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5/15/2018 YMA SUMAC - slidepdf.com
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‖CÓ@ NEF KEH^EHCWI@ NE OCKAU ]IKKAU ]CWC
EFOUHN@‟
EO]WE[C<
W@OEWCF [(C(K(
KCWWEWC<
Cnoihi{~wckiûh ne Hej`ki`{ Ih~ewhcki`hcfe{
KUW[@<
Ni}f`ocn` ne e{}ekicfi|ckiûh }w`de{i`hcf
[ENE<
Kygew }fc|c
]W@YEK^@<
OUÓEKC[ YOC [UOCK
IH^EJWCH^E[<
Cfgew~` Cf`h{` @gchn` Fcwwcïh
W`jew [ihcwcauc Jwc~~effy
Oefi{{c Cycfc ]ch~c
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 7
NENIKC^@WIC
H`{ ju{~cwïc nenikcw e{~e }w`yek~` c ~`nc hue{~wc dcoific(
]cwc hue{~w`{ }cnwe{& }`w {u k`o}weh{iûh y cyunc eh o`oeh~`{ ocf`{ y oeh`{ocf`{( ]cwc eff`{ sue h`{ ach eh{eócn` c ehkcwcw fc{ cntew{incne{ {ih }ewnew huhkcfc nijhincn hi ne{dcffekew eh ef ih~eh~`( ]cwc eff`{ sue h`{ ach ncn` ~`n` f` sue{`o`{ k`o` }ew{`hc{& hue{~w`{ tcf`we{& hue{~w`{ }wihki}i`{& hue{~wc }ew{etewchkic yhue{~w` eo}eó`& y ~`n` eff` k`h uh jwch ~wcgcl` ne co`w y {ih }eniw huhkc hcnc ckcogi`(
C ~`n`{ eff`{&
Oukac{ jwckic{ ne ~`n` k`wc|ûh(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc ;
ÏHNIKE (
3( We{uoeh Eleku~it`․․․․․․․․․․․․((․․․․․․․․․․․․(}ãj( =1
KC]Ï^UF@ I
7( Ne{kwi}kiûh ne fc k`o}cóïcEo}we{c ` D`woufckiûh ne fc Inec ne Hej`ki`(((]ãj(
=9
7(3 H`ogwe ne fc Eo}we{c․․․․․․․․․․․((․․․․․․․․․․․(}ãj( =9
7(7 ^i}` ne Eo}we{c․․․․․․․․/․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․}ãj( =9
7(; ]c{`{ heke{cwi`{ }cwc k`h{~i~uiw fc Eo}we{c․․․․․․․․((․․․․(((}ãj( 3=
7(;(3]we{eh~ckiûh ne N`kuoeh~`{ ]ew{`hcfe{․․․․․(․․․․․․}ãj( 3=
7(;(7 Ne{kwi}kiûh ne fc Ck~itincn Ek`hûoikc․․․․․((․․․․․․((}ãj( 3=
7(;(; Kc}i~cf ne fc Eo}we{c․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․․․․․}ãj( 33
7(;(> Giehe{ Nihewcwi`{ y Giehe{ H` Nihewcwi`{․․․․․․․․․․( }ãj( 33
7(;(5 Fc Oihu~c ` E{kwi~uwc ]ügfikc․․․․․․․․․(․․․․․․(((}ãj( 33
7(;(4 N`kuoeh~ckiûh ]we{eh~cnc cf H`~cwi`․․․․․․․․․․․․}ãj( 33
7(> Ih{kwi}kiûh nef Wuk․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(}ãj( 33 (7(5 Wesui{i~`{ }cwc fc [UHC^․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(((}ãj( 37
7(4 Cu~`wi|cki`he{ ne K`o}w`gch~e{․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((․․․}ãj( 37
7(: Figw`{ K`h~cgfe{ @gfijc~`wi`{․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․(}ãj( 37
7(1 Fikehkic ne Duhki`hcoieh~`․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(}ãj( 3;
7(9 ]w`kenioieh~`{ }cwc fc K`h{~i~ukiûh ne fc Eo}we{c․․․․․․․․․(((}ãj( 3;
;( Chãfi{i{ nef Eh~`wh`․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((․․․․(}ãj( 3>
;(3 Chãfi{i{ nef Ockw`/Eh~`wh`․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((}ãj( 3>
;(3(3 Dck~`we{ ]`fï~ik`{ Fejcfe{․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․}ãj(3>
;(3(7 Dck~`we{ Ek`hûoik`{․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․}ãj( 35
;(3(; Dck~`we{ [`kicfe{․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((}ãj( 3:
;(3(>( Dck~`we{ ekh`fûjik`{․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․}ãj( 3:
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc >
;(7 Chãfi{i{ nef Oikw`/Eh~`wh`․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․․․․․․․(}ãj(31
;(7(3( Chãfi{i{ ne f`{ ]w`teen`we{․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((((((}ãj(31
>( E{~uni` nef Eh~`wh` [`hne` nef Oewkcn`․․․․․․(((․․․․․(}ãj(39>(3( Hitef nef ]`gfckiûh f`kcf․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(((}ãj( 7=
>(3(3( ]`gfckiûh }`w Jwu}`{ ne Encn y [eq` c Hitef Fioc ]w`tihkic․((}ãj( 73
>(3(7(/ ]`gfckiûh }`w Jwu}`{ ne Encn y [eq` c Hitef ne Ni{~wi~`{․․․}ãj( 73Dw`h~ewi|`{ c [uwsuiff` y @~w`{(
Dikac ^ékhikc․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․․․․․((․․((}ãj( 7>
Ni{~wigukiûh ne fc Oue{~wc․․․․․․․․․․․((․․․(․(․․․․}ãj( 75
O`nef` ne fc Ehkue{~c․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․․․․(․(․․((}ãj( 74
^cgufckiûh ne f`{ We{uf~cn`{ ne Ehkue{~c․․․․․․․․․․․((․}ãj( 71
>(;( K`o}e~ehkic F`kcf eh ef Oewkcn` ]ewuch`․․․․․((․․․․․((․}ãj(;3
5( Chãfi{i{ ne fc Ihnu{~wic․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․․}ãj( ;;
5(3 Io}`w~chkic ne fc Cw~e{chïc c Hitef Hcki`hcf․․․․․․․․․․((․․(((}ãj( ;;
5(7 Fïhec{ Cw~e{chcfe{ Ineh~idikcnc{ }`w Weji`he{․․․․․․․․․(․(․․}ãj( ;>
5(; @}`w~uhincne{& D`w~cfe|c{& Coehc|c{ y Negifincne{․․․․․․(․․(․(}ãj( ;1
nef [ek~`w Cw~e{chcf
5(> Fc Fey nef Cw~e{ch` y nef Ne{cww`ff` ne fc Ck~itincn․․․․․․(․(․․((}ãj( ;9
5(>(3 ]uh~`{ Io}`w~ch~e{․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․․․(}ãj( ;9
5(>(7 Weji{~w` ne f`{ Cw~e{ch`{․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((}ãj( >=
5(5 Ef Oihi{~ewi` ne K`oewki` Eq~ewi`w y ^uwi{o` !OIHKE^UW)․․․․․․․}ãj( >=5(4 Kc}cki~cw ef ^cfeh~` }cwc ef Ne{cww`ff` ne fc Ihnu{~wic․․․․․(․․․․}ãj( >3
5(4(3 ]w`jwcoc ne Kc}cki~ckiûh․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․․}ãj( >7
5(: Wek`oehncki`he{․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․((․․․}ãj( >7
5(1 Ju{~`{ y ]wedewehkic{ nef [ek~`w Cw~e{chcf․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․}ãj( >;
5(9 Neochnc eh fc Cw~e{chïc․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․}ãj( >;
4( ]fch E{~wc~éjik` ne fc Eo}we{c․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((․(}ãj( >>
4(3( Ti{iûh․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((․․․․(}ãj( >54(7( Oi{iûh․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((․․․․․․}ãj( >5
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 5
4(;( @gle~it`{ E{~wc~éjik`{․․․․․․․․․․․․․((․․․․․․․․(((}ãj( >4
4(;(3 / C K`w~` ]fc|`․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․}ãj( >4
4(;(7 / C Oenich` ]fc|`․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((}ãj( >4
4(;(; / C Fcwj` ]fc|`․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․}ãj( >4
4(>( E{~wc~ejic{ nef Hej`ki`․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((}ãj( >4
4(5( Dueh~e{ jehewcn`wc{ ne teh~clc{ k`o}e~i~itc{․․․․․․․․․․(((((}ãj( >:
4(4( Chãfi{i{ D@NC ne fc Eo}we{c․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․}ãj( >1
KC]Ï^UF@ II !]fch ne Ocwbe~ihj& @gle~it`{ ne Ocwbe~ihj)․․․․․․․((}ãj( >9
:( ]fch ne Ocwbe~ihj y {u{ @gle~it`{․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․}ãj( 5=
:(3( Fc Oe|kfc ne Ocwbe~ihj․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(( ((}ãj( 57
:(7( Ne{kwi}kiûh nef ]w`nuk~` ` [ewtiki`․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․}ãj( 5;
:(7(3 C{}ek~`{ ^ékhik`{ nef ]w`nuk~`․․․․․․․․․․․․․․( }ãj( 5:
:(7(7 Feoc K`oewkicf ` [f`jch․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․}ãj( 51
:(7(; F`j`~i}`․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(((}ãj( 51
:(; E{~wc~ejic ne ]weki`{․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․․․․․․․․․(}ãj( 59
:(> E{~wc~ejic ne Ni{~wigukiûh ` ]fc|c․․․․․․․․․․(․․․․․․․}ãj( 59
:(>(3 F`kcf ne Dcgwikckiûh y @dikihc․․․․․․․․․․․․(((}ãj( 4=
:(5 E{~wc~ejic ne ]w`o`kiûh․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․(․․․․}ãj( 43
:(4 ]`fï~ikc{ ne [ewtiki` cf Kfieh~e․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․}ãj( 47
