Meeting of iheSixth Party Central Committee, we must in this period implement to the letter theContinued on page 30ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Korean socialism entering new erContinued from page 29 the magnanimous proposal fot change of top-levelspecial envoys tween the two sides and the desi the entire nation for reunification.He added that "they have staged scale military exercises against o Republic

frequently in collusion with fo eign forces and have been jeopardi north-southrelations by clamouring "military counteraction" and an "i national cooperationsystem" onth pretext of our "nuclear problem."Cde. President Kim II Sungagriculture-first, light industry-first and foreign trade-first policy. "Along withthis, we must give definite precedence to the coal industry, power industry andrail transport, which must advance ahead of the other sectors of the nationaleconomy, and must continue to develop the metal industry. "By carrying out therevolutionary economic strategy of our Party during the period of adjustment forsocialist economic construction we will consolidate the foundations of the nation'sindependent economy rock-solid, further improve the people's standard of livingto meet the socialist requirements and secure a new launching point for scaling ahigher eminence of socialism. "This year, too, we must naturally put efforts intostrengthening the country's defence power to counter the enemy's moves toprovoke war. "We must be fully prepared politically and ideologically, militarily,to deal with any contigency on our initiative - we must establish a social climateof regarding military affairs as important and assisting the People's Armywhole-heartedly."In order to push ahead with the revolution and construction in the presentsituation, we must hold fast to our Party's policy of the ideological revolution,further strengthen the singlehearted unity of the revolutionary ranks and fullydisplay the revolutionary spirit of self-reliance."Let us accelerate vigorously the general march of socialism in the revolutionaryspirit of self-reliance and fortitude" this is the call of our Party and the militantslogan which our people must uphold today."President Kim IL Sung dwelt on the question of national reunification. He saidthat with a view to paving the way to national reunification by the united effortsof the nation, the Party and the government of the Republic put forward "1 O-Point Programme of the Great Unity of the Whole Nation for the Reunification ofthe country" last year and made all our efforts to put into effect. He said the SouthKorean authorities, however, have taken the path of dependence on foreign forces,not national independence, and of confrontation between north and south, notnational unity, by ignoring the 1 O-Point Programme,"The so-called "civilian" regime in South Korea is only a disguise - in fact it doesnot differ from the successive military dictatorial regime. The evil anticommunistfascist law still remain intact in South korea and the desire of the South Koreanpeople for in4endeince democracy and national reunificationis not fulfilled."It is natural that the South Korean peopie and public figures say that there is noneed to watch the present South Korean regime any longer and that they havenothing to expect from it." Referring to the way of settling the nuclear problem onthe Korean peninsula, he said: "As for our "nuclear problems" about which theUnited States and her lackeys are making a fuss, it is the product of the obstinatemanoeuvres of the United States against socialism and our Republic. "It is theUnited States that has created the fictitious "doubt about nuclear development bythe north", and it is the United States that has actually shipped nuclear weaponsinto the Korean peninsula and have been threatening us. "Therefore, the nuclear

problem on the Korean peninsula must on any account be settled through Korea-U.S. talks. "Pressure or threat will have no effect on us - such an attempt mayinvite catastrophe, far from finding a solution to the problem."The United States must see all the fact squarely and behave with prudence. Sincea Joint Statement has been adopted by Korea and the United States, the nuclearproblem on the Korean peninsula can be settled fairly if both sides keep andimplement the principles that have been agreed upon. "The principles and the lineof our Party and the Government of our Republic on national reunification remainunContinued on page 31ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

The USA made a mistake of forcing capitalism on the former Soviet Unionussia's Yeltsin insists on im.plementing capitalist reforms us£ ing authoritarianand undemocratic methods. Day by day, the poor become poorer and andincreasing numbers of the unemployed are resorting to armed robbery and othercrimes of violence. Inflation is running at unheard of 20 000 percent. Theseproblems and more, are the result of experimenting with capitalist policiestransplanted on a background of ideological bankruptcy and economic chaos.Perestroika has economically reduced the former Soviet Union into a Third Worldcountry. Reports from Moscow indicate the sad growth of beggars and paupersscrounging from dust bins in order to keep body and soul together. The plight ofthe Russian poor is no different from the lives of the poor in Chad or Somalia.Two years of experimenting with capitalist policies have convinced 12 out of 13political parties in Russia of the need to fight against the reforms, Seeing thegrowth of opposition to the reforms, the American Republican leader of theSenate, Mr. Robert Dole, has ad-mitted that the US made a mistake by forcing capitalism on the former SovietUnion. "We have put a lot of pressure", Dole has said, "through the World Bankand the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on Russia to move immediately to amarket economy. Of course, the result has been chaos and a lot of inflation. Thereare a lot of experts who think that is precisely the wrong way to go." The Moscowcorrespondent of the London magazine, The Economist, has written: For thosewithout jobs, absolute poverty threatens. Those who have enriched themselvesduring the last two years of capitalist reforms have been able to buy shares inprivatised industries and they are only 40 million of these shareholders out of apopulation of over 300 million." The Russian rich strata are said to have bankaccounts in Western countries amourting to US$250 billion. Since this is illegal,they use the cover of foreign companies with subsidiaries in the former SovietUnion.While the rich get richer by investing their ill-gotten wealth in foreign bankacContinued on page 32Korean socialismentering new era'Continued from page 30 changed. In future, too, we will make every effort toreunify the country in the form of confederation which is based on one nation, one

state, two systems and two governments, on the three principles of independence,peaceful reunification and great national unity."The imperialists are now blustering on the international arena by vociferatingabout the "end" of socialism, but they cannot arrest the people's aspiration toindependence, sovereignty and socialism nor can they turn back the trend ofhistory."Elaborating on the foreign policy of the government of the republic, he noted:"Our party and the government of our republic will consistently implement theforeign policy of independence, peace and friendship in keeping with therequirements of the present situation. On the principle of independence we willmake positive efforts to unite with socialist countries and non-alligned countriesand develop good neighbourly relations also with capitalist countries whichrespect the sovereignty of our country. The government of our republic will workhard to abolish the old international political and economic orders of dominationand subordination, establish new ones on the basis of equaity, justice and fairnessand develop south-south cooperation on the principle of collective self-reliance."EFor allyouradvertisingrequirements:Pleasecontact theAdvertisingManager on790148/968951-3Fax:- 263-4-61046ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994111ternational News

Ru ss i"a's thorrto capitalismcuunts, Russian industries are Loliapsing for lack of development capital. The, icorrespondent for The Economist says: "The consumer industry's share of the tGDP shrank from 16 percent in 1991' to 5 percent in the third quarter of 1993."Russian companies are abandoning their hopeless fight to make cameras, andvideos to compete with cheap South Korean imports . .. Sick industries are goingbust under incompetent management."Before the collapse of communism, Russian industries had survived on a dosedmarket in which the people of the then "republics" of the Soviet Union had nochoice but to buy consumer goods manufactured by local industries. The removalof protective tariffs has exposed local manufactured goods to cut-throatcompetition with foreign manufactures and Russian goods are losing in thatcompetition.

