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ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open File Report 5758

Ontario Geoscience Research Grant Program Grant No. 173

Sedimentary Rocks and Strata-Bound Mineralization in the Cobalt Region

By

J.A. Donaldson, F. Michel, B.R. Rust and D.H. Watkinson

1991

Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference to this publication be made in the following form:

Donaldson, J.A., Michel, R, Rust, B.R. and Watkinson, D.H. 1991. Sedimentary Rocks and Strata-Bound Mineralization in the Cobalt Region, Ontario Geoscience Research Grant Program, Grant No. 173; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5758,

Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1991

Ontario Geological Survey

OPEN FILE REPORT

Open File Reports are made available to the public subject to the following conditions:

This report is unedited. Discrepancies may occur for which the Ontario Geological Survey does not assume liability. Recommendations and statements of opinions expressed are those of the author or authors and are not to be construed as statements of govern ment policy.

This Open File Report is available for viewing at the following locations:

(1) Mines LibraryMinistry of Northern Development and Mines 8th floor, 77 Grenville Street Toronto, Ontario

(2) The office of the Regional or Resident Geologist in whose district the area covered by this report is located.

Copies of this report may be obtained at the user's expense from a commercial printing house. For the address and instructions to order, contact the appropriate Regional or Resident Geologist's offices) or the Mines Library. Microfiche copies (42x reduction) of this report are available for S2.00 each plus provincial sales tax at the Mines Library or the Public Information Centre, Ministry of Natural Resources, W-1640, 99 Wellesley Street West, Toronto.

Handwritten notes and sketches may be made from this report. Check with the Mines Library or Regional/Resident Geologist's office whether there is a copy of this report that may be borrowed. A copy of this report is available for Inter-Library Loan.

This report is available for viewing at the following Regional or Resident Geologists' offices:

Algonquin,Box 190,Main St.,Dorset POA 1EO Cobalt, Box 230,Presley St.,Cobalt POJ ICO Porcupine,60 Wilson Ave.,Timmins P4N 2S7

The right to reproduce this report is reserved by the Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines. Permission for other reproductions must be obtained in writing from the Director, Ontario Geological Survey.

V.G. Milne, Director Ontario Geological Survey

in

ONTARIO GEOSCIENCE RESEARCH GRANT FUND

Final Research Report

Foreword

This publication is a final report of a research project that was funded under the Ontario Geoscience Research Grant Program. A requirement of the Program is that recipients are to submit final reports within six months after termination of funding.

A final report is designed as a comprehensive summary stating the findings obtained during the tenure of the grant, together with supporting data. It may consist, in part, of reprints or preprints of publications and copies of addresses given at scientific meetings.

It is not the intent of the Ontario Geological Survey to formally publish the final reports for wide distribution, but rather to encourage the recipients of grants to seek publication in appropriate scientific journals whenever possible. The Survey, however, also has an obligation to ensure that the results of the research are made available to the public at an early date. Although final reports are the property of the applicants and the sponsoring agencies, they may also be placed on open file. This report is intended to meet this obligation.

No attempt has been made to edit the report, the content of which is entirely the responsibility of the author(s).

V.G. MilneDirectorOntario Geological Survey

- v -

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract

Outline

Summary of Results

Ancillary and Subsequent Research

Access to Theses and Publications

Acknowledaements

References

Appendices:

Appendix A

Appendix B -

Appendix C -

Appendix D -

Publications

Mustard, P.J. and Donaldson, J.A. 1987: Substrate Quarrying and Subglacial Till Deposition by an Early Proterozoic Ice Sheet: Evidence from the Gowganda Formation at Cobalt, Ontario, Canada; Precambrian Research, Vol. 34, p. 347-368.

Mustard, P.J. and Donaldson, J.A. 1987: Early Proterozoic Ice-Proximal Glaciomarine Deposition: The Lower Gowganda Formation at Cobalt, Ontario, Canada; Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 98, p. 373-387.

Rainbird, R.H. and Donaldson, J.A. 1988: Nonglaciogenic Deltaic Deposits in the Early Proterozoic Gowganda Formation, Cobalt Basin, Ontario; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 25, p. 710-724.

Goodz, M.D., Watkinson, D.H., Smejkal, V., and Pertold, Z. 1986: Sulphur Isotope Geochemistry of Silver-Sulpharsenide Vein Mineralization, Cobalt, Ontario; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 23, p. 1551-1567.