:(:(/ E{~wc~ejic ne ]`{iki`hcoieh~`․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․․․}ãj( 4;
KC]Ï^UF@ III< !@}ewcki`he{ y F`jï{~ikc)․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․}ãj( 4>
1( ]fch ne @}ewcki`he{ y F`jï{~ikc․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(((}ãj( 45
1(3 @gle~it`{ ne @}ewcki`he{<․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․․((}ãj( 45
1(7 Ck~itincne{ ]wetic{ c fc ]w`nukkiûh․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((}ãj( 44
1(; ]w`ke{`{ ne ]w`nukkiûh nef Gieh․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․}ãj( 4:
1(>( Ne{kwi}kiûh ne f`{ }w`ke{`{ f`jï{~ik`{․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(((((}ãj( 49
Kc}ï~uf` IT< !Ni{eó` ne E{~wuk~uwc y ]fch ne Wekuw{`{ Auoch`{)․․․(}ãj( :3
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 4
9( Ni{eó` ne E{~wuk~uwc y ]fch ne Wekuw{`{ Auoch`{․․․․․․((․․((}ãj( :7
9(3 Wekfu~coieh~`& [efekkiûh y K`h~wc~ckiûh ne ]ew{`hcf․․․․․․․․․((}ãj( :;
9(3(3]w`kenioieh~` }cwc fc{ Ãwec{ sue Wesuiewch ne․․․․․․․․(}ãj( :5uhc K`h~wc~ckiûh ne uh ^wcgclcn`w(9(3(7 Ochucf ne Duhki`he{ ne Kcwj`{․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․}ãj( :4
9(7 Ihnukkiûh& Kc}cki~ckiûh y Etcfuckiûh ne ]ew{`hcf․․․․․․․․․․․}ãj( 13
9(; O`~itckiûh y Ne{cww`ff` nef ]ew{`hcf․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․}ãj( 17
9(> ]`fï~ikc{ ne Weouhewcki`he{ y K`o}eh{cki`he{․․․․․․․․․․․(}ãj( 17[i{~eoc weouhewc~it`
KC]Ï^UF@ T< !Dihchkicoieh~`)․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(((}ãj( 1;
3=( ]fch Dihchkiew`․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((}ãj( 1>
3=(3 Ai{~`wic Dihchkiewc ne fc Eo}we{c․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․}ãj( 1>
3=(7 [u}ue{~`{ E{kehcwi`{ y ]`fï~ikc{ Ek`hûoikc{ y Dihchkiewc{․․․․((((]ãj( 1>
3=(; ]fch ne Teh~c{ ne fc Huetc Uhincn ne Hej`ki`․․․․․․․․․․(․]ãj( 15
3=(> Chãfi{i{ ne K`{~`․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((}ãj( 14
3=(5 ]uh~` ne Esuifigwi` ne fc{ Huetc Uhincn ne Hej`ki`․․․․․․․․((((}ãj( 11
3=(4 Cnsui{ikiûh ne Oc~ewicfe{ e Ih{uo`{ }cwc fc ]w`nukkiûh․․․․․․․(}ãj( 9=
3=(: Ihtew{iûh Ihikicf․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․(}ãj( 9=
3=(1 Dueh~e{ ne Dihchkicoieh~`․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․(}ãj( 93
3=(9 ]w`yekkiûh ne Dful` ne Kclc․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․(((}ãj( 93
3=(3= Chãfi{i{ ne Weh~cgifincn․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(․․((․(((․}ãj( 93
3=(33 E{~cn` ne Jchchkic{ y ]éwninc{ ]w`yek~cnc{ ne fc Eo}we{c․․((․((}ãj( 97
3=(37 Gcfchke Jehewcf ]w`yek~cn` ne fc Eo}we{c eh {u K`hluh~`․․․(․(}ãj( 97
3=(3; Chãfi{i{ ne [eh{igifincn y Wie{j`{ ne fc Uhincn ne Hej`ki`․․․((․(}ãj(97
KC]Ï^UF@ TI< !K`hkfu{i`he{ y Wek`oehncki`he{)․․․․․․․․․(((}ãj(9>
33( K`hkfu{i`he{ y Wek`oehncki`he{( ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․(}ãj(95 Gigfi`jwcdïc․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․((․(}ãj(94
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc :
3( We{uoeh eleku~it`
Chcfi|chn` ef {ek~`w cw~e{chcf y fc }w`nukkiûh k`h{~ch~e y kwekieh~e sue ac ~ehin` e{~e wugw`
k`h fc ih~ewckkiûh ne f`{ kfieh~e{ hcki`hcfe{ y eq~wchlew`{ aeo`{ c}`{~cn` eh fch|cw cf
oewkcn` fc ~iehnc YOC [UOCK !h`ogwe k`oewkicf y {ule~` c tewidikckiûh eh IHNEK@]I) sue {e
nenikcwã ühikc y eqkfu{itcoeh~e c fc k`oewkicfi|ckiûh y ni{~wigukiûh ne fc{ YOC [UOCK
!ouóekc{ Gcwgie k`h te{~ioeh~c{ ~ï}ikc{ y cu~ûk~`hc{ nef ]ewü)(
Fc dcoific YOC [UOCK {`o`{ jeh~e {ehkiffc sue acke k`{c{ y }w`nuk~`{ eq~wc`wnihcwi`{< e{
hue{~w` {ekwe~` y f` k`o}cw~io`{ k`h u{~ene{( ^eheo`{ }ew{`hcf cf~coeh~e kcfidikcn`& {iehn`
kcnc uh` k`h{~ch~eoeh~e kc}cki~cn` y o`~itcn`& {`o`{ }ewuch`{ y e{~co`{ `wjuff`{`{ ne
{ewf` y ne k`o}cw~iw k`h ef ouhn` hue{~wc kuf~uwc(
[iehn` hue{~w` }ügfik` `gle~it` f`{ ~uwi{~c{ sue e{~éh ne }c{` }`w Fioc& e{}ekïdikcoeh~e }`w
Oiwcdf`we{& eh f` sue we{}ek~c cf }ügfik` `gle~it` hcki`hcf {ewãh fc{ }ew{`hc{ ne hitefe{ {`ki`/
ek`hûoik`{ C y G sue {`h f`{ ne ocy`w }`new cnsui{i~it` y ~ieheh }cwc }`new cnsuiwiw e{~c{
ouóekc{(
Fc{ encne{ }ueneh tcwicw }ue{ eh ef oewkcn` hcki`hcf suiehe{ ocy`w c}wekich fc kuf~uwc
cw~e{chcf {`h }ew{`hc{ ocy`we{ ne 7= có`{ y eh f`{ ~uwi{~c{ ~`n`{ f`{ sue ackeh ti{i~ch Fioc
{`h }`{igfe{ kfieh~e{& }`w f` sue }cwc h`{`~w`{ e{ uhc `}`w~uhincn oã{ ne }`new tehnew(
Eh YOC [UOCK ne uhc k`{c {i e{~co`{ {ejuw`{ sue hue{~wc ck~itincn e{ fc ihh`tckiûh c{ï
k`o` fc nenikckiûh eh f`{ }w`ke{`{ y eh fc kcfincn ne f`{ ne~cffe{& y }ckiehkic sue {e fe{ ncwã c
f`{ kfieh~e{ c{e{`wãhn`fe{ }cwc ackew uhc oel`w k`o}wc(
Neh~w` ne hue{~w`{ f`kcfe{& {e och~ehnwã uhc ni{~wigukiûh uhid`woe y kfc{idikcnc ne ckuewn`
k`h fc ~eoã~ikc ne kcnc wejiûh }cwc uh dãkif ckke{` e ineh~idikckiûh ne f`{ }w`nuk~`{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 1
Kc}ï~uf` I
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 9
7(/Ne{kwi}kiûh ne fc k`o}cóïc eo}we{c ` d`woufckiûh ne fc inec ne hej`ki`
]cwc uhc ihikic~itc eo}we{cwicf
Ef }w`yek~` sue e{~co`{ }`w wecfi|cw k`h uhc ti{iûh ne hej`ki` c du~uw`& }ue{ f` k`h{inewco`{
k`o` uhc ihikic~itc }cwc eo}e|cw ackew eo}we{c
@gle~it`< Ef `gle~it` jehewcf e{ ef ne{cww`ff` ne uhc `dew~c cw~e{chcf k`o}e~i~itc k`h
ineh~incn kuf~uwcf }ewuchc& cw~ikufcnc c fc{ eq}we{i`he{ }fã{~ik`/cw~e{chcfe{(
]ue{ YOC [UOCK e{ uhc eo}we{c nenikcnc eqkfu{itcoeh~e c fc k`oewkicfi|ckiûh y
ni{~wigukiûh ne ouóekc{ cw~e{chcfe{& sue e{~ã niwijinc c csueffc{ }ew{`hc{ sue ju{~eh
ne fc{ cw~e{chïc{ y eh e{}ekicf {e niwije cf k`h{uoin`w ~uwi{~c sue }`w {u{ }wedewehkic{
{`h f`{ sue oã{ k`h{uoeh e{~e ~i}` ne }w`nuk~`{(
EO]WE[C
(
7(3 H@OGWE NE FC EO]WE[C<
WC\@H [@KICF< W@OEWCF [(C(K(
WC\@H K@OEWKICF< YOC [UOCK
7(7 ^I]@ NE EO]WE[C<
[`kiencn Chûhioc Kewwcnc 
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 3=
[`ki`{<
W`jew [ihcwcauc Jwc~~effy k`h hüoew` ne NHI >797=37; ne Hcki`hcfincn ]ewuchc ne
hckioieh~` y n`oikificn` eh O|( 57 F~e( 7: {ek~`w 5 ‛G`kc Hejwc& Kcffc ‛ Fioc(
Cfgew~` Cf`h{` @gchn` Fcwwcïh k`h hüoew` ne NHI >5:117== ne hcki`hcfincn }ewuchc
ne hckioieh~` y n`oikificn` eh Ct( Fc{ Coéwikc{ 79;/F`{ @fit`{/Fioc(
Oefi{{c Cycfc ]ch~c k`h hüoew` ne NHI :=9;93== ne hcki`hcfincn }ewuchc ne
hckioieh~` y n`oikificnc eh Lw( Jewchi`{ O|( I F~e( 3:/[ch Luch ne Fuwijchka`/Fioc(
7(; ]C[@[ HEKE[CWI@[ ]CWC K@H[^I^UIW FC EO]WE[C
7(;(3( Gü{suenc eh f`{ Ïhnike{<
E{ heke{cwi` wecfi|cw e{~c gü{suenc eh weji{~w`{ }ügfik`{ }cwc }`new k`hdiwocw sue h`
acy uhc neh`oihckiûh ijucf ` {ioifcw cf sue fe }`hnweo`{ c fc eo}we{c(
7(;(7( ]we{eh~ckiûh ne N`kuoeh~`{ ]ew{`hcfe{<
[e ck`o}cóc k`}ic {io}fe nef NHI tijeh~e ne kcnc uh` ne f`{ {`ki`{( Eh e{~e kc{` hihjuh` ne
f`{ {`ki`{ e{~ã kc{cn` y h` {ewã heke{cwi` cnluh~cw k`}ic nef n`kuoeh~` ne ineh~incn nef
kûhyuje(
7(;(;( Ne{kwi}kiûh ne fc Ck~itincn Ek`hûoikc<
Fc ck~itincn ek`hûoikc eh fc sue tco`{ c ne{cww`ffcw ef }w`yek~` e{ gã{ikcoeh~e cw~e{chcf&
}ue{ fc }w`nukkiûh ne fc{ te{~ioeh~c{ ne fc{ ouóekc{ e{ aekac c och`(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 33
7(;(>( Kc}i~cf ne fc Eo}we{c<
