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Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds
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Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Mar 30, 2016

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Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds, a presentation by Matt Hall
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Page 1: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital

and On-line Worlds

Page 2: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Quick Survey

Page 3: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Hands up…

If you regularly watch TV programmes  on TV (when scheduled)?

Page 4: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Hands Up…

If you watch TV on‐line (4OD, iPlayer,  TV‐Links, YouTube

etc.)?

Page 5: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Hands Up….

If you paid for music in the past two  months (download, CD, gig)?

Page 6: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Hands Up….

If you downloaded most of your music  for free?

Page 7: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Hands Up….

If you have watched ‘user‐generated  content’

videos in past month?

Page 8: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Hands Up….

If you have posted videos you

have  made on‐line?

Page 9: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Hands Up….

If you have produced a full media text  (planned, produced, edited) and 

posted it on‐line?

(and your A level coursework doesn’t count!)

Page 10: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Hands Up….

If you have bought a magazine or  newspaper in the past month?

Page 11: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

If you have read an on‐line version of  an established magazine/newspaper?

Page 12: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Hands Up….

If you have read a fashion/culture blog (non‐professional) in the past month? 

Page 13: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Hands Up….

If you have your own fashion/culture/opinion  blog?

Page 14: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Exam questions

• What is collective identity and how is it mediated?

• Assess the claim that the media is becoming more  democratic.

• Explore the claim the ‘new’

media are more  democratic than the ‘old’

media.

In order to fully answer these question you will need to comment

on 

democratic media and collective identity in

the past as well as the 

present.

Page 15: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

My Conclusions…

• The ‘teenager’

was a constructed social group,  a target market.

• Created by post‐war capitalism and marketing

• 1960s/70s ‘counter‐culture’: youth rebelling  against consumerism

• Created their own

youth culture

• Forerunners of ‘user‐generated’

youth culture  in on‐line age

Page 16: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Constructing the  TeenagerCreating and targeting a 

youth audience –

and what the youth did next….

Page 17: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

‘Youth Culture’

emerges

• 19th

century ‘Bowery Boys’

or ‘Soaplocks’

• Recognisable youth culture: own slang, dress  code, musical taste etc.

• First time entertainment and fashion  industries targeted a youth group

Page 18: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

1900‐1940

• 400% rise in school in high school enrolment  in USA

• ‘Peer culture’• Magazines (and fashion, beauty) industries 

targeting insecurities of adolescent girls

• 1940s –

WWII = demand for labour = young  people with disposable income

Page 19: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

1945‐60: Birth of the Teen

• Economic potential is obvious –

“market of the  future”

• But also the first negative stereotypes• Youth simultaneously represented “a prosperous 

and liberated future”

and “a culture of moral  decline”

• First sign of adult culture’s dichotomous image of  teenagers

• But a LUCRATIVE TARGET MARKET

Page 20: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

1950s –

Rock’n’Roll

Culture

• Not just a target market?

• Not trying to ‘fit in’

to adult mainstream

• Happy to rebel against it – first indication of a  ‘Generation Gap’

• Values and lifestyles developing outside of  commercial influence

Page 21: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

1960s and 70s –

subculture to counter‐ culture

• Next generation of teens very cynical about  commercial exploitation of youth.

• Rebellion chimes with social upheaval• Young people support Civil Rights, feminism, 

anti‐Vietnam…

the rebels now have a cause.• Resistant to marketing and consumerism, 

wanted to make the world better

Page 22: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

‘We Media’ in the Pre- Digital Age

Page 23: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

First, some definitions:

What is meant by ‘We Media’?

•Media that is produced and/or distributed by  ‘us’

i.e. the public.

•Or: people who don’t have formal training, jobs  in the media, professionals.

•‘Prosumers’

People who used to be media  consumers/audiences but who are now 

producing or distributing media texts

Page 24: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

‘Mediated’

collective identity

• ‘collective identity’

the self that finds solidarity with  others who are similar.

• ‘mediated’

how the media portrays the social group,  and the influence it has on their identity

• Links to ‘We Media’: marginalised social groups have  often used media as a way of forging their own 

collective identity• Challenges the way their group has been represented 

in the mainstream media.

Page 25: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Grateful Dead

• Originated in ‘Summer of Love’

• ‘Hippies’• Turned into a travelling community that lasted 

50 years

• Commune structure – internal economy

• Barter system: clothes, drugs, food

• Like a travelling circus or carnival

Page 26: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Punk and Hip‐hop

• 1970s Britain and US• Mainstream music industry and music press 

didn’t want anything to do with these new  genres/sub‐cultures; public were threatened 

by music, fashion, values they didn’t  understand.

• So fans had to create their own ‘scene’

to  support the artists and other fans.

Page 27: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Punk

• Accessible: no musical skill needed to  join a band, anyone can do it.

(democratic)

Page 28: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Punk

Music: recorded on cassettes and  circulated by fans at gigs (so created 

their own music industry)

Page 29: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Punk

Fashion: ‘bricolage’

style –

found  materials ‘bits and pieces’

stitched 

together. DIY fashion 

(but this is how Vivienne Westwood started!)

Page 30: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Punk

Fanzines: •mainstream press wouldn’t review 

bands, interview artists or publicise gigs•punks used the recently‐created 

photocopiers to create their own  ‘fanzines’

•again sold at gigs and later specialist  record/clothes shops.