10

11

12

13

vii

Abstract

Mapping in the Cobalt area at a scale of 1:2000 has led to reinterpretation of both the Coleman and Firstbrook Members of the Gowganda Formation (Huronian Supergroup). The Coleman Member exhibits evidence of initial deposition beneath a grounded ice sheet (locally preserved regolith and basal breccia; relic paleoscarps with evidence of southward plucking) that gave way to a partially floating ice sheet during deposition of the uppermost diamictite that contains intercalated rhythmites and dropstones. The overlying Firstbrook Member, in contrast to the Coleman Member, shows marked lateral continuity, widespread diagenetic red coloration and evidence of deltaic accumulation in an environment transitional to a shallow-marine basin. Uninterrupted delta progradation is suggested by a single coarsening-upward sequence.

Trends of ore veins in the Gowganda Formation are similar to joint trends, with 03O0 , 1100 , and 1500 being the most abundant, suggesting that the silver-bearing veins formed by the infilling of dilatent joints, probably soon after emplacement of the Nipissing diabase. Mineralogical, textural and isotopic data suggest that sulphide minerals within the Huronian strata were deposited from vein-related fluids rather than being remobilized from detrital sulphides in the sediments.

At the Beaver-Temiskaming mine, mineralogical, textural and isotopic data for Archean mafic volcanic rocks and intercalated sedimentary rocks rich in base-metal sulphides have served to establish the paragenetic succession: silicates, arsenides- sulpharsenides, silver-sulphosalts, sulphides and carbonates. In addition, these data have established depositional temperatures in the range: 13O0 - 2580C.

Ag-Bi-Co-Ni-As veins commonly are in close spatial association with Archean interflow sedimentary rocks in the Cobalt area, but clear evidence that these sediments were the source of these metals is lacking. Most stratiform base-metal sulphides and Fe- sulphides, however, are predominantly syngenetic. Minor epigenetic sulphides occur as veinlets and as replacements associated with silicification, chloritization and minor carbonatization.

ix

GRANT 173

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS AND STRATA-BOUND MINERALIZATION IN THE COBALT REGION

FINAL REPORT

Principal Applicant:J.A. Donaldson

Co-Applicants:F. Michel B.R. Rust D.H. Watkinson

Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario

K1S 5B6

September 15, 1990

Manuscript approved for publication September 21, 1990.

This report is published with the permission of V.G. Milne, Director, Ontario Geological Survey.

Out: line

The objectives of this project were: to re-examine sedimentary

strata of the Cobalt Group (uppermost component of the Huronian

Supergroup) as a basis for developing and refining

sedimentological models; to improve the data base for these

strata in the Cobalt area by means of detailed field mapping and

measurement of sections; to investigate the nature of the

Archean-Proterozoic unconformity; and to evaluate possible

controls of ore deposition in the Proterozoic strata and in the

underlying Archean basement rocks of the Cobalt region.

The methods of investigation for this project included: creation

of a bibliography of previous work; selection of areas for field

study; mapping of the selected areas at a scale of 1:2000;

systematic measurement of sections and collection of samples in

the field (co-applicants, five graduate students and three

undergraduate field assistants) ; analysis of field and laboratory

material, emphasizing the study of mineralized polished slabs and

thin sections (petrographic and electron probe studies), S and C

isotope analyses; and the preparation of thematic maps

(correlation of ore deposits and sedimentary facies,

paleogeography and dispersal patterns) as well as stratigraphic

sections.

During the three-year project, we developed and tested models for

deposition of the Gowganda Formation in the vicinity of Cobalt.

Particular attention was directed at comparisons utilizing recent

studies of Quaternary and Recent glacial deposits, especially

those in glacio-marine settings.

We concentrated our efforts on the Trethewey open pit, Little

Silver Vein and the area of well-exposed regolith immediately

east of Cobalt Lake. Donaldson and Rust, in collaboration with

M.Se. students P. Mustard and R. Rainbird, Ph.D. student

G. Burbidge, and Honours B.Se. students E. Dodd and R. Scammell,

worked on sedimentological and stratigraphic problems; Michel and

Watkinson studied Cobalt mineralization, in collaboration with

M.Se. students M. Goodz, M. Smyk and B. Wilson.