Ihikicweo`{ k`h ef c}`w~e ne f`{ {`ki`{ }cwc f`{ ~wãoi~e{ k`wwe{}`hnieh~e{ c fc k`h{~i~ukiûh ne
fc eo}we{c(
7(;(>( Giehe{ Nihewcwi`{ y Giehe{ h` Nihewcwi`{<
7(;(>(3( Giehe{ Nihewcwi`{< E{ ef c}`w~e sue acweo`{ f`{ ~we{ {`ki`{ eh edek~it`&
y sue uhc te| efcg`wcnc fc oihu~c negeo`{ edek~ucw ef ne}û{i~` gchkcwi` c h`ogwe ne fc
eo}we{c(
7(;(>(7 Giehe{ h` Nihewcwi`{< [e k`o}wcwãh ocsuihc{ k`o` k`o}u~cn`wc{&
esui}`{ nitew{`{& ouegfe{ y eh{ewe{( E{~` k`h uhc Nekfcwckiûh Luwcnc [io}fe }cwc eti~cw
ihk`htehieh~e{ du~uw`{(
E{ fc k`ogihckiûh ne cog`{ c}`w~e{( ]cwc k`o}fe~cw eh uh ~ieo}` gwete& f`{ kuc~w`
wesui{i~`{ ne{kwi~`{ cwwigc& h`{ c}ew{`hco`{ c fc{ `dikihc{ ne c~ehkiûh c fc{
OY]E ne fc Niwekkiûh Oi Eo}we{c nef Oihi{~ewi` ne fc ]w`nukkiûh fc oi{oc sue h`{ gwihnû
c{e{`wïc e{}ekicfi|cnc( Ef ~wãoi~e e{ jwc~ui~` y }ew{`hcf(
7(;(: Fc oihu~c c e{kwi~uwc }ügfikc<
Cheq` 3(
7(5 N`kuoeh~ckiûh }we{eh~cnc cf H`~cwi`<
Oihu~c ne K`h{~i~ukiûh(
7(4 Ih{kwi}kiûh nef WUK<
Aeo`{ `}~cn` }`w ck`jewh`{ cf Wéjioeh Jehewcf c fc{ Teh~c{& }cwc ~ehew uh ochel` oã{
`wnehcn` ne hue{~wc{ `}ewcki`he{& yc sue ~ehnweo`{ uh efetcn` hitef ne k`o}wc{ y&
}fcheco`{& ~cogiéh ne teh~c{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 37
7(4(3Wesui{i~`{ }cwc fc [UHC^<
‧N`kuoeh~` ne ineh~incn nef We}we{eh~ch~e Fejcf(
‧]cwc {u{~eh~cw ef n`oikifi` di{kcf& }we{eh~cweo`{ uh` ne f`{ {ijuieh~e{ n`kuoeh~`{<
Wekig` ne cjuc& fu|& ~efed`hïc dilc ` ~efeti{iûh }`w kcgfe !k`h dekac ne tehkioieh~` neh~w` nef`{ 7 üf~io`{ oe{e{) ` ne fc üf~ioc nekfcwckiûh luwcnc ne }weni`(
Fc{ ]cw~inc Weji{~wcf kew~idikcnc }`w f`{ Weji{~w`{ ]ügfik`{& y {u ch~ijöencn oeh`w c ;= nïc{
kcfehncwi`(
7(4(7Cu~`wi|cki`he{ ne K`o}w`gch~e{<
[`fiki~cw fc io}we{iûh ne k`o}w`gch~e{ ne }cj` eh io}weh~c{ cu~`wi|cnc{ }`w fc [uhc~ }cwc<
/ G`fe~c{ ne teh~c(
/ Dck~uwc{(
/ Juïc ne Weoi{iûh(
7(4(;Figw`{ K`h~cgfe{ @gfijc~`wi`{<
]cwc hue{~w` wéjioeh {ejüh f` ni{}ue{~` eh fc {e{iûh {é}~ioc III !Cw~( H¼ 3=7/334 nef nekwe~`
Fey H¼ 74=7) {eócfc wecfi|cw fc fejcfi|ckiûh ne f`{ {ijuieh~e{ Figw`{ K`h~cgfe{<
/ Weji{~w` ne Teh~c{
/ Weji{~w` ne K`o}wc{
/ Figw` Nicwi` [io}fidikcn`(
7(: Fikehkic ne Duhki`hcoieh~`<
]cwc `g~ehew ef kew~idikcn` ne fikehkic ne duhki`hcoieh~` h`{ c}ew{`hco`{ c fc Ouhiki}cfincn
Wesui{i~`{<
‧[`fiki~un ne Fikehkic ne Duhki`hcoieh~`& k`h kcwãk~ew Nekfcwckiûh Luwcnc
‧K`}ic ne NHI nef we}we{eh~ch~e Fejcf ne fc Eo}we{c(
‧Eh kc{` ne }ew{`hc luwïnikc tijehkic ne }`new ne we}we{eh~ch~e fejcf(
‧Nekfcwckiûh luwcnc ne `g{ewtchkic ne k`hniki`he{ ne {ejuwincn eh Nedeh{c Kitif(
‧Wekig` ne }cj` [/( 7;=(47
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 3;
7(:(3 ]fc|` }cwc @g~ehew Fikehkic ne Duhki`hcoieh~`
]w`kenioieh~` y ~ieo}` }cwc fc fikehkic ne duhki`hcoieh~` }cwc e{~cgfekioieh~`{ oeh`we{ c
3== o7 e{ eh 35 nïc{(
7(1( ]w`kenioieh~`{ }cwc fc K`h{~i~ukiûh ne fc Eo}we{c<
W@OEWCF
[(C(K(
‧ Weji{~w`{]ügfik`{
W@OEWCF
[(C(K(
‧ Oihu~c
W@OEWCF
[(C(K(
‧ Fejcfi|ckiûh ne Figw`{
W@OEWCF
[(C(K(
‧ Fikehkic ne Duhki`hcoieh~`
W@OEWCF
[(C(K(
‧ ]ugfikincn
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 3>
;(/ Chãfi{i{ nef eh~`wh`<
;(3 Chãfi{i{ nef ockw`/eh~`wh`<
;(3(3(Dck~`we{ }`fï~ik`{ fejcfe{<
Kcogi`{ y huetc{ feye{ ` }`fï~ikc{ sue dct`wekewãh ` }ueneh }ewlunikcw c fc
eo}we{c }`w eleo}f`<
Ef ]fch E{~wc~éjik` Hcki`hcf ne Cw~e{chïc / ]EHNCW ~iehe k`o` `gle~it` `wnehcw&
`wieh~cw& ne{cww`ffcw y }w`o`tew ef {ek~`w cw~e{chcf& k`h fc ck~itc }cw~iki}ckiûh ne f`{
cw~e{ch`{& eo}we{cwi`{ ne cw~e{chïc& {ek~`w }ügfik` y }witcn` iht`fukwcn`{ eh fc
}w`o`kiûh y ne{cww`ff`2 sue }fch~ee cf~ewhc~itc{ y }w`}`hjc fïhec{ y }w`jwcoc{ neck~uckiûh c{ï k`o` `}`w~uhincne{ ne ihtew{iûh y ne{cww`ff` }cwc fc }`gfckiûh f`kcf(
Nege k`o}wehnew uh k`hluh~` ne ckki`he{ sue ~ehjch }`w `gle~it`& ehocwkcw fc
ck~uckiûh ne f`{ cjeh~e{ }witcn`{& ne f`{ `wjchi{o`{ }ügfik`{ }ewuch`{ y ne f`{
cw~e{ch`{& eh ef k`w~`& oenich` y fcwj` }fc|`(
Ef ]EHNCW& nege ~ehew uhc k`gew~uwc hcki`hcf y negewã }weki{cw f` {ijuieh~e<
/ Eh~ehnioieh~` ne fc }w`gfeoã~ikc nef [ek~`w Cw~e{chcf(
/ Nicjhû{~ik` nef {ek~`w eh gc{e c ihd`wockiûh niwek~c ne f`{ ck~`we{ nef {ek~`w(
/ Ineh~idikckiûh ne fc{ }wihki}cfe{ heke{incne{ nef [ek~`w Cw~e{chcf(
/ Nedihikiûh ne fc ti{iûh y oi{iûh k`h{inewchn` fc{ }w`}ue{~c{ ne f`{ ck~`we{ nef {ek~`w(
/ Nedihikiûh ne f`{ fihecoieh~`{& gle~it`{ e{~wc~éjik`{& e{~wc~ejic{& ckki`he{& }w`jwcoc{
y }w`yek~`{& ihnikcn`we{ ne o`hi~`we` y etcfuckiûh }`w kcnc gle~it` e{~wc~éjik`
nedihin`(
/ Nedihikiûh ne fc e{~wuk~uwc wjchi|cki`hcf& sue }ewoi~c fc cnoihi{~wckiûh& {ejuioieh~
y o`hi~`we` nef ]EHNCW(
E{~c ihikic~itc nef j`giewh` gehedikicwã ~`n` hue{~w` {ek~`w cw~e{chcf& negeo`{
ihkfuiwh`{ eh éf(
Fey ne }w`~ekkiûh cf k`h{uoin`w sue co}cwc f`{ neweka`{ nef k`h{uoin`w `
u{ucwi` dihcf }ue{ k`o` {e ne~cffc c k`h~ihuckiûh e{~co`{ eh fc `gfijckiûh ne
gwihncw ~`n` ~i}` ne ihd`wockiûh c f`{ kfieh~e{ ihkfu{` ch~e{ ne wecfi|cw fc k`o}wc(
E{~` }uene we{uf~cw gehediki`{` {i {e fe oiwc ne{ne ef }uh~` ne ti{~c sue ef kfieh~e
{cgwã c ne~cffe kûo` {e ac }w`nukin` hue{~wc{ ouóekc{
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 35
K`hkfu{i`he{<
E{~` h`{ gehedikic ne{ne ef }uh~` ne ti{~c sue fe
ne~cffcweo`{ cf kfieh~e dihcf fc }w`nukkiûh y k`o` {e ac
aeka` edek~itc fc }w`nukkiûh ne fc{ ouóekc{(
Ef }uh~` ne{dct`wcgfe e{ sue ~ehnweo`{ heke{cwicoeh~e
sue ihd`wocw c f`{ kfieh~e{ ne cg{`fu~coeh~e ~`n` }ue{
`oi~iwfe ihd`wockiûh e{ iw eh k`h~wc nef kûnij` nef k`h{uoin`w(
;(3(7 dck~`we{ ek`hûoik`{<
ihdfckiûh& sue cdek~cwc ef }weki` ne fc{ oc~ewic{ }wioc{ }ue{ {ejüh ef {ijuieh~e
ehuhkicn` nef GKW c fc dekac < N`oihj`& 7= h`tieogwe ne 7=33
]we`ku}ckiûh eh ef GKW }`w hitef ck~ucf ne fc ihdfckiûh
[ejüh ef OED ef ]ewü {ewã ef ühik` }cï{ eh [uncoéwikc sue kwekewã c wi~o`
c{iã~ik` eh f`{ }wûqio`{ ~we{ có`{ negin` cf {`fin` ochel` ne {u ek`h`oïc e
io}uf{cn` }`w ocy`we{ ihtew{i`he{ }witcnc{ y }ügfikc{& ne ckuewn` c
}w`yekki`he{ wecfi|cnc{ }`w ef OED(
Jwcdik` h½3
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 34
Cuoeh~` ne fc }`gfckiûh ek`hûoikcoeh~e ck~itc !]EC) h`{ dct`wekewïc }`w sue fc
}`gfckiûh ~ehnwã ocy`we{ wekuw{`{ ek`hûoik`{ }cwc k`o}wcw f`{ }w`nuk~`{& ~cf
kucf {e `g{ewtc eh ef {ijuieh~e jwãdik`(
]EWÜ< ]EC @KU]CNC ]@W K@HNIKIÛH NE ]@GWE\C& [EJÜH WCOC[ NE CK^ITINCN& 7==9
Jwcdik` h½7
Ef ihkweoeh~` nef ~uwi{o` e{ `~w` ne f`{ }uh~`{ c hue{~w` dct`w }ue{ {e
k`h{uoiwãh {ih nunc cfjuhc ouka`{ oã{ wekuewn`{ cw~e{chcfe{(
;(3(; dck~`we{ {`kicfe{<
dck~`we{ fcg`wcfe{ sue d`oeh~eh ef eo}fe`
kwekioieh~` neo`jwãdik` `wijihcwic uh ihkweoeh~` ne fc neochnc c{ï k`o` ef
ihkweoeh~` nef ~uwi{o`(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 3:
Jwcdik` h½;
Kcogi`{ eh ef e{~if` ne tinc ne fc{ }ew{`hc{& }`w eleo}f` a`y eh nïc fc{ }ew{`hc{
{e }we`ku}ch }`w ef c{}ek~` dï{ik`& ef tew{e gieh ` e{~cw eh d`woc& k`h{uoiw
}w`nuk~`{ {cfuncgfe{& e~k( E{e e{ uh }uh~` c hue{~w` dct`w }ue{ ~cogiéh {e
}we`ku}ch }`w fc nek`wckiûh ne {u{ a`jcwe{ y e{~c{ ouóekc{ tch h` {`f` c
nek`wcw {ih` c ncwfe{ uh e{~if` nideweh~e y duewc nef` k`oüh(
;(3(>( dck~`we{ ~ekh`fûjik`{