The Russians making several attempts to beef up their saging economy byfrantically trying one or the other method to get foreign currency. During theperiod of communism, the Moscow Research Institute for Eye Microsurgery,pioneered the most up to date method for operating an eye ailments. Tacklingeverything from cataracts to glaucoma, the surgeons are highly adept at lasersurgery and are skilled at wielding the tiny diamond blades used to makeinfinitesmal incisions in the delicate cotnea to cure shortsightedness. Having nomedical facilities in foreign countries, the Russians are using a luxury floatingship as an eye hospital for the treatment of eye patients in foreign ports. The shiphas a crew of 160 eye specialists. The ship is now moored 'on the Gibraltar coastand plans to carry out eye operations until April. The ship will then sail for theMexican coast and continue the business of acquiring foreign currency. Patientsare charged an average of US$3 400 -and 40 patients are operated upon everyday. Thus, the ship makes an average of US$136 000 every day.WeaponsAnother method of obtaining foreign currency is the sale of military equip, ment.On December 23, 1993, the Soviet military's biggest cargo jet, the AN-1 24,touched down in Columbus, Ohio, carrying 18 750 semi-automatic guns, the SKSrifles. These 1 0-round rifles used to be the standard weapons for the Soviet32Boris Yeltsin's boys are said to be selling weapons, to theWestarmy. Now that ,the Soviet Union is no more, Yeltsin's boys are 'busy sellingthese weapons in the West to obtain for eign currency."Carroll Borget of the US magazine, Newsweek, wrote about these .gun sales: "It'sthe gun industry's biggest boom these days: firearns from the excommunist blocare being sold cheaply. Imports from Russia have just started to pick up in the lastsix months but they're moving'fast." he gSs on to say "Many importers are makinga killing, so to say. Importing 18 750 Russianeni-autinatic rifles, for example, 6i easily turn -halfa-millon dollars, ac~ ing togundealers. IAdding to these frantic attempts 4 tain foreign currency are several aE ments forjoint ventures with f companies. Recently, Russia conClE an agreement withAmLerican and ish oil companies todrill for oil in Caspian Sea coast. of Baku, inthe bajain Republic. These agreements tively introduce Russia as- an accomn inthe traditional exploitation of countries by established imperi countries.Report recommends,changes tO Britishcriminal tIce system,19 ope wr -By.Peter Reeves 'n 1'974, 21"p ere ,killed in the Forthis re the case were refe Ibombing of twoBirmingham public back to the High Court of Appeal and,houses. Six men were convicted .of in 1991, the convictions were quasbwd.murder for the death of fhe victims and There sentenced to life imprisonment.After the thr waS general public concern r dismissal of an appeal in 1987 a laterthis and other similar cases. in reset reveled ppaent is-the British Government set

up a R ,a police enquiry revealed apparent dis- Commission on Cimina.lrjustiei 1§41 crepancies in the Interview record of one -' . on i i.-O.of the six men. Cointinued on page 341ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUAJW, 1'

The Chairman, Directors,Management and Staff wish toextend their congratulations to thePresident Cde. R.G. Mugabeon his 70th birthday.We wish him many more.We at Rufaro Marketing are proud to join the nationin celebrating the 21st February MovementR UFAR 0OOur new logo symbolises our new-lookcompany's total commitment toproviding quality products atMARKETINGcompetitive prices, entertainment and friendly customer service in congenialsurroundings.,o,,,o ,, F10AKEIFor happy times DIZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Report recommendsContinued from page 32 under the chairmanship ot Lord Bunciman, to enquireinto the criminal investigation, prosecution, trial and appeal process. peedyprocessThe Home Secretary commented: "It is of fundamental importance that thearrangements for criminal justice should secure the speedy conviction of theguilty and the acquittal of the innocent. When that is not achieved publicconfidence is undermined." Royal Commissions are reserved for importantproblems of public interest They are appointed comparatively rarely by theGovernment using the formality of a Royal Warrant.A commission's report is not binding upon the Government, which remainsresponsible to Parliament for any action taken.The terms of reference of the Commission were widely drawn. They covered anexamination of all stages of the criminal justice system from police investigationof an alleged criminal offence through to the trial and final appeal. Specific topicsincluded the role of the Court of Appeal and investigation of alleged miscarriagesof justice. T e -commission published a 260-page report, in July last year, making352 proposals for reform. They cover all aspects of criminal investigation,prosecution and trial and indude police procedures when dealing with suspects,case management, trial procedures and judicial training.Practical recommendationsIntroducing the report, Lord Runciman siad: "In framing our recommendations,we have been conscious that they must be demonstrably practicable."

This is evident with most of the proposals, as none envisage a basic change in thesystem of trial or structure of the courts. But some are opposed by legalprofession as they are believed to be matters of principle affecting individualrights.The Commission's proposals are numerous, detailed and wide ranging. Theyindude the establishment of a DNA data base, with police powers to take DNAsaliva specimens, the results being used as evidence in the same way as fingerprinting.Also proposed are fixed penalties for minor offences without a court hearing andan advisory body to report upon the performance of public sector forensic sciencelaboratories.changes to Britsh crA proposal to limit the right to be tried by a jury attracted immediate comment.Criminal justice in England and Wales (Scotland has its own body of laws)operates at two levels. Locally based magistrates, who do not sit with a jury, tryover 93 percent of all criminal charges. The remainder, mainly more seriouscases, go to a Crown court where they are heard by a judge and jury. Someoffences can be tried only by magistrates and others by the Crown Court. Inbetween are those known as "either way" offences which are of varying degreesof seriousness.Magistrate's choiceAt present a defendant in this category can choose either method of trial - beforemagistrates or by jury in the Crown Court. It is proposed to abolish this choice.Instead, when the prosecution and defence cannot agree when an "either way"case is to be tried, the decision shall be made by the magistrates. In one year about35 000 defendants in"either way" cases chose to be tried by jury. Of these at least70 percent eventually pleaded guilty when the trial was about to begin. Withmagistrates deciding whether jury trial is appropriate, fewer cases are likely to besent to the Crown Court.Apart from the saving distribution between the two courts. Strong opposition hascome from the Lord Chief justice, the Law Society, the Bar Council and the LegalAction Group. John Rowe QC, chairman of the Bar Council, said: "The choice toopt for a jury trial is an essential constitutionaly safeguard against miscarriages ofjustice and must be retained." To guard against possible conviction of theinnocent, a new independent review authority is proposed. The authority wouldhave power to investigate a case but not to make a judicial decision. If amiscarriage of justice is suspected the facts would be referred to the Court ofAppeal. These case would then be tranferred as an appeal from the Crown Court.Restrictive approachThere has been criticism of the restrictive approach to cases by the Court ofAppeal. A majority of the Commission proposed a single broad ground giving thecourt flexibility to consider all categories of appeal. The correct approachrecommended is to decide whether the conviction "is or may be unsafe".iminal justice systemAt present a form of discounting or reducing a sentence when a plea of guilty isentered exists. This has not been incorporated into a formal and open procedure. It