Summary of Results

The sedimentological studies have resulted in reinterpretations

of both the Coleman Member and the Firstbrook Member of the

Gowganda Formation. Mustard (1985) and Mustard and Donaldson

(1987a,b) summarized the evidence for southerly movement of a

grounded ice sheet, including lee-side plucking of paleoscarps

and widespread preservation of preglacial regolith. In the final

year of this project, G. Burbidge (Ph.D. student supervised by

Rust), initiated a regional study of this regolith. Rainbird

(1985) and Rainbird and Donaldson (1988) have demonstrated that,

in contrast to the glaciogenic Coleman Member, the Firstbrook

Member was deposited in a prograding delta in which prodelta,

delta slope, delta foreslope and delta braidplain subenvironments

can be recognized.

In his study of the Beaver-Temiskaming mine, Goodz (1985) applied

textural and isotopic evidence to demonstrate a paragenetic

succession of silicates, arsenides-sulpharsenides, silver-

sulphosalts, sulphides and carbonates. The As-bearing minerals

show metal zoning in the order Ni-Co-Fe. Depositional

temperatures were about 210-2400C (oxygen isotopes in silicates),

211-2580C (arsenopyrite composition) and 130-2270C (coexisting

sulphides). Carbonate isotopic data were reset by meteoric

water. Fluid-inclusion data suggest that connate waters

equilibrated with both Archean sulphide-rich interflow units and

overlying Proterozoic detritus (Pb isotopic data) before

deposition of these elements in veins.

In his study of Archean interflow sedimentary rocks, Smyk mapped

pelagic and exhalative units intercalated with immature

turbidites, pillowed volcanic rocks and pyroclastics. He

convincingly demonstrated a predominantly syngenetic origin for

the base-metal sulphides, but also documented sulphide

mobilization (as shown by secretion-injection structures,

mineralogic zonation and other epigenetic characteristics).

Wilson (1986) demonstrated that silver veins of the Cobalt area

occur primarily within dilated joints. Mineralogy, textures and

isotopic composition of heterogeneously distributed sulphide

minerals within Huronian sedimentary rocks indicate that most of

the sulphides, other than some of the pyrite, were deposited from

vein-related fluids that permeated rocks adjacent to the silver

veins. Blastic pyrite probably resulted from the mobilization of

originally detrital sulphides during diagenesis and/or

emplacement of the Nipissing diabase. These data reduce the

possibility that Huronian sulphides were a major source of vein

elements.

Most of the Grant-supported research has been summarized in

annual progress reports (Donaldson et al.. 1984, 1985, 1986).

Ancillary and Subsequent Research

In addition to the five graduate theses and the papers referred

to above, honours theses were completed by summer field

assistants E. Dodd (1985) and R. Scammel (1984). As an extension

of their work supported by Grant 173, Goodz and Watkinson

collaborated with others to publish several papers (Goodz et al. ,

1986a, b; Watkinson, 1986). Ancillary studies that in part built

on the Grant-supported research were concurrently supervised by

Watkinson (Gebert, 1985; MacQueen, 1985; MacRobbie, 1986), and

led to additional publications (Smyk and MacRobbie, 1986;

Watkinson, 1986). A sedimentological study initiated with Grant

support by Burbidge during the final year of the Grant should be

completed in 1991.

Access to Grant-Related Theses and Publications

Copies of all theses supported by Grant 173 are available on loan

from the Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University,

Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6. A copy of Wilson (1986), for which

papers have not yet been published, has been deposited in the OGS

Library, Toronto. Copies of the theses by Rainbird (1985) and

Scammel (1984) have also been deposited in the OGS Library.

Copies of three Grant-funded papers and one ancillary paper are

included in Appendices A-D.

Acknowledgements

jWe express thanks to B.O. Dressler, A.C. Covine, and John Wood

^

(Geologists, Ontario Geological Survey), for their helpful advice

during preliminary planning of this project. Leo Owsiacki

(Resident Geologist, Ontario Geological Survey, Cobalt), together

with his staff, provided invaluable advice and access to their

library and laboratory facilities.

The effort, time and accessibility to the Beaver-Temiskaming and

Langis mines provided by Agnico-Eagle Mines Limited, Cobalt, is

greatly appreciated. Special thanks are extended to Douglas

Robinson and David Marek, mine geologists for these mines. Field

work was supported in part by NSERC grants to Donaldson, Michel

and Watkinson.