Ctchke{ ~ekh`fûjik`{ k`o` ef u{` ne fc{ wene{ {`kicfe{ k`o` ef Dckeg``b& ^zi~~ew&
e~k(
Ihte{~ijckiûh k`h{~ch~e ne fc{ kuf~uwc{ ch~ijuc{ }cwc fc nitew{idikckiûh ne huetc{
fïhec{ ne }w`nuk~`{
Ihh`tckiûh k`h{~ch~e dweh~e cf ihjwe{` ne huetc{ ~ehnehkic{ }cwc e{~cw {ieo}we c
fc tchjucwnic(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 31
;(7 chãfi{i{ nef oikw`/eh~`wh`<
;(7(3( chãfi{i{ ne f`{ }w`teen`we{<
]w`teen`w ne fc{ ouóekc{<
Gã{ikcoeh~e hue{~w` }w`teen`w }wihki}cf ne ouóekc{ Gcwgie {ewic OC^^EF
suieh e{ ef sue io}`w~c c ]ewü e{~e ~i}` ne ouóekc{(
WUK< 7=>7515;145Wc|ûh [`kicf< OC^^EF ]EWU [(C(
^i}` Eo}we{c< [`kiencn Chûhioc
Niwekkiûh Fejcf< Ct( We}ügfikc ne ]chcoã Hw`( ;5;3
Ih~( 3==;
Ni{~wi~`< [ch I{inw`
^eféd`h`{< 7=791:=
K`h~ck~`< Kcwoeh Wco`{ Witewc ]weki`< [ 35(== ku Q ocy`w& c }cw~iw ne 5== uhn{(
]w`teen`w ne ckke{`wi`{ }cwc fc{ ouóekc{<
IHTEW[I@HE[ JCNIKC
WUK< 7=57;9744:4
Wc|ûh [`kicf< IHTEW[I@HE[ JCNIKC E(I(W(F(
^i}` Eo}we{c< Eo}we{c Ihnitinucf ne We{}(
F~nc
Niwekkiûh Fejcf< Lw( ]uh` Hw`( 4;1
Ni{~wi~`< Fioc
^eféd`h`{< 913>59435
Heq~ef< 99137,;134
K`wwe`< teh~c{Mjcnikc(k`o
K`h~ck~`< Di`weffc [~eddchy Jãfte| Nïc|
]weki`< [ejüh ef ckke{`wi`
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 39
]w`teen`w ne f`{ ~wcle{ ne fc{ ouóekc{<
[e nenikcwãh k`o}fe~coeh~e c fc k`{~uwc ne f`{ ~wcle{ ne fc{ ouóekc{ c gc{e ne hue{~wc
`wneh ne~cffcnc{ eh kch~incn }`w o`nef`(
Cw~e{chïc{ Dchhy
Te{~ucwi`{ ~ï}ik`{ nef ]ewü< ocwihewc& Aucyfc{& {cyc&
o`wehcnc& hejw`ine y ouka` oã{ }`w ocy`w y oeh`w
Niwekkiûh< Ct( Ctickiûh 3>= / Fioc / Fioc / ]ewü
^eféd`h`{< ;7>3>:5
]weki`< [ 1(== }`w ~wcle{ {ehkiff`{(
]weki`< [ 3>(== }`w ~wcle{ oã{ k`o}fikcn`{(
]w`teen`w ne Ehtc{e{ ne Cke~c~` ^wch{}cweh~e
Fify ne ^`n`
Kclc{ ne cke~c~` ~wch{}cweh~e ne ;= ko( Ne cf~` y 1(5 ko( Ne niãoe~w`(
Io}we{c{ k`h ef f`j` y {f`jch ne ‖Yoc [uock‟
K`wwe`<fifine~`n`Mjocif(k`o
^efed`h`< >44/3534
>5=/=:=;
Heq~ef< !99)>31,515:
]weki`< [( >(== ku c }cw~iw ne 5==
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 7=
]EWÜ< FFEJCNC OEH[UCF NE ^UWI[^C[ IH^EWHCKI@HCFE[& EHEW@ 7==: /
[E]^IEOGWE 7=33
Oe{ 7==: ] 7==1 ] 7==9 ] 7=3= ] 7=33 ]
Tcwickiûh]`wkeh~ucf
!%)7=3=7==9
Tcwickiûh]`wkeh~ucf
!%)7=337=3=
Ehew` 35>&;:3 3:1&51> 3:9&13: 7=5&5:1 771&;>1 3>(; 33(3
Degwew` 351&195 31>&=>5 31=&4:> 313&:49 733&:14 =(4 34(5
Ocw|` 359&=3= 341&>4; 3:3&:=7 344&5=; 7=4&=;9 /;(= 7;(:
Cgwif 3>=&=;4 355&>37 347&;11 34>&;5; 394&>1= 3(7 39(5
Ocy` 3>3&>1; 34>&4=5 351&=11 31=&37: 39>&::: 3;(9 1(3
Luhi` 35>&951 3:;&113 3:7&935 315&;99 7=>&34; :(7 3=(3
Lufi` 311&979 7=:&>;: 399&4=1 77:&:7> 755&>4; 3>(3 37(7
Cj`{~` 341&51> 31:&;>9 31>&=9; 7=7&4=4 779&9>; 3=(3 3;(5
[e}~ieogwe 35>&:44 34>&=57 349&;94 317&;5; 7=5&315 :(4 37(5
@k~ugwe 359&;>3 347&=;; 314&3>> 7=>&>54 = 9(1 /3==(=
H`tieogwe 343&744 3>;&549 313&>47 393&9:9 = 5(1 /3==(=
Nikieogwe 3:>&:43 341&39= 39;&4:> 7=4&;>= = 4(5 /3==(=
^`~cf 3&934&>== 7&=5:&47= 7&3;9&943 7&799&31: 3&9;7&31> :(> /34(=
>(/ E{~uni` Nef Eh~`wh` [`hne` Nef Oewkcn`<
Dueh~e< OIHIH^EW ‛ Niwekkiûh Jehewcf ne Oijwcki`he{ y Hc~uwcfi|ckiûhEfcg`wckiûh< OIHKE^UW[J@JEE ‛ @dikihc ne E{~uni`{ uwï{~ik`{ y Cw~e{chcfe{(
E{~e kucnw` h`{ cyunc c {cgew fc kch~incn ne ~uwi{~c{ sue ffejch kcnc có` c hue{~w` }cï{
y }`neo`{ ncwh`{ kueh~c sue e{~c ck~itincn tc eh cuoeh~`( ^cogiéh h`{ oue{~wc fc
kch~incn ne ~uwi{~c{ }`w kcnc oe{ nef có`& e{~` }cwc sue h`{`~w`{ }`nco`{ ackew uhc
}w`yekkiûh ne hue{~wc{ teh~c{(
E{~`{ oe{e{ {`h< Ehew`& Ocy`& Lufi`& Cj`{~`& [e}~ieogwe y @k~ugwe( ]ew` ~ehiehn` eh
kueh~c f`{ có`{ ch~ewi`we{ ~cogiéh ihkfuiweo`{ f`{ oe{e{ ne H`tieogwe y Nikieogwe(
Oieh~wc{ sue f`{ neoã{ oe{e{ h`{ ehd`kcweo`{ eh wed`w|cw hue{~w` }fch ne teh~c{(
]`w k`hkfu{iûh ef }ügfik` `gle~it` cf sue e{~co`{ niwijiéhn`h`{& e{ }`~ehkicf& e{~ã
}we{eh~e y eh cuoeh~`(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 73
Dueh~e< OIHIH^EW ‛ Niwekkiûh Jehewcf ne Oijwcki`he{ y Hc~uwcfi|ckiûhEfcg`wckiûh< OIHKE^UW[J@JEE ‛ @dikihc ne E{~uni`{ uwï{~ik`{ y Cw~e{chcfe{(
Eh e{~e kucnw` }`neo`{ c}wekicw fc kch~incn ne ti{i~ch~e{ ne{ne ef có` 7==: ‛ 7=33 ne
f`{ }cï{e{ k`h f`{ kucfe{ h` ~ehnweo`{ }w`gfeoc{ ne k`ouhikckiûh& e{~` h`{ cyunc c
ehd`kcwh`{ c e{~unicw {u k`o}`w~coieh~` ne k`o}wc y kc}cki~cw c fc }ew{`hc ehkcwjcnc ne
teh~c{(
7==: ] 7==1 ] 7==9 ] 7=3= ] 7=33 ]
Coéwikc nef H`w~e ;>>&15; ;13&94> ;1:&>>= ;9=&755 ;19&3>=EE(UU 79=&477 ;73&>:: ;7:&911 ;7;&97= ;3;&1;1Kchcnã ;3&:19 ;:&:95 >=&1>: ;9&;=: >7&=51Oéqik` 77&>>7 77&497 31&4=5 7:&=71 ;;&7>>
Coéwikc Keh~wcf 7=&79> 7;&3;= 75&>>9 71&574 ;;&494]chcoã >&5=; 5&=>7 4&757 :&4;; 1&=91K`{~c Wikc >&4;: 5&173 5&711 4&379 4&:;3
Ef [cftcn`w 3&9=3 7&=:> 3&147 3&9=> ;&>4>Kugc 3&1;4 7&;1> ;&495 ;&44= ;&34:Juc~eocfc 3&:4> 7&33: 3&94; 3&974 7&5=3We}( N`oihikchc 3&4:7 7&7;3 7&954 7&141 7&>;5@~w`{ Coéwikc Keh~wcf ;&913 ;&>43 ;&>;; >&>=4 :&;==
Coéwikc nef [uw 4:=&>13 :57&59= :>1&375 144&979 3&=45&=>;Kaife ;>;&571 ;17&==4 ;;5&;3; >;7&17= 554&1;3Ekucn`w 9=&=;5 9:&=99 3==&351 3=1&115 339&=9=Cwjeh~ihc 47&:7> :;&9:9 1:&99; 95&99> 333&395Gwc{if ;1&754 >:&>55 43&7=3 43&3;5 1:&144K`f`ogic >>&1>7 55&7>: 43&55> :=&43: 13&1:7
G`fitic 44&3;3 4>&::7 4:&55> 4;&;9: 47&341Tehe|uefc 31&:3= 7;&14; 7>&:9> 75&35= ;>&957Uwujucy >&573 4&3>4 4&41= 4&=17 :&:37]cwcjucy 3&:;> 7&=7; 7&1:1 7&1>9 ;&;5:
Euw`}c 37>&459 3>7&334 3>1&=:9 35;&5;5 344&:>>E{}cóc 57&>37 4;&7;1 4:&>=3 :=&9>; :1&394Dwchkic >4&==9 >1&477 5=&7;1 53&>1= 5>&>54I~cfic 74&7;1 ;=&754 ;=&>>= ;3&337 ;>&=97
3&34=&71: 3&799&1== 3&;=9&=9; 3&>;9&7>5 3&45>&47;^`~cf ^uwi{~c{ Ih~ewhcki`hcfe{
]EWÜ< FFEJCNC NE ^UWI[^C[ IH^EWHCKI@HCFE[& [EJÜH ]CÏ[ NEEHEW@ C [E^IEOGWE& 7==:/7=33
]cï{ ne We{inehkic
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 77
DIKAC ÉKHIKC(<
UHITEW[@ Y ÃOGI^@< ]`gfckiûh we{ineh~e eh f`{ ni{~wi~`{ ne Oiwcdf`we{& {iehn` f`{ }wihki}cfe{
ni{~wi~`{ cfencó`{ ne Gcwwchk`& {ch I{inw`& {uwsuiff` y fihke(
@GLE^IT@[ NE FC EHKUE[^C<
Fc ne~ewoihckiûh ne f`{ kfieh~e{ eh ef oewkcn` hcki`hcf(
@gle~it`{ kuch~i~c~it`{<
Ne~ewoihcw ef k`h{uo` }w`oeni` ne f`{ k`h{uoin`we{ }`~ehkicfe{(
Ne~ewoihcw fc dwekuehkic ne k`o}wc eh fc sue f`{ k`h{uoin`we{ k`o}wch }w`nuk~`{
cw~e{chcfe{(
@gle~it`{ kucfi~c~it`{<
Ctewijucw fujcwe{ ne }wedewehkic eh sue ef }ügfik` ne{ec }cwc k`o}wcw f`{ }w`nuk~`{
sue dwekeo`{(
Ne~ewoihcw ef }`wkeh~cle sue {e oue{~wc wecki` c fc inec ne k`o}wcw ouóekc{
cw~e{chcfe{ y` gcwgie{ k`h ni{eó`{ é~hik`{ }ewuch`{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 7;
NI[^WIGUKIÛH NE FC OUE[^WC<
[e wecfi|ch fc{ eh~weti{~c{ eh nideweh~e{ nïc{ ne fc {eochc y ni{~wiguinc{ c f` fcwj` ne fc dwchlc
a`wcwic& ne d`woc sue {e f`jwc `g~ehew uhc oue{~wc we}we{eh~c~itc (F`{ efeoeh~`{ oué{~wcfe{{`h {efekki`hcn`{ ne ochewc cfec~`wic neh~w` ne f`{ wchj`{ ne encne{ yc e{~cgfekin`{&
wecfi|ãhn`{e uhc e{~wc~idikckiûh {ejüh ih~ewtcf`{ ne encn(
]cwc d`wocw }cw~e ne f`{ efeoeh~`{ oué{~wcfe{ e{ k`hnikiûh heke{cwic {ew we{ineh~e{ ne f`{
ni{~wi~`{ ne Oiwcdf`we{ y {ch i{inw`& }`w {ew hue{~w` }ügfik` `gle~it` y ne ocy`w k`hkuwwehkic
}`w f`{ ~uwi{~c{
^i}` ne eh~weti{~c<
Eh~weti{~c }ew{`hcf oenich~e kue{~i`hcwi` e{~wuk~uwcn`(