is proposed that a system of graduated sentence discounts be introduced, the mostgenerous reduction being given where a plea of guilty is indicated at the time theprosecution's case is first disclosed. Then a reducing discount would apply,depending upon the stage at which a plea of guilty was entered, the minimumapplying when the trial is ready to begin in court.Frequently the practice of basing a conviction solely upon a confession made tothe police has been criticised. A majority of the commission recommended that aconfession should still be admissible, even if unsupported by other evidence. Insuch cases the judge should always warn the jury that great care is needed beforeconvicting upon the confession alone."Right of silence"On the other hand, a suspect may refuse to answer police questions. At present ajudge warns the jury that this must not be held against a defendant. A majority ofthe commission were in favour of keeping this "right of silence", as it is called.The commission reviewed the criminal law system from investigation to trial. Noradical ilteration was suggested to the adversarial method of trial, the jury system,court structure or appointment of judges.Although they have not attracted comment, proposals, relating to the conduct of atrial are detailed and novel. It is proposed that there should be a set procedure forclarifying and defining the issues before the hearing. During the trial, a judgeshould have power to intervene in specified circumstances. These include thecontrol of "bullying and intimidatory tactics" on the part of counsel and theexclusion of evidence which may confuse the issues or mislead the jury.A theme, throughout the report, is the need to improve the efficiency of judges,solicitors and barristers. To achieve this, continuous monitoring and assessmentare proposed. For the judiciary this would be a confidential process to ensure thatjudicial independence is preserved.*Peter Reeves is a solicitor and writer on legal affairs with the London PressService. nlZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994International News

I I ntintinI Nek sBUCHAREST - Romanians nostalgic for the late Nicolae Ceausescu paid tributesat his graveside on Saturday, December 25, 1993 four years after he was executedin East Europe's bloodiest anticommunist revolution. Dozens of people burnedcandles and laid evergreen branches at the grave in Ghencea Cemetary inBucharest. Ceausescu and his wife, Elena were shot by firing squad on Christmasday in 1989 after a summary trial ordered by the National Salvation Front whichtook power in Eastern Europe's bloodiest anticommunist revolt."I deeply regret his death. Life was much better under Ceausescu. And how can Inot deplore his death when my life is miserable and I'm so poor?" 56-year-oldAdina Hertila told Reuters as she lit a candle at Ceausescu's grave.A group of elderly people laid a red flag of the former Communist Party with ahammer-and-sickle emblem over the grave as a tape-recorder played the anthemof the Communist International and patriotic songs from the communist era.

A poster with a poem dedicated to Ceausescu scribbled on it decorated the simplecross made of iron bars at the grave.About 30 on-lookers gathered round Ceausescu's grave sang along with theThe late Nicolae Ceausescutape and applauded when the ceremony was over.Four years after the December 1989 uprising which ousted Ceausescu, Romaniahas 314 percent inflation, average wages are barely US$50 a month, and almost10 percent of the workforce is unemployed.Many of those who braved the cold Saturday morning to come in pilgrimage tothe late ruler's grave complained of the hardships brought by Romania's transitionto a free-market economy and said they could hardly survive on their budgets."With these prices, I can't afford even to die," said Petre Tomcea, an elderly manin the group near Ceausescu's grave.A simple wooden coffin sold for 45 000 lei (US$38) outside the cemetery on thatSaturday.More than 1 000 people were killed during the 1989 revolt, most of them inunexplained circumstances. Popular opinion has it that they were shot byCeausescu's Securitate secret police. The crowd near Ceausescu's grave grewaggressive when a television crew tried to film them."Go to hell, you bastards who spoil Romania's image abroad," a middleagedwoman shouted to reporters. Arguments almost degenerated into clashes betweenthe Ceausescu nostalgics and a group of young people who threw the communistflag away and set fire to the poster with the poem."You are nothing but a bunch of cretins. You offer a very embarrassing scene andI feel sick when I see you crying for that criminal and thinking you can resurrecthim," 18-year-old luliana Mihai shouted angrily.Several people standing near Ceausescu's grave tried to beat Mihai but her groupintervened and the incident ended with the two groups shouting abuse at eachother. - ZIANA-REUTER. 0Wipers keep pace with rainondon: - Wincscreen wipers that automatically keep pace with the speed of rainhitting the car and a windscreen that clears itself at the first hint of misting inside,are now possible as a result of an ingenious new deviceZimbabwe News The magazinethatentertains, informs and educatesdeveloped by United Kingdom optical engineers.Small enough to be mounted unobtrusively above the windscreen of a family car,the device detects misting on the inside of a windscreen and rainwater on theoutside. It constantly measures the driver's view through the screen andautomatically ensures the screen is as dear as possible.The new sensor, designed and built by the SIRA contract research company fromChislehurst, near London, works by using infra-red signals of the same type foundin remote television controllers. Tiny infra-red light-emitting diodes (IREDS)buried in the car's dashboard reflect harmless signals off the inside of thewindscreen to a detector mounted inside the car roof.

The way the infra-red beam is reflected or scattered by the windscreen is ameasure of the rain on it or how much misting there is inside. The more rainwater,the weaker the reflection, and the more misting, the greater the scattering.SIRA engineer Mr. Mark Aston, who designed the device, says although it is stillin its early days of commercial development, trials in a test vehicle have shownthat the sensor is able to detect different amounts of misting with ease. "Rainwaterwas more difficult," he concedes. "Initially, the sensor was only able to detectlarge amounts of rainwater on the screen. With modifications, however, the sensorwill be sensitive enough to measure rainfall from drizzle to downpour." - LPS0ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