REFERENCES

Dodd, E.M.,1985: The Origin of a Unique Sandstone Bedset in the Upper Gowganda Formation Near Haileybury, Ontario; Unpublished B.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 42p.

Donaldson, J.A., Goodz, M.D., Michel, F.A., Mustard, P.S., Rainbird, R.H., Rust, B.R., Watkinson, D.H., and Wilson, B. 1984: Sedimentary Rocks and Strata-Bound Mineralization in the Cobalt Region; Grant 173, p. 198-210 in Geoscience Research Grant Program, Summary of Research 1983- 1984, edited by V.G. Milne, Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 121, 252p.

Donaldson, J.A., Michel, F.A., Mustard, P.S., Rainbird, R.H. , Rust, B.R., Watkinson, D.H., and Wilson, B.1985: Sedimentary Rocks and Strata-Bound Mineralization in the Cobalt Region; Grant 173, p. 87-100 in Geoscience Research Grant Program, Summary of Research 1984- 1985, edited by V.G. Milne, Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 127, 246p.

Donaldson, J.A., Michel, F.A., Rust, B.R., Smyk, M., Watkinson, D.H., and Wilson, B.1986: Sedimentary Rocks and Strata-Bound Mineralization in the Cobalt Region; Grant 173, p. 4-15 in Geoscience Research Grant Program, Summary of Research 1985- 1986, edited bv V.G. Milne, Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 130, 235p.

Gebert, J.S.1985: Base Metal Mineralization along the Archean-Proterozoic Unconformity at Drummond Cairn, Cobalt, Ontario; Unpublished B.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 54p.

Goodz, M.D.1985: Geology and Isotope Geochemistry of the Beaver-Temiskaming Silver Mine, Cobalt, Ontario; Unpublished M.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 246p.

Goodz, M.D., Jonasson, I.R., and Watkinson, D.H. 1986: Geology and Geochemistry of Silver-Sulpharsenide Vein Deposits, Cobalt, Canada: Implications for Ore Genesis and Mineral Exploration; Geocongress '86, Geological Society of South Africa, Extended Abstracts, p. 1029-1034.

Goodz, M.D., Watkinson, D.H., Smejkal, V., and Pertold, Z. 1986: Sulphur Isotope Geochemistry of Silver-Sulpharsenide Vein Mineralization, Cobalt, Ontario; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 23, p. 1551-1567.

MacQueen, J.K.

7

1985: Sulphide Mineralogy and Chemistry in Archean Rocks Near Silver Veins, Cobalt, Ontario; Unpublished B.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 57p.

MacRobbie, P.A.1986: Archean Volcanic Rocks and Associated Base-Metal Sulphides, Nipissing Hill (South) Area, Cobalt, Ontario; Unpublished B.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 52p.

Mustard, P.J.1985: Sedimentology of the Lower Gowganda Formation Coleman Member (Early Proterozoic) at Cobalt, Ontario; Unpublished M.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 143p.

Mustard, P.J. and Donaldson, J.A.1987: Early Proterozoic Ice-Proximal Glaciomarine Deposition: The Lower Gowganda Formation at Cobalt, Ontario, Canada; Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 98, p. 373-387.

Mustard, P.J. and Donaldson, J.A.1987: Substrate Quarrying and Subglacial Till Deposition by anEarly Proterozoic Ice Sheet: Evidence from the Gowganda Formationat Cobalt, Ontario, Canada; Precambrian Research, Vol. 34,p. 347-368.

Rainbird, R.H.1985: Sedimentology of the Firstbrook Member of the Gowganda Formation in the Eastern Cobalt Basin, Ontario; Unpublished M.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 157p.

Rainbird, R.H., and Donaldson, J.A.1988: Nonglaciogenic Deltaic Deposits in the Early Proterozoic Gowganda Formation, Cobalt Basin, Ontario; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 25, p. 710-724.

Scammell, R.J.1984: The Geology of Precambrian Strata East of Cobalt, Ontario;Unpublished B.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, 7Ip.

Smyk, M.C., and MacRobbie, P.A.1986: A Preliminary Investigation of Archean Interflow Sedimentary Rocks, Cobalt Silver Area, Ontario; 22nd Western Inter-University Geological Conference, Program with Abstracts, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, January 23-25.