Kw`h`jwcoc<
Wecfi|ckiûh nef ~wcgcl` ne kco}` h`tieogwe ne 7=33(
^cgufckiûh y chãfi{i{ ne nc~`{ nikieogwe ne 7=33(
>(3( HITEF NEF F@KCF(
D`woc~` ne ehkue{~c< }cwc ef ne{cww`ff` ne hue{~w` f`kcf
£A`fc# [w ` [w~c( [`y e{~unich~e ne [i{e ne fc Kcwwewc ne Je{~iûh ne Hej`ki`{ Ih~ewhcki`hcfe{(
Oe ju{~cwïc ackewfe uhc{ }wejuh~c{ nef kue{~i`hcwi` sue ~ehj` {i {ewïc ~ch cocgfe& f` ühik` sue
}eniwïc e{ sue we{}`hnc{ ne fc ochewc oã{ figwe y a`he{~c }`{igfe& yc sue f`{ nc~`{ sue oe
gwihne ne}ehnewã ouka` nef éqi~` ne oi ihte{~ijckiûh(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 7>
O`nef` ne fc ehkue{~c
3( FE JU[^CWIC UHC ^IEHNC NE CW^E[CHIC[ HUETC Y K@H UH E[^IF@ NIDEWEH^E(
[I H@
7( FE JU[^CWIC OUÓEKC[ GCWGIE TE[^INC[ K@H HUE[^W@[ ^WCLE[ ^I]IK@[ K@O@
HUETC ]W@]UE[^C(
[I H@
;( U[UCFOEH^E UN[ K@O]WCWIC ]CWC U[@ ]EW[@HCF @ ]CWC WEJCF@(
K@O]WC WEJCF@
>( KUCH^@ E[^C U[N NI[]UE[^@ C ]CJCW ]@W FC OUÓEKC[(
[(5= [(1= [( 3==
5( K@O@ CK@[^UOGWC C ]CJCW [U[ K@O]WC[(
K@H^CN@ ^CWLE^C NEGI^@ ^CWLE^C NE KWENI^@
4(
:( ]@WSUE E[^CWIC NI[]UE[^@ C K@O]WCW(
OCWKC ]WEKI@
KCFINCN NI[EÓ@[
EQKFU[ITINCN [^C^U[
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 75
1( KCNC KUCH^@ IEO]@ K@O]WC CN@WH@[(
[EOCHCF
SUIHKEHCFOEH[UCFOEH^E
^WIOE[^WCFOEH^E
[EOE[^CFOEH^E
9( °F@ K@O]WCWIC[ EH @KC[I@HE[ E[]EKICFE[0 EH SUE ^EO]@WCNC[ NEF CÓ@
EDEK^UCWIC[ U K@O]WC(
[CH TCFEH^IH
DIE[^C[ ]C^WIC[
DIE[^C[ HCTINEÓC[
DE[^ITINCNE[ D@FKF@WIKC[
K@O]WC[ IHE[]EWCNC
3=( C UN[ FE JU[^CWIC SUE FE C[E[@WEH CH^E[ NE EDEK^UCW [U K@O]WC(
[I H@
33( °SUE FE JU[^CWIC C]WEKICW EH E[^E ^I]@ NE OUÓEKC[0 °CFJUHC TE[^IOEH^C EH
]CW^IKUFCW0
․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
․․․․․․․․․․․((
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 74
We{uf~cn`{ ne ehkue{~c
[e eh~weti{~cw`h c 7== }ew{`hc{ eh ~`~cf ne fc{ kucfe{ kcnc }ew{`hc ~ehïc uh }uh~` ne ti{~c
nideweh~e y aeo`{ ~wc~cn` ne ffejcw c fc {c~i{dckkiûh y ca `g~ehew fc{ we{}ue{~c{ {ejüh f`{
}cwãoe~w`{ sue h`{ aeo`{ }fch~ecn` }cwc ffejcw cf éqi~` ne e{~c ehkue{~c& yc sue e{~`
ne~ewoihcwc {i hue{~w`{ chãfi{i{ e{~ãh k`wwek~`{(
/ [ejüh fc{ we{}ue{~c{ ne fc{ }ew{`hc{ ehkue{~cnc{& teo`{ sue fc inec e{ c~wcyeh~e(
Jwcdik` h½5
/ Fc inec nef }w`nuk~` e{ ihh`tcn`wc y ffcoc fc c~ehkiûh ne fc{ }ew{`hc{( C suiehe{ fe{
ju{~cwïc cnsuiwiwfc{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 7:
Fc{ ]ew{`hc{ ehkue{~cnc{ ocy`woeh~e k`o}wcwïch fc{ ouóekc{ }cwc effc{ oi{oc{ }ew`~cogiéh
Jwckic{ c e{~c }wejuh~c }unio`{ nenukiw uh }weki`& }`w e{` nekinio`{ fch|cw `~w` }w`nuk~`
oã{ ffcoc~it` k`h uh }weki` oã{ efetcn`(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 71
Ef ]weki` e{ ef ï~eo sue oã{ ffcoc fc c~ehkiûh nef ehkue{~cn`& yc sue e{ heu~wcf k`h we{}ek~` c
fc k`o}e~ehkic sue c }e{cw ne h` {ew ef oi{o` }w`nuk~`& `dweke kc{i cf oi{o` }weki`(
Nenukio`{ sue fc jeh~e }wediewe }cjcw e{e }weki` }`wsue yc sue ef }w`nuk~` e{ oã{ ~wcgclcn`
~iehe oã{ tcf`w(
Eh fc }`gfckiûh hcki`hcf& fc{ k`o}wc{ ne e{~e ~i}` ne }w`nuk~`{ {`h {eoe{~wcfe{& }ew` h`
cdek~cwã ouka` c hue{~wc{ teh~c{& yc sue h` e{ ~`n` hue{~w` }ügfik` `gle~it`( H`{ cyuncweo`{
ne fc{ teh~c{ c eq~wchlew`{ ti{i~ch~e{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 79
Niwïco`{ sue fc{ k`o}wc{ eh die{~c{ hctineóc{ {`h oã{ ffcoc~itc{& }ew` uh 75% f` acwïc ne
d`woc ihe{}ewcnc& }`w f` sue ~co}`k` acy sue }ewnew eh e{~e }uh~`( Kucfsuiew o`oeh~` e{
gueh` }cwc wecfi|cw e{~c k`o}wc(
Ef }ügfik` ne{ec c}wehnew uh }`k` oã{ ne hue{~w` }w`nuk~` y ~cogiéh suiewe ackew uhc guehc
efekkiûh }cwc {u k`o}wc& }`w f` sue `}~cweo`{ }`w uhc `wieh~ckiûh ackic ef kfieh~e& }cwc sue {e
{ieh~c {c~i{deka`(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc ;=
>(3( K`o}e~ehkic f`kcf eh ef oewkcn` }ewuch`<
Lcibc Cw~e{chïc<
Lcibc e{ uhc ~iehnc tiw~ucf kwecnc( Ef }wihki}cf }w`}û{i~` ne Lcibc e{ ncw c k`h`kew cf ouhn`
hue{~wc kuf~uwc c ~wcté{ ne fc{ }ie|c{ cw~ï{~ikc{ sue k`oewkicfi|ch& fc{ }ie|c{ sue `dwekeh e{~ãh
efcg`wcnc{ }`w cw~i{~c{ }fã{~ik`{ hcki`hcfe{& suiehe{ ackeh ne kcnc ~wcgcl` ühik`& eh~we effc{ {e
ehkueh~wch ouóekc{ aekac{ c och`(
@H^WCKB ]EWU EIWF
E{~c eo}we{c }wihki}cfoeh~e ni{~wiguye y k`oewkicfi|c }w`nuk~`{ cw~e{chcfe{ ne fc{ nideweh~e{
weji`he{ nef ]ewü ne fc{ kucfe{ kcge ne{~ckcw }w`nuk~`{ k`o` fc{ kewãoikc{ nek`wc~itc{ ne
Kaufukchc{& fc{ kucfe{ }w`tieheh ne uh }uegf` eoewjeh~e ne fc |`hc H`w~e nef ]ewü(
^ef< 74>13:4
Cw~e Ochucfincne{ y Nek`wckiûh Fifichc Tejc Gi`wjji`
Cw~e ochucfincne{ nef ]ewü ne ~`n` aeka` c och`( E{ uhc oikw`eo}we{c& nenikcnc c gwihncw
{ewtiki`{ ne kc}cki~ckiûh& nek`wckiûh y teh~c{& eh ef kco}` nef cw~e& ochucfincne{ y cw~e{chïc{(
^ef< !533)(543:1=4
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc ;3
NITEW[INCNE[ ]EWU [CK
Eo}we{c }ewuchc& nenikcnc c fc nidu{iûh y ni{~wigukiûh cf ouhn` ne hue{~wc cw~e{chïc<
Kewãoikc ne Kaufukchc{& ^eq~ife{ eh cf}ckc gegé& cfj`nûh ek`fûjik`& cfj`nûh }yoc& gi{u~ewïc&
k`lihe{& kcoih`{ ne oe{c& cjcwwcnewc{& ne k`w~ihc& och~efe{& eh ~efcw& g`wncn`{ k`h fchc ne
cf}ckc& kcw~ewc{ ne kuew`(
IhbcZcff}c [CK
Eo}we{c nenikcnc c fc }w`nukkiûh& nidu{iûh y eq}`w~ckiûh nef cw~e }ewuch` cf ouhn`& eh {u{
nideweh~e{ y tcwicnc{ d`woc{ ne cw~e{chïc& Kueh~ch k`h uhc co}fic tcwiencn ne }w`nuk~`{ ~cfe{
k`o` j`ww`{ y kauff`{ cf}ckc& kewãoikc nek`wc~itc y u~ifi~cwic ne e{~if`{ Kaufukchc{(
5(/Chãfi{i{ ne fc ihnu{~wic<
Ef chãfi{i{ ne{kwi~` c k`h~ihuckiûh ac {in` efcg`wcn` }`w ef oi{o` OIHKE^UW y o`nidikcn`
}`w h`{`~w`{ oi{o`{& gc{cn`{ ~cogiéh eh }ãjihc{ ne ih~ewhe~ sue {e tewãh ti{~c{ eh
gigfi`jwcdïc<
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc ;7
FC CW^E[CHÏC C HITEF HCKI@HCF
Eh ef ]ewü& fc wefckiûh eh~we ef ~uwi{o` y fc ck~itincn cw~e{chcf e{ e{ehkicf }cwc ef gehediki`niwek~` y k`hkwe~` ne f`{ }`gfcn`we{ ne |`hc{ ackic n`hne k`hdfuyeh ~uwi{~c{& sue fc{ ti{i~ch c
dih ne k`h`kew& h` {`f` {u geffe|c }ci{clï{~ikc& {u{ c~wck~it`{ cwsue`fûjik`{ ` ne gi`nitew{incn&
{ih` ~cogiéh fc wisue|c ne {u kuf~uwc titc(
Fc cw~e{chïc e{ uhc ne fc{ ochide{~cki`he{ oã{ we}we{eh~c~itc{ ne e{c kuf~uwc& }ue{ wedfelc fc
ini`{ihkwc{ic& ef e{}ïwi~u y fc k`~inicheincn ne f`{ }uegf`{(
5(3 Io}`w~chkic ne fc Cw~e{chïc c Hitef Hcki`hcf
Fc cw~e{chïc e{ uhc ck~itincn sue k`o}feoeh~chn` k`h `~wc{ ck~itincne{ jehewc oã{
ihjwe{`{(
]ewoi~e fc eq}we{iûh ne fc kwec~itincn }`}ufcw y fc ineh~incn }ewuchc(
[e k`h{~i~uye eh uhc cf~ewhc~itc ne eo}fe`& {`gwe ~`n` eh fc |`hc wuwcf y uwgchc ocwjihcf(
Ihk`w}`wc c fc oulew y c f`{ lûtehe{ c fc{ ck~itincne{ }w`nuk~itc{(
Iht`fukwc kc{i c 7 oiff`he{ ne }ew{`hc{& ugikcnc{ eh fc{ |`hc{ wuwcfe{ y uwgchc{ ocwjihcfe{
nef }cï{(
Eqi{~e cfwenen`w ne 3==&=== ~cffewe{ cw~e{chcfe{& }wihki}cfoeh~e& oikw` y }esueóc{
eo}we{c{(
5(7 Fïhec{ Cw~e{chcfe{ Ineh~idikcnc{ ]`w Weji`he{<
Fc{ fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{ ineh~idikcnc{ }`w weji`he{ {`h fc{ {ijuieh~e{ y e{ c{ï k`o` {e ne{cww`ffch
eh ~`n` ef ]ewü(
COC\@HC[< [e ach ineh~idikcn` =9 fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{ eh~we fc{ kucfe{ e{~ãh< ~elin`{ c ~efcw