Collapse of superpowerrivalry raised old conflictsmages that were once unimaginablegrabbed the headlines: Cde. Yasser Arafat and Yittzhak Rabin shaking hands atthe White House. Nelson Mandela and F.W. De Klerk sharing the Nobel PeacePrize.In 1993, old conflicts from the Middle East to Cambodia moved closer toresolution, benefiting from superpower rivals-turned-friends. But the end of theeast-west standoff also unleashed longsuppressed ethnic and religious strife in theformer Soviet Republics and Yugoslavia.In the "New World Order," Bill Clinton and Boris Yeltsin were plagued bydomestic problems and less able to shape world events than their predecessors atthe White House and Kremlin. While the US - and Russian-backed Middle Eastpeace talks sputtered along, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organizationsecretly negotiated their agreement on limited Palestinian autonomy in theoccupied territories. Arafat, ostracized by moderate Arab states for supportingIraq in the 1991 Gulf War, made yet another comeback to be welcomed inwestern capitals as a peacemaker.But Palestinian militants and right-wing Israeli settlers tried to undermine thePLO-Israeli accord.In South Africa, former enemies shared the Nobel Peace Prize for workingpeacefully to end apartheid and push their country to democracy. Cde. Mandelaasked the world community to lift economic sanctions, ending decades ofinternational isolation for South Africa. But Black and white extremists sought toderail the country's first multiracial elections set for next April. Despite risinghopes for peace in some trouble spots, there were armed conflicts in more than 20countries, mostly as a result of civil strife. Africa was the hardest-hit continent,with major conflicts raging in Angola, Sudan, Liberia and Burundi, killing tens ofthousands and displacing hundreds of thousands.Cde. President Yasser ArafatThere were fewer left-wing insurgencies, but more religious conflicts. Islamicfundamentalists struggled to overthrow the Govemments of Egypt and Algeria.India experienced its worst Hindu-Muslim communal violence since

independence. Tensions rose between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, whereMuslim militants pressed a campaign for independence.In Sri Lanka, peace talks between the Government and Tamil secessionists wereput on hold after the assassination of president Ranasinghe Premadada by asuicide bomber.China kept a tight lid on dissent, but leader Deng Xiaoping's call to set up amainet economy triggered an economic boom.But in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the dirve toward democracyhis some roadblocks.The year began with the Czechs and Sloyaks peacefully breaking up their 74-year-old confederation. Poland's anti-communtst president Lech Walesa fretted asvoters, frustrated by the hardships of economic reform, elected a leftist coalition,including former-communistsThe blodiest war in Europe since World War II continued to rage in the formerYugoslavia.The United States, Russia, European Community and the United Nations allfailed to end the carnage among muslims, Serbs and Groats in Bosnia, wheremore than 200 000 people were dead and more than two million left homeless.Unable to agree on a partition plan, the warring Bosnian factions tried to changethe map on the battlefield. Residents of besieged Sarajevo began their secondwinter of war threatened by hunger, dfsease and serb shelling.Moscow witnessed its worst political violence since the 1917 Bolshevikrevolution. Yeltsin dissolved the hard-line legislature obstructing his reforms andhad the army storm the parliament building. The Russian president then scheduleda nationwide vote December 12, for a new parliament and constitution.Beset by problems at home, Yeltsin could not do much to halt Strife in formerSoviet republics.Eduard Shevardnadze, a world figure as Soviet foreign minister, found himselfleader of a disintergrating Georgia, forced to flee for his life from Abkhazianrebels.Christian armenia and Muslim Azerbaijan fought over the region ofNagornoKarabakh, Tajikistan, in central Asia, was gripped by a civil war betweenformer communists and Islamic forces that killed tens of thousands. The end ofthe Soviet empire left the United States the sole remaining superpower. But thatdidn't help the new US president get his way abroad. The year began with USwarships off the coast of Haiti to prevent a mass exodus by refugees. It erodedwith US ships blockading the Caribbean Nation to enforce a UN embargo afterHaitian military leaders reneged on an agreement to restore ousted presidentleanBertrand Aristide.Saddan Hussein, having outlasted George Bush, continued to challenge UNweapons inspectors and menace Iraqi Kurds and Shiite Muslims, despite a UNembargo and occasional US air strikes.Continued on page 38ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

This product is rather tasty, refreshing and now on special offer. Unfortunately,the manufacturer stopped telling people about it.It can take years to build a reputation for yourself, just weeks for it to disappea .In tough times, there is one area that screams opportunity.1 e - . o t a n t o

Collapse of superpower rivalry raises old conflictsContinued from pagenorth Korea's Kim IL Sung that his country would not be allowed to build anuclear bomb.Warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid bloodied peacekeeping troops from the UnitedStates and other countries in Soma-Libya's Muamma Gaddafi ignored UN sanctions as he defied US and Britishdemands to turn over suspects in the December 1988 bombing of a Pan Amairliner over Scotland. The world's last communist ruler hung on Cde. FidelCastro. Clinton warnedA farewell to yetanother of our heroes Christopher MachinguraUshewokunze(27 April 1944-17 January 1994)By Ibbo Mandaza,ours within the announcement of Christopher Ushewokunze's trag,ic death on17th January, 1994, it was almost logical that there should have been this requisiteresponse throughout both the nation of Zimbabwe and the official and businesscircles of the sub-region as a whole. For,Chris Ushewokunze's work as a professional, spanning more than two decades,was devoted to both the nation and the sub-region. Like a number of hiscontemporaries, he began his career as a student leader, as member of theCommittee of six which led student antigovernment protests in 1965 and 1966lia, where a successful US-led famine relief operation turned into a nationbuildingdebacle for the United Nations. The United Nations enjoyed more success inbringing peace to the killing fields of Cambodia, Prince Norodom Sihanouk, aftera 23-year struggle to recapture power, was reinstated as head of state after UN-organised multipart elections.There were other notable political comebacks: Benazir Bhutto reclaimed thePrime Minister's post in Pakistan - socialist Andreas Papandreou returned asGreek premier after voters rejected the Conservative government's painfulausterity measures.Turkish premier Tansu Ciller became the third woman to head a predominantlymuslim country after Bhutto and Prime Minister Khaleda Zia of Bangladesh.Corruption scandals led to the impeachment of two South American Presidents- Venezuela's Carlos Andres Perez and Brazil's Fernando Collor De Mello. CarloCiampi, the first Italian premier to be unaffiliated with a political party in 40years, took office as more than 3 000 politicians, businessmen and public officialswere implicated in corruption cases.

Japanese Prime Minister Morihiro Hosokawa led a new coalition government thatpledged to end scandals over kickbacks and other corruption that brought downthe Liberal Democratic Party after 38 years in power. Kim Young-Sam, alongtime dissident, was sworn in as South Korea's first civilian president in 32years. But Nigeria's generals nullified the results of elections that would havereturned Africa's most populous nation to civilian rule after a decade of militarygovernment. Voters in Canada and France - discontented with economic woesbooted out the governing parties. Conservative Edouard Balladur became France'spremier after a right-wing coalition crushed the Socialist Party at the polls.In Canada, Kim Campbell, who became Canada's first woman Prime Ministerwhen Brian Mulroney stepped down, suffered a humiliating defeat when herProgressive Conservatives were routed by Jean Chretien's left-of-center Liberals.- ZIANA-AP. ElZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