Watkinson, D.H.1986: Mobilization of Archean Elements into Proterozoic Veins: An Example from Cobalt, Canada; Metallogenesis of the Precambrian, IGCP Project 91, Geological Survey of Czechoslovakia, Prague 1986, p. 133-138.

8

Wilson, B.1986: A Sulphur Isotope and Structural Study of the Silver-Vein Host-Rocks at Cobalt, Ontario; M.Se. Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 156p.

9

APPENDIX A

Appendix A consists of a paper by P.S.Mustard and J.A.Donaldson entitled "Substrate Quarrying and Subglacial Till Deposits by an Early Proterozoic Ice Sheet: Evidence from Gowganda Formation at Cobalt,Ontario; Precambrian Research,Vol.34,p.347-368

10

APPENDIX B

Appendix B consists of a paper by P.J.Mustard and J.A.Donaldson 1987,entitled:"Early Proterozoic Ice-Proximal Glaciomarine Deposition:The Lower Gowganda Formation at Cobalt,Ontario, Canada; Geological Society of Amerca Bulletin,Vol 98,p.373-387

11

APPENDIX C

Appendix C consists of a paper by R.H.Rainbird and J.A.Donaldson 1988,entitled:"Nonglaciogenic Deltaic Deposits in the Early Proterozoic Gowganda Formation,Cobalt Basin,Ontario; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,Vol.25,p.710-724

12

APPENDIX D

Appendix D consists of a paper by M.D.Goodz,D.H.Watkinson, V.Smejkal and Z.Pertold 1986,entitled:"Sulphur Isotope Geochemistry of Silver-Sulpharsenide Vein Mineralisation", Cobalt,Ontario; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,Vol.23, p.1551-1567

13

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR MEASUREMENTS IN ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PUBLICATIONS

Conversion from SI to Imperial

57 Unit Multiplied by Gives

Conversion from Imperial to SI

Imperial Unit Multiplied by Gives

1 mm1 cm1m1m1 km

1 cm2 1m2 1km2 lha

1 cm31m31m3

1L 1L 1L

lg lg 1kg 1kg 1 t ' 1kg It

Ig/t

Ig/t

0.039 370.393 703.280840.049 709 70.621 371

0.155 0 10.763 9 0.386 10 2.471 054

0.061 0235.314 7

1.308 0

1.759 755 0.879 877 0.219 969

0.035 273 96 0.032 150 75 2.20462 0.001 102 3 1.102311 0.000 984 21 0.984 206 5

0.029 166 6

0.583 333 33

LENGTHinches 1 inchinches A inchfeet 1 footchains 1 chainmiles (statute) 1 mile (statute)

AREAsquare inches 1 square inch square feet 1 square foot square miles 1 square mile acres 1 acre

VOLUMEcubic inches 1 cubic inchcubic feet 1 cubic footcubic yards 1 cubic yard

CAPACITYpints 1 pint quarts 1 quart gallons 1 gallon

MASS

25.42.5403048

20.11681.609344

6.451 6 0.092 903 042.589 988 0.404 685 6

16387 0640.028 316 850.764 555

0.568 261 1.136 522 4.546 090

ounces (avdp) 1 ounce (avdp) 28.349 523 ounces (troy) 1 ounce (troy) 31.103 476 8 pounds (avdp) 1 pound (avdp) 0.453 592 37 tons (short) 1 ton (short) 907.184 74

- tons (short) 1 ton (short) 0.907 184 74 tons (long) 1 ton (long) 1016.046 908 8 tons (long) 1 ton (long) 1.016 046 908 8

CONCENTRATIONounce (troy)/ 1 ounce (troy)/ ton (short) ton (short) pennyweights/ 1 pennyweight/

34.285 714 2

1.714 285 7

mmcmmm

km

m2 km2

ha

cm3m3m3

L L L

g g

kg kg

tkg

t

g'lton (short) ton (short)

OTHER USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS

l ounce (troy) per ton (short) l pennyweight per ton (short)

Multiplied by 20.0 0.05

pennyweights per ton (short) ounces (troy) per ton (shorl)

Note: Conversion factors which arc in bold type are exact. The conversion factors have been taken from 01 have been derived from factors given in the Metric Practice Guide for tlte Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Indus- tnes, published by (lie Mining Association of Canada in co-operation widi the Coal Association of Canada.