!aif` y fchc) k`wnefewïc ne digwc{ teje~cfe{& kewãoikc/cfdcwewïc& ~wcgcl`{ eh ocnewc y wcïke{&
~wcgcl`{ eh }ienwc& ~wcgcl`{ !cn`wh`{) ne oc~ewicf wekikfcn`& k`hdekki`he{ ne }wehnc{ ne
te{~iw& lujue~ewïc y kcf|cn`(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc ;;
CHKC[A< [e ach ineh~idikcn` 35 fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{ eh~we fc{ kucfe{ {e oehki`hc fc{ {ijuieh~e{<
|`hc {iewwc< ~elin` ne }uh~`& ~elin`{ }fch`{& {iffc{ cw~e{chcfe{& kewãoikc& g`wncn`{& ~cffcn`{&
e{kuf~uwc{& gi{u~ewïc& {`ogwewewïc& gi{u~ewïc& ~cfcgcw~ewïc& eh fc |`hc k`{~c ne{~ckch< ouegfe{&e{~wuk~uwc{ oe~ãfikc{& d`wwcn`{ k`h luhk`& lujue~ewïc& df`wewïc{& ~weh|cn` ne luhk`& dcgwikckiûh
ne e{~ewc{& ke{~ewïc ~elin`{ ne }uh~` y ochucfincne{(
C]UWÏOCK< [e ach ineh~idikcn` 31 fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{& ~cfe{ k`o`< ~elin`{ c ~efcw& ~elin`{ ne
}uh~`& }wehnc{ ne te{~iw& ocfe~c{& kcf|cn`& }uew~c{ y ocwk`{ ne ocnewc& }w`nuk~`{
~weh|cgfe{& kewãoikc& }w`nukkiûh ne fã}inc{& e{~wuk~uwc oe~ãfikc& a`lcfc~ewïc& ouegfewïc&
{`ogwewewïc& lujue~ewïc& iocjihewïc& l`yewïc& g`wncn`{& ih{~wuoeh~`{ ne kuewnc !jui~cwwc{&ti`fihe{)(
CWESUI]C< [e ach ineh~idikcn` =9 fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{& ~cfe{ k`o`< ~elin`{ ne }uh~`{& ~elin`{
}fch`{& ~wcgcl` eh }ief& ocnewc& oe~cf& l`yewïc& kewãoikc& ~cffcn`{ eh }ienwc& ~cfcgcw~ewïc(
CYCKUKA@< Fc cw~e{chïc cyckukachc {e kcwck~ewi|c }`w k`h~cw k`h uhc nitew{incn ne fïhec{
sue {u}ewch fc{ 5= e{}ekicfincne{ y sue eq}we{ch fc kwec~itincn y acgifincn ochucf nefcw~e{ch` eh~we fc{ }wihki}cfe{ ~eheo`{< ~elin`{ c ~efcw& kewãoikc& }efe~ewïc& we~cgf`{& ~cffcn`{
}ienwc ne Aucochjc& we}ulcn` eh kuew`& eqi{~eh ~wc{ fïhec{ }`kc{ neochncnc{ sue {e
och~ieheh e{~cgfe{& k`o` ef ~cffcn` eh ocnewc& ~cfcgcw~ewïc k`hdekkiûh ne ih{~wuoeh~`{ ne
kuewnc& iocjihewïc& u~eh{ifi`{ ne ocnewc& ke{~ewïc ~cffcn`{ eh ocnewc(
Uh ~ewkew jwu}` ne fïhec{ ihkfuye cfjuhc{ sue {e ehkueh~wch eh eq~ihkiûh& ~cfe{ k`o` oc~e
guwifcn`& a`lcfc~ewïc& {`ogwewewïc& d`wlc& kewewïc& difijwchc y }ewjcoih`{& dihcfoeh~e }`neo`{
oehki`hcw c uh jwu}` ne e{}ekicfincne{ huetc{ sue aikiew`h {u c}cwikiûh eh f`{ üf~io`{ có`{&
~cfe{ k`o` df`wewïc& lujue~ewïc& g`wncn`{ ne och~c& cn`wh`{ ne }c}ef& wcdic y jf`g`{& cn`wh`{
ne ye{`& ~cgfc{ ne [cwauc(
KCLCOCWKC< [e ach ineh~idikcn` 3= fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{& ~cfe{ k`o`< ~elin`{ eh kcffuc y ~efcw
!fchc ne `tih` e ihnu{~wicf)& kewãoikc u~ifi~cwic y nek`wc~itc& ~elin`{ c }cfi~`{& ~elin`{ c kw`kae~
fchc e aif` ihnu{~wicf& ~elin`{ eh digwc teje~cf !}clc ~`suiffc& oiogwe& e~k()& ~cffcn`{ eh }ienwc
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc ;>
ocwo`fihc y kch~ewïc& ~cffcn` eh ocnewc& kucnw`{ kclcocwsuih`{& gi{u~ewïc y kcw}ih~ewïc(
KU[K@< [e ach ineh~idikcn` 7= fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{& eh ~`nc{ fc{ }w`tihkic{ nef ne}cw~coeh~`
nef Ku{k`& {e ne{cww`ffch uhc jwch tcwiencn ne fïhec{ ne }w`nukkiûh cw~e{chcf& ne{~ckchn` fc{
sue u~ifi|ch wekuw{`{ hc~uwcfe{ ne fc |`hc ~cfe{ k`o`< kewãoikc& }efe~ewïc& gi{u~ewïc&
k`hdekki`he{ ne te{~ioeh~c ~ï}ikc& g`wncnuwc& iocjihewïc& }fc~ewïc& k`we`}fc{~ïc& kewewïc&
ouóesuewïc& oc{kcwewïc& ke{~ewïc& }ih~uwc }`}ufcw& a`lcfc~ewïc& ~cffcn` eh ocnewc& we~cgfewïc y
nek`wcki`he{ eh }ch ne `w`(
AUCHKCTEFIKC< [e ach ineh~idikcn` 3= fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{& ~elin`{ }fch`{& ~elin`{ ne }uh~` y
jchkaiff`& ~cfcgcw~ewïc y kuew`{& e{~c~uiffc{ y cn`wh`{& lujue~ewïc& kiwi`{ y tefc{& }efe~ewïc&
kewãoikc& ke{~ewïc y kcw}ih~ewïc(
AUÃHUK@< [e ach ineh~idikcn` 34 fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{& kewãoikc& k`wh`}fc{~ïc& ~eq~ifewïc&
cw~e{chïc eh gcogü& ke{~ewïc& g`wncnuwc& ihnuoeh~cwic ~ï}ikc& kucnw` k`h {eoiffc{ e ih{ek~`{&
cw~e{chïc eh disue& cw~e{chïc eh cwehc y ocnewc& cw~e{chïc eh oc~ewicf ~weh|cn`&
}iw`jwcgcn`{& ~cffcn`{ eh ocnewc& cw~e{chïc eh wcïke{& k`hdekkiûh eh }wehnc{ ne te{~iw y
l`yewïc(
IKC< [e ach ineh~idikcn` 33 fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{& gi{u~ewïc& l`yewïc& kewãoikc cf dwï`& kewãoikc
cfdcwewïc& kuew`& lujue~ewïc& ouegfe{ ~elin`{& kewãoikc cf dwï` y luhk`& cn`wh`{ ocwih`{&
ocnewc& ~cffcn`{ eh }ienwc(
LUHÏH< [e ach ineh~idikcn` =9 fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{& ~elin`{ }fch`{& ~elin`{ ne }uh~`& oc~e{
guwifcn`{& wdegwewïc& kuew`{& }efe~ewïc& ochucfincne{& gi{u~ewïc& kewãoikc(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc ;5
FC FIGEW^CN< [e ach ineh~idikcn` 7> fïhec{ ne }w`nukkiûh cw~e{chcf& ~cfe{ k`o`<
^wcgcl`{ eh oe~cf< gi{u~ewïc& wdegwewïc& {ifue~c{ ne cfcogwc(
^wcgcl`{ eh oihewcfe{< kewãoikc& o`fne{ ne ye{`(^wcgcl`{ eh ocnewc< ~cffcn`{& lujue~e{ nek`wc~it`{& y enukc~it`{ eh ~wi}fey& e{kuf~uwc{ eh
ocnewc(
^wcgcl`{ eh kuew`< ~cfcgcw~ewïc& }wehnc{ ne te{~iw y cw~ïkuf`{ nitew{`{& cw~ïkuf`{ eh gcnchc&
we}ulcn` eh kuew` y {uefc(
K`hdekki`he{< ~elin`{ c oãsuihc g`wncn`{ c och`& ochucfincne{ c ~efcw& }cfiff`& kw`kae~& ~efcw
y dwig`fi~é& te{~in`{ ~ï}ik`{ ne ocwihewc& ~elin`{ c ~efcw& g`wncn`{ eh cf~` wefiete(
Nigul`{ y }ih~uwc{< {ewijwcdïc& }ih~uwc eh ~eq~uwc eh cf~` y gcl` wefiete(
Digwc{ teje~cfe{< kcgcffi~`{ ne ~`~`wc& k`hdekkiûh ne }chewc{& }ch~cffc{& }i{`{(
Cw~e{chïc nitew{c< ih{~wuoeh~`{ ou{ikcfe{& }iw`jwcgcn`{& oc~e{ guwifcn`{& ~wcgcl`{ eh }c}ef
ockaé y }ewjcoih`(
FCOGCYESUE< [e ach ineh~idikcn` 3= fïhec{ ne }w`nukkiûh cw~e{chcf< kuew` y ~cfcgcw~ewïc&
digwc teje~cf& wdegwewïc& aifcn`{& ~elin`{& g`wncn`{& kewãoikc& ocnewc& lujue~ewïc& cn`wh`{ y
gi{u~ewïc(
F@WE^@< [e ach ineh~idikcn` 3; fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{ ne }w`nukkiûh cw~e{chcf< gi{u~ewïc&
~`whecn` y ~cffcn` eh }cf` {chjwe& ~cffcn` y }ih~uwc eh }cf` gcf{c& ~elin`{ y ockwcoé&
ih{~wuoeh~`{ ou{ikcfe{& kewãoikc hc~itc& kewãoikc weji`hcf& }ih~uwc{ coc|ûhikc{& ~elin`{ ne
oiogwe !ouegfe{)& iocjihewïc eh digwc{& cwk`{ y fch|c{ nek`wcnc{& ocwckc{& oc~e{ guwifcn`{ y
~cqinewoic(
OCNWE NE NI@[< [e ach ineh~idikcn` =4 fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{ ne }w`nukkiûh cw~e{chcf< cw~e{chïc
hc~itc !dfekac{& k`ffcwe{& cwk`{& fch|c{& {aikwc{& cgchik`{)& ~elin`{ eh k`w~e|c y digwc{ teje~cfe{&
~elin`{ eh ycwihc }cwc ~eka`{ ne titiehnc& ~cffcn`{ eh ocnewc& kewãoikc y ouegfe{ eh ocnewc(
O@SUEJUC< [e ach ineh~idikcn` 35 fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{& ~cfe{ k`o`< }wehnc{ ne te{~iw& }uew~c{
y teh~chc{ ne ocnewc& kcf|cn` y cw~ïkuf`{ ne kuew`& ~elin` ne }uh~`& ouegfe{ ne ocnewc&
cw~ïkuf`{ ne oe~cf& }w`nuk~`{ ne kcwwi|`& e{~co}cn`{& lujue~ewïc& g`f{`{ y ocfe~c{& ~c}ike{ y
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc ;4
cfd`ogwc{& kewewïc& kewãoikc& aifcn`{ ne digwc& l`yewïc(
]C[K@< [e ach ineh~idikcn` 3: fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{& ~cfe{ k`o`< ~eq~ifewïc& kcw}ih~ewïc& difijwchc
eh k`gwe& ~cffcn`{ eh ocnewc& }wehnc{ ne te{~iw& }fc~ewïc& }efe~ewïc& kewãoikc& lujue~ewïc y
ochucfincne{& digwc ne we{ihc& ~cfcgcw~ewïc& dieww` d`wlcn`& digwc{ teje~cfe{& cw~ïkuf`{ eh
{eoiffc& ~cffcn` ne wcïke{& gi{u~ewïc& ~cqinewoic(