A farewell to yet another of our heroesChristopher Machingura Ushewokunzefzzu~ Jl1 ae3at the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, in the hey-day of Africannationalist politics in the former Federation, and following Ian Smith's UDI. Hewas risticated from the University in July, 1966, and detained for 12 months bythe Smith regime, at Gonakudzingwa Camp No. 5, together with Stan Mudenge,the late John Mirisi and Nelson Moyo. At Gonakudzingwa, he will have met andinteracted with such senior nationalists as Joshua Nkomo, Josiah and RuthChinamano. Under police escort on 16 January, 1967, he departed for the UnitedKingdom to take up a British Council Scholarship to study law at EdinburghUniversity in Scotland. After completion of his studies in the United Kingdom,his first posting was at the University of Zambia in 1974, as lecturer in the Facultyof Law. Many Zambians remember him fondly and acknowledge his contributionto their careers as technocrats and politicians of today.Cde. H. MurerwaBut throughout the 1970's, the University of Zambia was a refuge for manyZimbabwean exile students, among them such former detainees as EmmersonMnangagwa whom Chris Ushewokunze assisted as lecturer and compatriot.Later, from 1976 to 1980, Chris joined the United Nations Institute of Namibia asa Senior Lecturer in Law and thereby made his contribution to the development ofhuman resources for a future Namibia. On more than one occasion I have heardthe Prime Minister of Namibia, Hage Geingob, make the most generous remarksabout ChrisUshewokunze and his contribution to Namibia, especially in the field of MiningLaws and the Mineral Industry.Clan anthropologyIt was in late 1978 that I met Chris and Juliet Ushewokunze in Lusaka. As theclan anthropology of Marondera and Wedza people goes, both are my sekuru andambuya through their respective families, though these familial ties are closer tothe Ushewokunze clan. Chris had been to Waddilove with my older brother and

sister, his original home only a few kilometres from my own in Chihota. TheUshewokunze house in Lusaka became as much mine as for the many other exilesthat passed through Zambia; and I remember well when their third son, Taurai,was born in 1979. But then which Zimbabwean is not related to anotherZimbabwean, particularly in those conditions of exile? On the basis of either clanor totem (mutupo), a relationship is quickly established, rekindled or evencontrived, amongst and between even the most distant across the little land" massthat is Zimbabwe. And this is-why those of the generation of Chris Ushewokunzeand subsequent are the least tempted into cheap "tribalism" and "regionalism".And that is why, within hours of the announcement of his death, I met at his homein Borrowdale persons, from all walks of life, who hail from the various cornersof Zimbabwe. So, even before he was declared a National Hero, it was so obviousto many of us who assembled at his home on 18th January that ChrisUshewokunze would be so honoured. Together with such other intellectuals andtechnocrats as Kombo Moyana, Leonard Tsumba, Stanley Mahlahla, MudziviriNziramasanga, Dan Ndlela, Tom Mswaka, Buzwani Mothobi, Herbert Murerwa,Vunguza Nyathi and Ernest Mukarati, Chris Ushewokunze and I constituted inFebruary, 1979, the first Patriotic Front's "Civil Servants", under the leadership ofboth ZANU (represented by Dzingai Mutumbuka) and ZAPU (represented byAriston Chambati), and with the active support of Bernard Chidzero, then UnderSecretary-General of UNCTAD, and the one responsible for initiating the verystudy, Zimbabwe: Towards a New Order. it was logical that most of us would endup in leading positions in the first Government inCde. E. Mnangagwaindependent Zimbabwe. But Chris Ushewokunze stood out for his expertise incorporate Law with particular reference to the mining sector. His chapter in theaforementioned study reflects largely the very issues he would later havetranslated into policy as the Secretary for Mines (1980-1988). in the words ofChris Ushewokunze himself, "I concetrated on teaching how to apply law toachieve economic independence and control of industries." It was an obsessionthat would inspire his career as technocrat and politician. The essence of his thrustalways reflected the sincere nationalist commitment to the country; and becauseof that, he would have to confront the mining magnates of this country, as heengineered the centralization and coordination of the marketing of all thecountry's minerals through the new parastatal, which he created, the MineralsMarketing Corporation of Zimbabwe MMC(Z). That must stand as the crowningachievement of his career. But the MMC(Z) also represented the most poignantexpression of the kind of economic nationalism that should have pervaded oursociety from Independence Day in 1980.National goalsWe may fault Chris on many accounts: he was impetuous at times as he wasContinued on page 41ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994totitnuedl from page 38

Bright,'Fresh Tanganda

IFor EveryUplif ting OccasionUP UP. IT IFB OU UPZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

A farewell to yet another of our heroes Christopher Machingura UshewokunzeContinued from page 39usually impatient; he would have his way if he could; and could be as ruthless aswas necessary in pursuit of his objectives. But I cannot recall any occassion whensuch "faults" were not related to the pursuit of national goals. I should knowbetter having worked with him ever since 1979 in Geneva, but more recently,when we were locked in bureaucratic conflict in the course of 1988-1990. He wasthen the (first) Chief Executive of the Zimbabwe Development Corporation(ZDC), and organization so suited to him since it was designed to be the vehiclefor economic nationalism, particularly for indigenizing the key elements of theeconomy. I was then the Chairman of the Parastatals Commission, anorganization designed to coordinate all parastatals, including the ZDC itself. Formy part, I would have gladly deferred and allowed Chris the latitude he requiredas Chief Executive of ZDC; it would have saved me the burden of appearing to beboss over a sekuyu and a technocrat of such calibre. We joked about it severaltimes,until the complications and overlappings of bureaucratic power-play overtookeven the individuals therein. The Parastatals Commission was eventually ditched,myself included; but Chris Ushewokunze and his ZDC found themselves in nobetter stead, constrained and immobilized as they were by the incessant inter-Ministerial and interdepartmental conflicts. That so little was achieved under theZDC must be attributed to Government itself and not to Chris Ushewokunze who,had he been left to do what most of us knew him capable of undertaking, theindigenization of the Zimbabwean economy will have advanced ten-fold by now.This is why his appointnent as Minister of Industry and Commerce was sowelcomed by most of us. We knew that it would be a matter of time before'thebull began the rampage against, the bureaucratic and institutional fetters that havealways sought to contain and arrest our appetite and thirst for economicnationalism. But his task was an immensely difficult one, if also becausehis detractors were watching him so closely. His early work in his new post wasgiven to controvesy and bound to be unpopular; it was the responsibility of theMinister of Trade and Commerce to l-ave to almost compell the nation intoswallowing the bitter pill of ESAP.ResponsibilityIt was his duty and responsibility to announce in early 1993 the good-bye to thesubsidies for maize meal, bread and other commodities. But he held his own,defended government policy and pledged that that was the price the nation had topay if it hoped to build a national economy. In his own words in his last speechgiven on New Year's Eve, "But for our faith in Government and the promise of abetter future, the burden of price increases had become ubearable on the ordinary