Page 31: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Hip‐hop

No formal musical training needed:  just mixing records and making 

rhymes – so accessible to poor,  uneducated but creative public.

Page 32: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Hip‐hop

‘Block parties’

based around a sound  system in community centres or 

private homes, not nightclubs or  traditional venues.

Page 33: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Hip‐hop

Not just music: fashion, dancing,  magazines – all DIY, accessible culture. 

Page 34: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Hip‐hop

Mainstream didn’t catch on until 1979  when the Sugarhill

Gang released the 

first hip hop record ‘Rapper’s Delight’

Page 35: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Skateboard Culture

• Again, ignored by the mainstream as a fad.• Sub‐culture formed around skate parks and skate 

shops• Amateur videos of skaters doing tricks –

distributed through skate shops.• Punk/metal/hip‐hop crossover bands would 

soundtrack these videos.• Again, fanzines reflected and encouraged the 

sub‐culture

Page 36: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Ravers

1989 ‐

‘Second Summer of Love’:

Massive illegal techno/house parties in  fields or warehouses.

Page 37: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Ravers

1989 ‐

‘Second Summer of Love’:

Attendees had to meet at secret  locations, call secret phone numbers 

for directions. Participants need to be  ‘in the know’.

Page 38: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Ravers

Organised by ravers

for ravers

– fashion, CDs, drugs sold at events.

Created its own ‘micro‐economy’

Page 39: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

What do all these subcultures have in common?

Individuals have tastes that are  marginalised or disapproved of by the 

mainstream – so good expression of  youthful rebellion.

Page 40: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

What do all these subcultures have in common?

Marginalised groups form a social  network to create solidarity. 

‘Collective identity’

forged.

Page 41: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

What do all these subcultures have in common?

Social networks create their own  media to (music, fashion, books, films) 

and distribution networks to  encourage their ‘culture’.

Page 42: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Temporary Autonomous Zones  (TAZ)

Phrase created by theorist Hakim  Bey

to describe ‘free spaces’

where normal mainstream rules  don’t apply

Page 43: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Temporary Autonomous Zones (TAZ)

Fans can be united by their love  of a specific type of media 

(music, film, TV show)  ignored/disapproved of by the 

mainstream

Page 44: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Temporary Autonomous Zones (TAZ)

They then form their TAZ to  gather, socialise, exchange their 

own DIY media.

Page 45: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Mainstream vs

Underground

• Media/fashion industries spot latest  ‘underground’

trends

• Buy talent

• ‘Underground’

style becomes mainstream  (“selling out”)

• Underground shifts to rebel against it

Page 46: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Digital Natives, Digital SelvesHow new technology has affected 

collective identity

Page 47: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

• 9‐14 year olds spend $300 billion per year in  US

• Companies very keen to target youth:  indication of what tastes of the future will be.

• Morgan Stanley: youth are the “vanguard of  the digital revolution”

• Matthew Robson, 16 yr old intern…

opinions  made cover of Financial Times!

Page 48: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

How do youth trends spread?

Traditional Model

• Global youth was ‘atomised’

• Trend begins, usually led by a celebrity, in one  country (usually USA or UK).

• Media would then spread this trend

Page 49: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Traditional Model

• Other nations’

youth would spot the trend,  adopt it as an easy route to solidarity with 

other teens.

• Popularity (and media coverage) would  increase in intensity and get a wider spread of 

distribution. 

• Culture industries profit.

Page 50: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

How has digital technology changed this?

• Young people have grown up taking internet,  mobiles, mp3s for granted. ‘Digital Natives’

• Interactivity

opportunity to manipulate the media  experience.

• Instantaneity

– ability to access (and experience)  media texts ‘on‐demand’.

• ‘Cloud Culture’

information (including media texts  and experiences) ‘float’

above us, we can ‘reach up’

and ‘grab’

it whenever we want.

Page 51: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

How do youth trends spread?

21st

Century Model

• Youths create their own

style, their own  media;

• They tell others about it using social  networking sites, blogs

etc; quality content 

downloaded and spread by viral.

Page 52: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

• Global reach of the internet means newly  invented trends are ‘instantaneously’

spread 

across the world where they develop or  decline according to how many people decide 

to follow them.

• Then

mainstream media may become  involved. 

Page 53: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

How accurate is this?

• Opinion leaders – “the coolest kid you know”

• ‘Creatives’

always produced their own  media

• Spotted by mainstream media institutions

• Become part of ‘establishment’

media

Page 54: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

‘Prosumer’

Susie Bubble

Page 55: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Susie Bubble

• Non‐professional fashion blogger

• Blog

became famous  (UGC)

• Hired by DazedDigital

(Underground culture)

• The Observer magazine (mainstream culture)

Page 56: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Final Conclusions

Technology doesn’t make young people more  creative.

Just makes it easier for creative people to  produce quality media.

Quality attracts a wider audience – youth  created ‘we‐media’

becomes more prevalent.

Page 57: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Final Conclusions

Youth culture still controlled by mainstream media..

…but ‘we‐media’

that young people create takes  control of their representation.

Similar to pre‐digital subcultures.

More visible and prevalent.

Page 58: Youth Identity in the Pre-Digital and On-line Worlds

Who controls the  future of youth culture?