]IUWC< [e ach ineh~idikcn` 3; fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{& ~cfe{ k`o`< ~elin`{ }fch`{& ~elin`{ eh digwc
teje~cf& ~elin`{ ne }uh~`& ~c}ike{ y cfd`ogwc{& }wehnc{ ne te{~iw& cw~ïkuf`{ ne kuew`& kcf|cn`&
~`whecn` ne ocnewc& ouegfe{ ~elin`{ ne }clc& kewãoikc& cw~ïkuf`{ eh ye{`& `wdegwewïc&
lujue~e{ ne ~efc y `~w`{(
]UH@< [e ach ineh~idikcn` =1 fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{& ~cfe{ k`o`< ~elin` ne }uh~`& ~elin`{ }fch`{&
g`wncnuwc& kewãoikc& }efe~ewïc& ih{~wuoeh~`{ ou{ikcfe{& ke{~ewïc y a`lcfc~ewïc(
[CH OCW^ÏH< [e ach ineh~idikcn` =: fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{& ~cfe{ k`o`< kewãoikc& ~elin`{ ne }clc
g`og`hcle& ~cwle~c{ ne }fuoc{& cw~e{chïc ek`fûjikc !~wcgcl`{ eh wcïke{& {eoiffc{& aue{`& e~k()&
}c}ef aeka` c och`& ~cffcn`{ eh ocnewc y lujue~ewïc(
^CKHC< [e ach ineh~idikcn` =4 fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{& ~cfe{ k`o`< ~c}ike{ y cfd`ogwc{& ~elin` ne
}uh~` y jchkaiff`& ouegfe{ ne luhsuiff` y oiogwe& cw~ïkuf`{ ne k`gwe / gw`hke / hïsuef& ocwk`{
~cffcn`{& kewãoikc cf dwï`(
^UOGE[< [e ach ineh~idikcn` 37 fïhec{ cw~e{chcfe{& ~cfe{ k`o`< digwc teje~cf !}c{cyc)&
ne{eka`{ ocwih`{& df`wewïc& ~cffcn`{ eh ocnewc& }ih~uwc{ cf ûfe`& lujue~ewïc& }ewfewïc&
}ewjcoih`& kewãoikc cf dwï`& {ewijwcdïc& cw~ïkuf`{ eh tinwi`& ~eq~if(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc ;:
5(; @}`w~uhincne{& D`w~cfe|c{& Coehc|c{ y Negifincne{ nef [ek~`w Cw~e{chcf
D@W^CFE\C[ NEGIFINCNE[
]we{ewtckiûh ne k`{~uogwe{ y ~wcniki`he{
chke{~wcfe{(
]we{~iji` cw~e{chcf y wek`h`kioieh~` c hitef
hcki`hcf e ih~ewhcki`hcf(
Efetcnc kwec~itincn y acgifincn auochc(
Oc~ewic }wioc ni{}`higfe f`kcfoeh~e(
Teh~clc ne nitew{incn ne fïhec{ }w`nuk~itc{(
Gcl`{ k`{~`{ ne och` ne `gwc(
Gcl` hitef `wjchi|c~it` y c{`kic~it`(
We{i{~ehkic cf kcogi`!o`nidikãhn`{e cf
o`oeh~`)(
Gcl` hitef ~ekh`fûjik`(
Cf~c ne}ehnehkic eq~ewhc eh ni{eó`{(
K`hkeh~wckiûh eh }`k`{ kchcfe{ ne
k`oewkicfi|ckiûh(
Efetcnc ihd`wocfincn(
Nidïkif ckke{` cf dihchkicoieh~`(
Och` ne `gwc h` ~ekhidikcnc(
COEHC\C[ @]@W^UHINCNE[
]c~w`he{ ne k`h{uo` kcogich~e{(
Ehkcwekioieh~` ne fc oc~ewic }wioc(
Ioi~ckiûh y k`}ic ne }w`nuk~`{ y ni{eó`{
~wcniki`hcfe{(
Kwekieh~e ih~ewé{ ne lûtehe{ cw~e{ch`{ eh
c{`kicw{e(
Ocy`w neochnc ne }w`nuk~`{ wü{~ik`{ y
aeka`{ c och`(
Kwekieh~e c}`y` ne `wjchi{o`{ }ügfik`{ y
}witcn`{(
Kwekieh~e neochnc ne }w`nuk~`{ u~ifi~cwi`{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc ;1
IH^EWTEHKIÛH NEF J@GIEWH@
5(> Fc Fey Nef Cw~e{ch` Y Nef Ne{cww`ff` Ne Fc Ck~itincn
]cwc wek`h`kew {u{ tiw~une{ k`o` k`h{~wuk~`w ne ineh~incne{ y d`wocn`w ne ~wcniki`he{
kuf~uwcfe{& ef K`hjwe{` ne fc We}ügfikc }w`oufjû& ef =: ne Luhi` nef 7==:& fc Fey nef Cw~e{ch`
y nef Ne{cww`ff` ne fc Ck~itincn Cw~e{chcf( K`h effc {e we{kc~c c e{~`{ }w`de{i`hcfe{ nef cw~e
}`}ufcw k`o` dcgwikch~e{ ne efeoeh~`{ ne tcf`w cjwejcn`& c f`{ ~i}`{ ne cw~e{chïc sue
efcg`wch !~wcniki`hcf e ihh`tcnc& e{~c üf~ioc k`h uhc kfcwc duhkiûh u~ifi~cwic) y {e nedihe fcoi{iûh nef E{~cn` k`o` }w`o`~`w ne nikac ck~itincn ek`hûoikc !k`h dewic{ y n`{ k`hkuw{`{
chucfe{ eh ~`n` ef }cï{)( C{ï oi{o`& j`|cwãh ne uh wéjioeh e{}ekicf ne {ejuwincn {`kicf y
cneoã{ ne fc }`{igifincn ne ih~ejwcw y nekiniw eh ef K`h{el` Hcki`hcf ne D`oeh~` Cw~e{chcf& ef
kucf negewã ~cogiéh d`wocw{e eh fc{ nideweh~e{ weji`he{ nef }cï{ k`h ef h`ogwe ne K`h{el`
Weji`hcf ne D`oeh~` Cw~e{chcf(
5(>(3 ]uh~`{ Io}`w~ch~e{
Ef 39 ne ocw|` due ef nïc e{k`jin` }cwc kefegwcw `dikicfoeh~e ef Nïc nef Cw~e{ch`
Fc fey e{~cgfeke fc kweckiûh nef K`h{el` Hcki`hcf ne D`oeh~` Cw~e{chcf y {ewã ih~ejwcn`
}`w 33 duhki`hcwi`{ ne f`{ oihi{~ewi`{ ne K`oewki` Eq~ewi`w& ]w`nukkiûh& Enukckiûh& IHK y
eh~incne{ tihkufcnc{ cf {ek~`w(
Ef }fc|` ne kweckiûh nef k`h{el` e{ ne 4= nïc{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc ;9
5(>(7 Weji{~w` ne f`{ cw~e{ch`{
C {u te|& fc huetc fey e{~cgfeke sue ef Oihi{~ewi` ne K`oewki` Eq~ewi`w y ^uwi{o`& eh
k``wnihckiûh k`h f`{ J`giewh`{ Weji`hcfe{ y f`{ J`giewh`{ F`kcfe{ y f`{ {ek~`we{ we{}ek~it`{&
negewïch& e{~cgfekewïch ef Weji{~w` Hcki`hcf nef Cw~e{ch`& k`h f` kucf f`{ cw~e{ch`{ }`nwïch
ckkenew c gehediki`{ k`o` ef wek`h`kioieh~` ne {u{ neweka`{ ih~efek~ucfe{ c ~wcté{ ne f`{
Kew~idikcn`{ ne Cu~`wïc Cw~e{chcf& sue }`nwã eoi~iw fc Niwekkiûh ne Cw~e{chïc& eh k``wnihckiûh
k`h f`{ J`giewh`{ weji`hcfe{ y f`kcfe{(
5(5 Ef Oihi{~ewi` ne K`oewki` Eq~ewi`w y ^uwi{o` !OIHKE^UW)
Ef j`giewh` }ewuch` k`h{inewc heke{cwi` sue ef ne{cww`ff` ne fc ck~itincn cw~e{chcf tcyc ne fc
och` k`h fc }w`yekkiûh nef kwekioieh~` ~uwï{~ik`( Eh e{~e {eh~in`& ef Oihi{~ewi` ne K`oewki`
Eq~ewi`w y ^uwi{o` kueh~c k`h uhc Niwekkiûh Hcki`hcf ne Cw~e{chïc& neh~w` ne {u
Tikeoihi{~ewi` ne ^uwi{o`& fc kucf gu{kc ffetcw c kcg` ckki`he{ sue k`h~wiguych edikc|oeh~e c
d`w~cfekew& io}uf{cw y ne{cww`ffcw ef {ek~`w cw~e{chcf ne hue{~w` }cï{(
C{ï oi{o`& ef OIHKE^UW ac }w`}ikicn` y }w`}ikic fc kweckiûh ne f`{ Keh~w`{ ne Ihh`tckiûh
^ekh`fûjikc ne Cw~e{chïc y ^uwi{o` /KI^E{& ih{~i~uki`he{ sue ~wcgclch }cwc efetcw fc
k`o}e~i~itincn ne fc }w`nukkiûh cw~e{chcf eh f`{ oewkcn`{ eq~ewh`& ih~ewh` y ~uwï{~ik`& c{ï
k`o` eh ef d`oeh~` nef ne{cww`ff` ~uwï{~ik` ne fc{ |`hc{ cfencóc{& eh {u ocy`wïc wuwcfe{&
n`hne e{~`{ keh~w`{ {e e{~cgfekeh( E{~`{ KI^E{ e{~ãh cw~ikufcn`{& gcl` ef ãogi~` ne
k`o}e~ehkic nef OIHKE^UW& c ~wcté{ ne fc @dikihc ^ékhikc ne Keh~w`{ ne Ihh`tckiûh
^ekh`fûjikc ne Cw~e{chïc y ^uwi{o` ‛ @^KI^E{& eh~e dckifi~cn`w ne e{~`{ keh~w`{& kuy` dih e{
d`w~cfekewf`{ }cwc ef kuo}fioieh~` ne {u{ `gle~it`{& eh wefckiûh c fc ~wch{dewehkic e ihh`tckiûh
~ekh`fûjikc c f`{ cw~e{ch`{ y ef c}`y` sue fe{ gwihnc }cwc ef cuoeh~` ne {u }w`nuk~itincn y
k`o}e~i~itincn2 k`h~wiguyehn` cf ihkweoeh~` ne }ue{~`{ ne ~wcgcl` y c fc wenukkiûh ne fc
}`gwe|c eh ef ãogi~` ne ckkiûh ne kcnc KI^E(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc >=
5(4 Kc}cki~cw ef ~cfeh~` }cwc ef ne{cww`ff` ne fc ihnu{~wic
E{ k`htehieh~e sue f`{ cw~e{ch`{ {e kc}cki~eh }cwc sue {u{ }w`nuk~`{ {e cnc}~eh c fc{
eqijehkic{ nef oewkcn` y f`jweh uhc ocy`w }we{ehkic k`oewkicf( Eh e{e {eh~in`& {e
wek`oiehnch sue fc cw~e{chïc negc kwecw& k`h`kiehn` f`{ ju{~`{ ne f`{ k`o}wcn`we{ }cwc
`dwekewfe{ uh }w`nuk~` u~ifi~cwi` ck`wne k`h {u{ }wedewehkic{(
Ne ijucf o`n`& e{ heke{cwi` sue f`{ cw~e{ch`{ ochucfe{ f`jweh uh gueh ckcgcn` eh {u{
}ie|c{& f` kucf efetcwã fc kcfincn nef }w`nuk~`(
F` inecf e{ sue kcnc }ie|c {e }we{eh~e eh gueh e{~cn`( ]`w eleo}f`& uh g`wncn` h` nege
~ehew aif`{ {uef~`{ ` e{~cw ne{}ih~cn`(
@~w` c{}ek~` wefetch~e e{ sue negeh ~wcgclcw ~`n`{ {u{ }w`nuk~`{ }cwc sue {ech duhki`hcfe{(
E{ nekiw& h` {`f` {e ~wc~c ne `dwekew cw~ïkuf`{ }cwc nek`wcw& {ih` sue }uench u{cw{e }cwc
ni{~ih~`{ dihe{(
F`{ cw~e{ch`{ ~cogiéh negeh }we`ku}cw{e }`w {ew oã{ k`o}e~i~it`{& ck`hniki`hcw{e c fc{
eqijehkic{ y ~ehnehkic{ nef oewkcn`& }cwc f` kucf e{ ti~cf sue }cw~iki}eh eh dewic{
e{}ekicfi|cnc{ !k`o` fc{ sue `wjchi|c ]W@O]EQ)(
E{~cw }we{eh~e{ eh e{~e ~i}` ne ehkueh~w`{ fe{ }ewoi~iwã }we{eh~cw y etcfucw h` {`f` {u