citizen". He began to work closely with all professionals like ourselves andquickly became the single most important political resource base for indigenousentrepreneurs and professionals throughout the country. Chris Ushewokunzebecame the natural hero for all those stung with the quest for economicnationalism, for the Indigenous Bussiness Development Council (IBDC), for theintellectuals and the professions at large. Even in his last public speech on NewYear's Eve, he highlighted "the fundamental question of indigenisation of theeconomy". It is critical that concrete measures are put in place in 1994 to ensurethat the indigenisation programme is put on a firm footing ... It is clear in all theseprogrammes that finance is the major stumbling block and we hope that inaddition to the credit lines that Government is negotiating, the banking sector willbe more innovative, and aggressive in taking credit measures to support theindigenous entrepreneur. The much vaunted 22 percent of total lending toindigenous sector over the past 13 years of independence reflects badly on thenationalism and entrepreneurial character of our bankers. Bankers and otherfinancial institutions must be leaders and promoters of nationwide privateenterprise. Please do more ...No doubt through his intervention, the indigenisation of the economy was for thefirst time discussed at the Consultative Group meeting in Paris in December,1993. He concluded, in the same speech on New Year's Eve:The late Cde. C UshewokunzeZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994Continued on page 42

A farewell to yet another of our heroes Christopher Machingura UshewokunzeContinued from page 41It is clear that ESAP cannot succeed unless the black people of Zimbabwe are realowners of meaningful capital in business; and real managers in multinationalcompanies. 1994 will see the creation of the Investment Trust Fund into whichGovernment, individuals, companies, donor agencies can invest forindigenisation.All warmed up to him during the brief period that he was Minister, inviting him tothis and that gathering, to open this and that new industrial enterprise, to assert thepriorities that should accompany Zimbabwe's economic development, to preachthe virtues of a truly national economy. He would take with him a delegation ofbusiness people and technocrat3 to South East Asia, to China, Singapore andMalaysia; and President Mugabe revealed to us the other day that it had been atChris' instigation that the Prime Minister of Malaysia is going to be the Guest ofHonour at this year's Zimbabwe International Trade Fair. Malaysia in particularstood out as the model that Zimbabwe should have followed from 1980 onwards;for Malaysia's own success story has been yamed in the period since 1980. Wehad the occasion to discuss some of these important policy matters in the periodsince he was appointed Minister of Industry and Commerce in 1992. We sought toflaunt the work of this man by publishing his profile (Southern Africa Politicaland Economic Monthly, October, 1992), as a new powerhouse at both the nationaland sub-regional levels. Of course, he will be remembered most by Zimbabweans

themselves. Both the President and Vice President Nkomo have given theireulogies; and the business sector in general has added to what will no doubt be along series of honours that Chris Ushewokunze will receive countrywide. But it isthe statement by Morgan Tsvangirayi, Secretary-General of the ZimbabweCongress of Trade Unions, as we exchanged condolences on his tragic loss to allof us: "It is a national disaster ... he was so effective..."Self-assessmentBut his own last remarks on New Year's Eve might well be a self-assessment ofthe man himself, a year after his appointment as Minister of Industry andCommerce:My assessment of 1993 is that it has been a major turning point for the Zimbabweeconomy. The structural adjustment programme has fully taken rootand given a good rainy season and much lower interest rates we are set on thepath of growth and development. We have good reason to look forward to 1994with optimism and greater expectations than we had for 1993 at this point in timelast year. I am sure you are keen to know what my thoughts and those ofgovernment generally are for 1994 ... In conclusion, I would like to take thisopportunity to assure Industry and Commerce that the Ministry and governmentgenerally will continue to support your efforts to build sound, viable and efficiententerprises in 1994. Now that the allocation of foreign currency is left to themarket more of my staff's time will be devoted to addressing policy issues thatimpede the development of Industry and Commerce. We will be coming up withan Industrial Policy Statement in the course of 1994 and we hope together withyou we can build a vigorous economy that can hold its own in the internationalmarket. I wish you all a prosperous 1994. Chris Ushewokunze will also beremembered for his contribution to the COMESA Treaty; and those of uscurrently undertaking a study of the relationship between SADC and the PTAhave dubbed Clause 56, which seeks to reconcile the two organisations, the"Ushewokunze Intervention". Some of us are fortunate to have interacted withhim during his last days, during the week-long PTA/COMESA meeting inKampala last November and, more recently, when I interviewed him for thePTA/SADC Joint Study in December. But consider some of his majorachievements in 1993 alone: were it not for his intervention towards addressingthe trade imbalance issue in mid-year, the Zimbabwe-Zambia trade war mighthave so deteriorated to the stage where borders might have been dosed betweenour two countries; the manner in which he smoothed over the Zimbabwe-Botswana trade agreement, doing away with surchages after years of negotiations;the conclusion of the preferential trade agreement with Namibia which came intoforce on 30 April, 1993; and his brave attempt and commendable start to the tradenegotiations with the South Africans, in anticipation of the new South Africa thatwill be born this year. Those who are familiar with the details of all these exploitswill testify to his technocratic and diplomatic skills, and the ease with which hecould be-friend and endear. Sadly, the subregion has lost one of its fewnationalistsat a time when such persons are dearly required if Southern Africa is going to beas integrated as it should be.

Towering figureChris Ushewokunze was such a towering figure - a feature so pronounced in thattall, strong physique that was the man - that it remains so difficult to accept thateven a car accident could destroy him. Yet in his own end-of-year speech on NewYear's Eve, he lamented those who had perished in similar circumstances aswould be his own: As 1993 draws to a close all of us here and the country as awhole reminisce over the events of the past year. We view some of the eventswith sadness because of the considerable numbers of lives lost due to roadaccidents and illnsses . . .Born on 27 April, 1944, in Shurugwi where his father, the late MethodistMinister, Reverend Shadreck Mugwagwa Ushewokunze, and his mother, Maud(nee Mugugu), were stationed then. Christopher Machingura Ushewokunze wasnurtured in the Methodist faith, attending Primary school variously at Epworth,Marshall Hartely and Waddilove Missions. It was from Waddilove that Chrisgraduated to Goromonzi Secondary School in 1959 and became School Captain in1964, before proceeding to the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in1965. While at the University of Edinburgh, he was leader of the Zimbabwestudents in Scotland. He completed his Master of Laws degree at the University ofLondon (1970 - 1971) and was subsequently admitted as Barrister of Law ofMiddle Temple in 1973. A registered legal practitioner in his own right, hedevoted most of his professional work to corporate law, with special reference tomining in Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. For many of us his colleagues, herepresents that vital second-tier of technocrat-politicians that will be so vital asZimbabwe (and Southern Africa) enters the 21 st Century. He had earned it well,biding his time as one who shared a profound respect for those of our currentnationalist leadership so deservedly senior to us all, and thereby constituting thatvital link between the very old and the very young in our society. As the recenteditorial in The Herald (19th January) stated, Cde. Ushewokunze will be laid torest as a National Hero, an honour richlyContinued on page 43ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

