You Don't Know Query (WordCamp Netherlands 2012)

WordCamp Netherlands 2012

Andrew Nacin

Core Developer of WordPress and Tech Ninja at Audrey Capital

@nacin on Twitter [email protected]

You Don’t Know Query

What do you know?

Conditional Tags

is_author( ), is_home( ), etc.

query_posts( )

Ways to query

query_posts( ) new WP_Query( ) get_posts( )

The Loop

while ( have_posts( ) ) :

the_post( ); endwhile;

A secondary loop

$query = new WP_Query( … ); while ( $query->have_posts( ) ) :

$query->the_post( ); endwhile;

An array of posts

$result = get_posts( … ); foreach ( $result as $post_obj ) { }

What don’t you know?

Every query object has its own methods

is_author( ) is the same as calling $wp_query->is_author( )

function is_author( ) {

global $wp_query;

return $wp_query->is_author( ); }

With the regular loop

while ( have_posts( ) ) :

the_post( ); if ( is_author( ) ) echo "An author query.";

endwhile;

With the regular loop

while ( have_posts( ) ) :

the_post( ); if ( $wp_query->is_author( ) ) echo "An author query.";

endwhile;

A secondary loop

$query = new WP_Query( … ); while ( $query->have_posts( ) ) :

$query->the_post( ); if ( $query->is_author( ) ) echo "An author query.";

endwhile;

A secondary loop

$query = new WP_Query( … ); while ( $query->have_posts( ) ) :

$query->the_post( ); if ( $query->is_author( ) ) echo "An author query.";

endwhile;

A secondary loop

$query = new WP_Query( … ); while ( $query->have_posts( ) ) :

$query->the_post( ); if ( $query->is_author( ) ) echo "An author query.";

endwhile;

If you do: $my_query = new WP_Query( $query ); You can do: while ( $my_query->have_posts( ) ) : $my_query->the_post( ); endwhile; wp_reset_postdata( );

Why do we call functions like wp_reset_postdata( ) and wp_reset_query( )? What about using query_posts( )? How can you alter a query? How can you alter the main query?

What is the main query, and why should I care?

wp-blog-header.php // Load the WordPress bootstrap require './wp-load.php'; // Do magic wp( ); // Decide which template files to load require WPINC . '/template-loader.php';

Let's look in the bootstrap: $wp_the_query = new WP_Query(); $wp_query =& $wp_the_query;

Quick lesson on PHP references

$a = 4; $b =& $a; $b = 2; var_dump( $a ); // int(2) $a = 6; var_dump( $b ); // int(6)

So: So the real main query is in $wp_the_query. And a live copy of it is stored in $wp_query.

wp-blog-header.php // Load the WordPress bootstrap require './wp-load.php'; // Do magic wp( ); // Decide which template files to load require WPINC . '/template-loader.php';

wp-blog-header.php // Load the WordPress bootstrap require './wp-load.php'; // Do magic wp( ); // Decide which template files to load require WPINC . '/template-loader.php';

What is that wp( ) call?

function wp( $query_vars = '' ) { global $wp;

$wp->main( $query_vars );

}

Holy $!@?, what just happened?

In the bootstrap:

$wp = new WP( ); So there's a wp( ) function, and a WP class.

class WP { . . . function main( ) { $this->init( ); $this->parse_request( ); $this->send_headers( ); $this->query_posts( ); $this->handle_404( ); $this->register_globals( ); . . .

class WP { . . . function main( ) { $this->init( ); $this->parse_request( ); $this->send_headers( ); $this->query_posts( ); $this->handle_404( ); $this->register_globals( ); . . .

WP::parse_request( ) — Parses the URL using WP_Rewrite — Sets up query variables for WP_Query WP::query_posts( ) {

global $wp_the_query; $wp_the_query->query( $this->query_vars );

}

Boom. SELECT SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS

wp_posts.* FROM wp_posts WHERE 1=1

AND wp_posts.post_type = 'post' AND wp_posts.post_status = 'publish'

ORDER BY wp_posts.post_date DESC LIMIT 0, 10

wp-blog-header.php // Load WordPress. require './wp-load.php'; // Parse what to query. Then query it. wp( ); // Load the theme. require WPINC . '/template-loader.php';

Before we get to the theme, we have your posts.