A farewell to yet another of our heroes Christopher Machingura Ushewokunze -Continued from page 42deserved, but an honour we would have wished had come, many years from now,at the culmination of a full and rewarding life.It is so unfortunate that the subject of 'National Heroes has often been visited bysuch unnecessary controversy, sometimes provoking the kind of cynicism thatsuch a young nation could well do without. Perhaps, we have to learn to acceptthe implicit hierarchy in an area wherein heroes and heroines alike belong to oneimmortal world. The ultimate hero or heroine is he or she that has paid theultimate sacrifice in the service of the nation. We shall never be able to honour allthose concerned fully, even though the Monument of the Unknown Soldier at TheNational Shrine is at once both the nation's expression of its gratitude andreminder of our human incapacity to match that sacrifice. Then there are thosewho were maimed, particularly by the war itself, but also by the social, economic

and political brutalities of colonialism. And what about those like ErnestKadungure and Mayor Urimbo who might well have perished in action beforethey emerged into the leadership positions in our countries? Likewise, thenumerous African Nationalist leaders, dead and living, and spanning the periodever since Mbuya Nehanda, Mukwati and Kaguvi, to the Burombos, Mzingelis,Masocha Ndlovus and Jasper Savanhus; and finally to all those who ever since the1950's have helped lead this country to liberation: in the ANC, the Youth League,the National Democratic Party (NDP), ZAPU, ZANU, FROLIZI, the ANC(formed to fight the Pearce Commission) and ZIPA. Through those alreadyanointed as our heroes and heroines we also honour all those many others that willnot necessarily find a place on The National Shrine. So, it is that this sad occasionthat is the passing of Chris Ushewokunze will help the nation restore and refinethe obvious criteria whereby it can identify and honour its heroes and heroines.But it is also to those who have bequeathed to us such heroes and heroines thatour gratitude is due. To Juliet Ushewokunze, his life-long friend from school-daysat Goromonzi, his sons Mutsa, Shungu, Taurai and Mutemwa, and his daughterRudado; and to Herbert Ushewokunze, to all his brothers, sisters and the extendedfamily. For, one of the most painful aspects in all this is the realization, by all whoknew Chris, of the family manthat he was. We will all miss him dear- a loss that they will have to painfully ly.But for Juliet and the children, it is endure for the rest of their lives. ElCde. Dzingai MutumbukaChnn0tOs hurugwi - Josiah Chinyati, the lateformer Member of Parliament for Kwekwe west and ZANU PF Secretary forAdministration for the Midlands, who was declared a provincial hero, was onFriday, January 7, buried at the family village in Chief Banga's Area of Shurugwi.Represenung President Robert Mugabe at the funeral, Justice, Legal andParliamentary Affairs minister, Cde. Emmerson Mnangagwa, described Chinyatias a "selfless, dedicated" hero whosecontibutions benefited the entire country.Cde. Mnangagwa said the ruling party and Government had recognised thecontributions of Cde. Chinyati and had therefore declared him a provincial hero.This, he told hundreds of mourners, meant that Cde. Chinyati's family would beassisted by the government like many other families of fallen heroes.Continued on page 44ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

ChinyalContinued from page 43Cde. Mnangagwa chronicled Cde. Chinyati's life and said his dedication to serveother people dated back to the 1960s when he was involved in sabotagingeconomic installations of the oppressive regimes of the then Southern Rhodesiagovernment.

This was done in order to get rid of the oppressive regimes and give the people ofZimbabwe their independence, Cde. Mnangagwa stated. The Minister said Cde.Chinyati, who died at the age of 43 years, later assisted freedom fighters in theirwar against the colonial government and eventually got involved, in thedevelopment of the Midlands province after the attainment of independence in1980. He gave a brief account of some of the development projects Cde. Chinyatiassisted in establishing in the province and said this together with the work he didfor the Party made him a national leader, hence he was declared a provincial hero.Cde. Mnangagwa described to mourners how the late Cde. Chinyati had a strokeat the burial of his brother in Gokwe in January last year and said he did notrecover from this stroke until his death on Monday January 3, 1994.The lat,He, howis laid to restAnother cabinet minister, Cde. Richard Hove who represented the ruling Party atthe funeral, also expressed his displeasure at the refusal by Cde. Chinyati'srelatives to have him buried at the provincial shrine.. .It was painful, he said, that after his immense contributions had been recognisedby the Party and Government the relatives denied him the opportunity to beburied at his rightful place at the provincial shrine in Gweru. "I should say thisbecause it is painful. The family failed to understand that the contributions of thelate Cde. Chinyati went beyond benefiting the people of Banga village andShurugwi only. "They (contributions) benefited the entire nation and this is whyhe was e Cde. Chinyati declared a provincial hero," said Hove,who is also the Planning Commissioner Never, expressed concern that in thePresident's Office.Cde. Chinyati's relatives refused to have him buried at the provincial shrine inGweru when during his lifetime he had indicated to his political associates hisdesire to be buried there. He told the mourners that the ZANU PF would go backto Cde. Chinyati's family after 10 years to request them to have him reburied athis rightful place as may be, there would be a change of mind.But before the two Cabinet Ministers spoke, brother to the late Chinyati, OrgieChinyati, thanked the Party and the Government for bowing down to the demandsof the relatives to have the deceased buried at his communal home. He said thiswould help some of the aged relatives to see his grave whenever they visited thehome. - ElZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994The Editor and StaffofThe People's Voice newspaper and The Zimbabwe News magazine andManagement and StaffofJongwe Printing and Publishing Co. (Pvt.) Ltd.would like to congratulate His Excellency The PresidentofThe Republic of Zimbabwe on his 70th birthday.

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aris - It was to be the year of the James Miller parachuted into the ring in byoutpointing 44-year-old George Foreheavyweights with a lucrative the seventhround causing a 21 -minute man - probably ending the former showdownbetween Riddick Bowe, delay, Bowe's wife to faint, and corner- worldchampion's ' remarkable who held the World Boxing Association man EddieFutch to have a heart attack. comeback.and Internauonal Boxing Feaerauon tides, and Lennox Lewis, the world boxingcouncil titleholder. It was also hoped that 1993 would see a reduction in thenumber of governing organisations eating away at the everdiminishing credibilityof the sport. Alas, the multi-million dollar confrontation between Bowe andLewis, Britain's first world heavyweight champion this century, never took place.And by the end of the year the WBC, WBA and IBF had been joined by theWorld Boxing Organisation, International Boxing Organisation and WorldBoxing Federation in proclaiming champions.Bowe, 26, who had thrown the WBC portion of his titles into the dustbin afterbeating Evander Holyfield in 1992, lost a dramatic rematch against the formerchampion in November when he climbed into the ring overweight andoverconfident.Bowe's hopes of repeating his 1992 success over the smaller and older Holyfieldwere not helped when publicity-seeking-Holyfield's points victory that night put Bowe's two previous championshipdefences, spread over just three rounds against Americans Michael Dokes andJesse Ferguson, into sharper focus. Dokes, 34, an ageing former champion andreformed drug addict, was rescued after just 2 minutes 19 seconds. Ferguson was

36 and his only claim to fame was that he had once outpointed Buster Douglas,who briefly reigned over the division after a shock win over Mike Tyson, and hadgone the distance with then-champion Larry Holmes. Rome could only stake theWBA portion of his crown, the IBF, in a rare moment of commonsense, refusedto sanction the fight. It didn't stop Bowe pocketing five million dollars for tworounds' work.Lewis, who retrieved the WBC title from the dustbin, defended it successfullytwice - outpointing number one contender Tommy Tucker and then stoppingcompatriot and national institution Frank Bruno after seven rounds. TommyMorrison, the latest Big White Hope, took the vacant WBC title in JuneLennox Lewis (right) in a heavyweight bout with Levi BillupsContinued on page 47ZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994Spo..... ..But his defence of the title in his home town of Kansas three months later turnedinto a fiasco. When Mike Williams allegedly refused a pre-fight drug test - he wasalso reported to have lost his nerve and run out of the stadium - organisers pulledTim Tomashek out of the audience and kitted him up as a replacement. He lastedfour rounds.Despite that mis-match, the road was wide open for Morrison to earn a bumperpay-day by squaring up to Lewis. Alas, Morrison threw away the chance againstlittle-known Michael Benit. Bentt, who as a child emigrated to the United Statesfrom London, put Morrison through the ropes with a spectacular right hand afterjust 93 seconds. What Mike Tyson, still sitting in a prison cell where he is servinghis sentence for allegedly raping a beauty contestant, made of it all we can onlyguess. Some of the year's most dramatic action came in the super-middleweightcategory where the various champions were Americans Michael Nonn (WBA)and James Toney (IBF) and Britain's Chris Eubank (WBO) and Nigel Benn(WBC). Eubank and Benn - who met in 1990 when Eubank came out on top -tried to unite their titles with a rematch in October but they could not be separatedafter twelve action-packed rounds although many thought Benn had done enoughto clinch a decision. A third showdown in 1994 looks inevitable. Toney, whostopped former world champion Iran Barkley in nine rounds in February,outpointed Tony Thornton in May and immediately poured scorn on both Bennand Eubank."The British are losers, their women are ugly, their men are fat. Eubank and Benncan't fight and I'd whip in their own backyard," he snarled in one of his Tameroutbursts.

More money, little glory in heavyweight boxingContinued from page 46One of the biggest shocks of the year came when Terry Worris lost his WBCsuper-welterweight title to Jamaica's Simon Brown.Having needed just six rounds to dispose of challengers Maurice Blocker, TonyWalters and Joe Gatti, the 23-yearold Morris was Beaten in four by Brown, aformer IBF welterweight champion. Taken his title by beating Uganda's John

Mugabi back in 1990 and who had stopped and retired Sugar Ray Leonard, wasserved by the bell in each round and finally crumpled in a big right in the fourth.Nunn, 30, made four successful defences of his crown. He outpointed Panama'sVictor Cordoba in January, stopped compatriot Dan Morgan in the first round amonth later, ended the hopes of British challenger Crawford Ashley in six roundsin April.Just before Christmas he climbed back into the ring after being wrestled out of itto outpoint Dominican Republic bruiser Mergui Sosa.At middleweight, America's latest unbeaten 'Golden Boy' Roy Jones won thevacant IBF title in May by outpointing Bernard Hopkins.Jones, the victim of an outrageous decision when he faced a home fighter at theSeoul Olympics, wants to unify the division, but he will have his work cut out.Britain's Chris Pvatt is WBO titleholder, Herald Mcclellan of the United Stateswears the WBC crown, and another American, Reggie Johnson is WBAchampion.The fight everyone wanted to see was a catchweight bout between two worldchampions - welterweight Pernell Whittaker and unbeaten super-lightweight KinaJulio Cesar Chavez of Mexico. The fight, in Texas, went the disiance but did notlive up to expectations. It was declared a draw, although many thought thatChavez had been lucky to stretch his unbeaten record to 89 contests.In fact Chavez, rumoured to be losing a battle between the need to train and a loveof nightclubs and tequila, made it 90 in December, he returned to his normalcategory and outclassed Andy Holligan.Mike Tyson (left) entering Indiana court for his rape trialThe unbeaten British challenger failed to come off his stool at the start of thesixth.Roberto Auran of Panama, 42, and holder of world titles at four different weightsin an illustrious career, celebrated his lOOth professional contest by stoppingAmerican middleweight Tony Memefee, a man half his age, in eight rounds.Tommy 'The Hitman' Hearns, 45, returned to the ring after a 20-month lay-off tostop former olympic gold medalist Andrew Maynard in just 2 minutes 34 secondsin Las Vegas in November.Britain's former WBC light-heavyweight champion Dennis Andries, who admitsto being in his forties, was hoping for a crack at the WBA cruiserweight crown.He forced American Willie lake to retire after six mauling rounds in March. Andformer world heavyweight champion Larry Holmes, 44, was hoping to temptForeman to fight in 1994. One of the most courageous comebacks was staged byformer WBA lightmiddleweight Vinny Pazienza who broke his neck two yearsago. The 30-year-old, told he would never fight again, was back in the ring inAtlantic city in June, stopping Britain's former world champion Lloyd Honeyghanin ten rounds.Azumah Nelson, 35, continued his long reign as WBC super-featherweightchampion by boxing a draw with 'Jesse James' Lelia of the United States inSeptember; seven months earlier he outpointed Gabriel Ruelas in Mexico City.Nelson took over his crown when it was left vacant by Chavez back in 1987 bybeating Mexico's Mario Martinez. Asian and Mexican fighters dominated the

lower categories but four Korean world champions lost their crowns. Ryun Jong-Il retained his WBC bantamweight title by outpointing Josefino Buarez of Mexicoin Seoul in May, but was then forced to give up his crown because of injury.Moon Bung-Kil made three successful defences of his WBC super-flyweight titlebut was then outpointed by Jose Bueno of Mexico in November. Park Yung-Kyun, completed two successful defences of his WBA featherweight title beforelosing to Elot Rojas of Venezuela in December. And WBA light-flyweightchampion Myung Woo-Yuh beat Japanese challenger Hoso Yuichi on points inJuly but decided WBC and IBF titleholder Michael Carbajal.Myong Hoo-Yuh, 30 years old, won 38 of 39 professional fights in a careerspanning 16 years. ElZIMBABWE NEWS JANUARY, 1994

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