Got it?

Then why do we do this?

query_posts( 'author=-5' ); get_header( ); while( have_posts( ) ) : the_post( ); endwhile; get_footer( );

That's running 2* queries! One, the query WordPress thought we wanted. Two, this new one you're actually going to use.

* Actually, WP_Query doesn't run just one query. It usually runs four.

1. Get me my posts: SELECT SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS … FROM wp_posts LIMIT 0, 10

2. How many posts exist? SELECT FOUND_ROWS( )

3. Get all metadata for these posts. 4. Get all terms for these posts.

(You can turn these off selectively…)

$my_query = new WP_Query( array( 'no_found_rows' => true, 'update_post_meta_cache' => false, 'update_post_term_cache' => false,

) );

</aside>

PROTIP ‘Measure twice, cut once’ is bad for performance.

Other problems with query_posts( )

Pagination breaks. WordPress calculated paging using the query it did, not the query you did.

query_posts( array( 'author' => -5, 'posts_per_page' => 25,

) ); This will not work well.

You easily mess up globals.

This can break widgets and more.

query_posts( ) is bad. Do we agree?

Introducing pre_get_posts class WP_Query {

. . . function &get_posts() { $this->parse_query(); // Huzzah! do_action_ref_array( 'pre_get_posts', array( &$this ) ); . . .

A truly awesome hook. function nacin_alter_home( $query ) {

if ( $query->is_home( ) ) $query->set( 'author', '-5' );

} add_action( 'pre_get_posts', 'nacin_alter_home' );

Still with us?

Good, ‘cause here’s where things get complicated.

'pre_get_posts' fires for every post query: — get_posts( ) — new WP_Query( ) — That random recent posts widget your client installed without you knowing. — Everything.

What if I just want it on the main query?

$wp_the_query makes a triumphant return.

Main query only!

function nacin_alter_home( $query ) { global $wp_the_query; if ( $wp_the_query === $query && $query->is_home() ) $query->set( 'author', '-5' );

} add_action( 'pre_get_posts', 'nacin_alter_home' );

Hmm. How does this work? $wp_the_query should never be modified. It holds the main query, forever. $wp_query keeps a live reference to $wp_the_query, unless you use query_posts( ).

query_posts( 'author=-5' ); while ( have_posts( ) ) :

the_post( ); endwhile; wp_reset_query( );

query_posts( 'author=-5' ); while ( have_posts( ) ) :

the_post( ); endwhile; wp_reset_query( );

function query_posts( $query ) { // Break the reference to $wp_the_query unset( $wp_query ); $wp_query =& new WP_Query( $query ); return $wp_query;

}

query_posts( 'author=-5' ); while ( have_posts( ) ) :

the_post( ); endwhile; wp_reset_query( );

function wp_reset_query( ) { // Restore reference to $wp_the_query unset( $wp_query ); $wp_query =& $wp_the_query;

// Reset the globals, too. wp_reset_postdata( );

}

Calling the_post( )? wp_reset_query( ) will reset $wp_query and the globals.

Calling $my_query->the_post( )?

wp_reset_postdata( ) will reset the globals.

New in WordPress 3.3!

Rather than: $wp_the_query === $other_query_object

 You can call:

$other_query_object->is_main_query( )  is_main_query( ), the function, will act on $wp_query, like any other conditional tag.

What about page templates?

/* Template: My Template */ query_posts( $query_string .

'&author=-5&posts_per_page=25' ); get_header( ); while ( have_posts( ) ) :

the_post( ); endwhile;

function nacin_my_template( $query ) { if ( ! $query->is_main_query( ) ) return; if ( ! is_page_template( 'my-template.php' ) ) return; $query->set( 'author', '-5' ); $query->set( 'posts_per_page', '25' );

} add_action( 'pre_get_posts',

'nacin_my_template' );

Some Lessons

Every WP_Query object has methods that mimic the global conditional tags. The global conditional tags apply to $wp_query, the main or current query. $wp_query is always the main query, unless you use query_posts( ). Restore it with wp_reset_query( ).

pre_get_posts is a powerful and flexible hook. Just use it properly. Always check if you're modifying the main query using $query->is_main_query( )

And Finally

Thanks! Questions?

@nacin