}w`nuk~`& {ih` ~cogiéh k`h`kew fc{ eqijehkic{ nef oewkcn`(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc >3
5(4(3 ]w`jwcoc Ne Kc}cki~ckiûh
Jwcdik` h½3>
5(: Neochnc eh fc Cw~e{chïc
A`y eh nïc& f`{ }ewuch`{ e{~ãh wetcf`wchn` f`{ }w`nuk~`{ cw~e{chcfe{2 sue d`woc }cw~e ne {u
kuf~uwc& ne {u }w`}ic ineh~incn2 {iehn` c{ï sue ef k`h{uo` ne e{~`{ }w`nuk~`{ ac kwekin`( Nefoi{o` o`n`& ef ~uwi{o` eh hue{~w` }cï{ e{~ã kwekiehn` y k`o` k`h{ekuehkic ne eff` fc{
}ew{`hc{ ti{i~ch~e{ {e suench ocwctiffcn`{ k`h f`{ }w`nuk~`{ cw~e{chcfe{ !tc{ilc{ ne
kewãoikc& ka`o}c{ ne fchc& g`f{`{ ne cf}ckc& e~k() sue `dwekeh& ackiehn` sue fc neochnc ne
e{~`{ cuoeh~`(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc >7
5(1 K@HKFU[I@HE[ Y WEK@OEHNCKI@HE[
5(1(3 K`hkfu{i`he{
Fc cw~e{chïc& c nidewehkic ne `~w`{ {ek~`we{& h` }we{eh~c uhc e{~cki`hcfincn ouy ocwkcnc&}`w f` sue we}`w~c ~c{c{ ne kwekioieh~` }wãk~ikcoeh~e ~`n`{ f`{ oe{e{ nef có`(
F`{ cw~e{ch`{ {`h }`{een`we{ ne uhc ne{~we|c ochucf sue& k`h uhc
ihoeh{c kwec~itincn e ihjehi`& {`h kc}cke{ ne ~wch{d`wocw f`{ oc~ewicfe{
oã{ {ehkiff`{ eh `gwc{ nijhc{ ne cnoiwckiûh sue {c~i{dckeh h` {`fcoeh~e
heke{incne{ oc~ewicfe{& {ih` {`gwe ~`n` fc{ heke{incne{ e{}iwi~ucfe{ ne
uhc k`ouhincn(
Ef ~wcgcl` nef cw~e{ch` e{~ã {iehn` wek`h`kin` ~ch~` hitef hcki`hcf& yc sue ef e{~cn` ac
e{~cgfekin` {u{ neweka`{ e ihkfu{ite ac nekfcwcn` ef '39 ne ocw|`' k`o` ef 'Nïc nef
Cw~e{ch`'(
Fc `dew~c ne fc cw~e{chïc ac kwekin`& negin` c fc cyunc nef j`giewh` y nef {ek~`w }witcn`&
sue f`{ kc}cki~e }cwc sue `dwe|kch }w`nuk~` ne kcfincn(
Fc cw~e{chïc jehewc `}`w~uhincn ne ~wcgcl` eh f`{ {ek~`we{ oã{ }`gwe{
Fc neochnc ne fc cw~e{chïc ac kwekin`& ~ch~` eh ef oewkcn` f`kcf k`o` eh ef ~uwï{~ik`(
5(1(7 Wek`oehncki`he{
3( Fc{ }esueóc{ eo}we{c{ nef {ek~`w cw~e{chcf h` ~ieheh `}`w~uhincn {i e{~ãh {`fc{( Negeh
uhiw{e y ~wcgclcw eh fïhec{ k`o}feoeh~cwic{(
7( Negeh ~wcgclcw k`h{inewchn` fc }w`}ue{~c ne ni{eócn`we{ cf nïc k`h fc{ üf~ioc{
~ehnehkic{ nef oewkcn` }cwc kwecw huet`{ ni{eó`{(
;( Negeh }w`de{i`hcfi|cw fc{ k`o}wc{ ne oc~ewic }wioc& }ue{ hcnie kew~idikc {u kcfincn !eh
ef kc{` ne fc }fc~c)( E{` we}ewku~e eh fc k`hdicgifincn ne fc eq}`w~ckiûh(
>( ^cogiéh {e negeh }w`de{i`hcfi|cw f`{ ~cffewe{ y wecfi|cw }w`jwcoc{ ne kc}cki~ckiûh }cwc
ef oewkcn` f`kcf& cneoã{ ne io}feoeh~cw }w`jwcoc{ ne e{~chncwi|ckiûh ne fc kcfincn ne
oc~ewic }wioc(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc >;
4( ]FCH E[^WC^EJIK@ NE FC EO]WE[C(
Uhc eo}we{c 3== % ]ewuchc sue ac ne{cww`ffcn` uh o`nef ne }w`nukkiûh y
k`oewkicfi|ckiûh ne }w`nuk~`{ ihh`tcn`we{ y kwec~it`{& sue e{~cwã ugikcnc eh ef ni{~wi~` ne
Oiwcdf`we{& Fioc/]ewü& k`h ef dih ne {c~i{dckew fc neochnc f`kcf k`h }w`nuk~`{ ne cf~`{
e{~ãhncwe{ ne kcfincn(
K`h~co`{ k`h c{e{`wïc }fehcoeh~e kcfidikcnc y eq}ewiehkic heke{cwic }cwc efcg`wcw }w`nuk~`{
eqkfu{it`{& gcl` cf~`{ e{~ãhncwe{ ne kcfincn(
Hue{~wc eo}we{c }w`ouete ef k`oewki` {`kicfoeh~e lu{~`& cf ih~ejwcw ~`nc{ fc{ }cw~e{
iht`fukwcnc{ eh fc }w`nukkiûh y k`oewkicfi|ckiûh(
Fc jcwch~ïc ne kcfincn ne hue{~w`{ }w`nuk~`{ y ef {ewtiki` sue gwihnco`{ c hue{~w`{ kfieh~e{&
e{~ãh we{}cfncn`{ }`w hue{~wc ocwkc(
4(3( TI[IÛH[ew uhc eo}we{c }`{iki`hcnc {ûfincoeh~e eh ef oewkcn` k`h }fche{ c eq}`w~cw eh ; có`{(
4(7( OI[IÛH
Ackew ffejcw cf }ügfik` hue{~wc kuf~uwc aekac cw~e& k`o}w`oe~iehn` hue{~wc kwec~itincn e
ihjehi` k`h eff`& {ieo}we ih~eh~cn` {u}ewcw {u{ eq}ek~c~itc{ k`h uh }w`nuk~` cf~coeh~e
nidewehkicn` k`h f`{ yc eqi{~eh~e{ eh ef oewkcn`(
4(;( @GLE^IT@[ E[^WC^ÉJIK@[(
Ihkeh~itcw y jehewcw kuwi`{incn }`w fc ihh`tcn`wc }w`}ue{~c ne uhc eo}we{c sue c}ue{~c
}`w ef ne{cww`ff`& kweãhn`fe fc heke{incn cf k`h{uoin`w ne cnsuiwiw hue{~w`& ehdc~i|chn`
sue e{ uh }w`nuk~` kwec~it`& `wijihcf& ihh`tcn`w y }`k` k`oüh eh e{~e eh~`wh` k`oewkicf(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc >>
E{ {ew uhc eo}we{c wek`h`kinc }`w eh~wejcw cf kfieh~e uh }w`nuk~` h`ten`{`& k`h kcfincn
y ni{eó`{ `wijihcfe{ ne nch|c{ ~ï}ikc{ ne kcnc wejiûh nef ]ewü eh ef oeh`w ~ieo}` }`{igfe
Jehewcw ef wek`h`kioieh~` ne hue{~wc ocwkc& c}w`tekachn` ef kwekioieh~ nef ~uwi{o` y c
fc te| kuo}fiw k`h f`{ `gle~it`{ }fch~ecnc{ }`w fc eo}we{c
Ne{cww`ffcw uh ocy`w kwekioieh~` ne fc kcfincn
Jehewcw k`{~`{ k`o}e~i~it`{(
4(;(3 ‛ C K@W^@ ]FC\@<
Oel`wcw fc ihdwce{~wuk~uwc ne f`kcf(
Ihkweoeh~` ne hue{~wc{ teh~c{(
C}fikcw uh {i{~eoc ne e{~ioufckiûh }cwc f`{ k`fcg`wcn`we{ sue c}cfchsue ef
F`jw` ne f`{ `gle~it`{(
K`h~wiguiw cf ne{cww`ff` }ew{`hcf y }w`de{i`hcf ne hue{~w`{ ~wcgclcn`we{& oenich~e
kc}cki~cki`he{ }cwc uhc oel`w c~ehkiûh }ew{`hcfi|cnc ackic ef kfieh~e(
D`wocw cfich|c{ e{~wc~éjikc{ k`h hue{~w`{ }w`teen`we{ k`h fc dihcfincn ne `g~ehew
}w`nuk~`{ ne guehc kcfincn& oel`w }weki` y cf o`oeh~` sue uh` wesuiewc(
Co}fickiûh ne hue{~wc{ {ukuw{cfe{ c hitef f`kcf(
4(;(7/ C OENICH@ ]FC\@<
Weku}ewcw hue{~w` kc}i~cf ne ihtew{iûh(
Wek`h`kioieh~` ne hue{~wc ocwkc c hitef f`kcf
Och~ehew uh kfioc eo}we{cwicf cgiew~` y ne k`hdich|c sue }w`ouetc fc oel`wc k`h~ihuc(
Jehewcw u~ifincne{ }cwc och~ehew fc {`fine| dihchkiewc(
Eq}`w~cw eh 3 có`(
4(;(;/C FCWJ@ ]FC\@<
@g~ehew uhc ocy`w weh~cgifincn(
Jehewcw ocy`we{ u~ifincne{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc >5
4(>( E[^WC^EJIC[ NEF HEJ@KI@
[e c}fikcwc fc e{~wc~ejic ne nidewehkickiûh ne fc {ijuieh~e ochewc
@dwekewã cf oewkcn` uh h`ten`{` }w`nuk~` y {ewtiki`& k`h ni{eó`{ nideweh~e{ cneoã{ nef
f`j` ne fc eo}we{c& ehd`kãhn`h`{ eh hue{~w`{ }`{igfe{ k`h{uoin`we{& e{ nekiw& sue e{~`{
ni{eó`{ {ewãh efcg`wcn`{ k`h hue{~wc }w`}ic ocwkc& fc kucf acwïc uh }w`nuk~` oã{
ffcoc~it`(
Hue{~w` }wihki}cf `gle~it` c wecfi|cw e{ ef cuoeh~` ne fc{ teh~c{& io}feoeh~cn`
}w`o`ki`he{& nidu{iûh ne hue{~w` e{~cgfekioieh~` oenich~e cdikae{ eh |`hc{ e{~wc~éjikc{
k`o` f`{ {`h [ch I{inw` y Oiwcdf`we{ cneoã{ cócniweo`{ c e{~` fc }we{eh~ckiûh ne
hue{~w`{ }w`nuk~`{ eh dewic{ f`kcfe{ }w`ti{i`hcfe{(
Hue{~wc }cw~iki}ckiûh eh ef oewkcn` k`h{i{~iwã eh gc{e c k`htehi`{ e{~wc~éjik`{ k`h
f`kcfe{ sue d`oeh~eh fc nitew{incn ne hue{~wc kuf~uwc& k`o` f` {`h fc{ ~iehnc{ ne
cfsuifewe{ ne ~wcle{ ~ï}ik`{ y cw~e{chcfe{& ~iehnc{ ne wejcf`{ y tïc ocif(
C}fikcweo`{ fc e{~wc~ejic ne nidewehkickiûh }`w f`{ ni{eó`{ ne hue{~w`{ }w`nuk~`{& c
oeninc sue tco`{ weku}ewchn` hue{~w` kc}i~cf ne ihtew{iûh& iweo`{ ihh`tchn` }cwc
{ejuiw nidewehkiãhn`h`{ ne hue{~wc k`o}e~ehkic(
4(5( DUEH^E[ JEHEWCN@WC[ NE TEH^CLC[ K@O]E^I^ITC[
Fc nidewehkickiûh ne hue{~w`{ ni{eó`{< Hue{~wc{ ouóekc{ c fc a`wc ne }`hewfc{ c fc teh~c {ewã
k`h uh ni{eó` `wijihcf e ih~ewe{ch~e sue {ewãh we}we{eh~c~it`{ ne kcnc wejiûh e{` acwã sue ef
}w`nuk~` {e h`~e ouka` oã{ c~wck~it` }cwc f`{ kfieh~e{ c suiehe{ h`{ e{~co`{ niwijiehn`(
Fc Nidewehkickiûh nef {ewtiki`< k`h uhc c~ehkiûh e{oewcnc y cocgfe(
[eweo`{ ef }uh~` ne teh~c OÃ[ ck`jen`w y cjwcncgfe ne fc |`hc([eweo`{ ef e{~cgfekioieh~` sue OÃ[ {e }we`ku}c }`w {u{ kfieh~e{& nûhne wekigeh fc
OEL@W c~ehkiûh y cyunc
Fc nidewehkickiûh nef }w`nuk~`< `dwekeweo`{ hue{~w`{ }w`nuk~`{ ~ehiehn` eh kueh~c sue
hue{~wc k`o}e~ehkic h` `dweke f` oi{o`(
Fc nidewehkickiûh nef }ew{`hcf< {efekki`hcweo`{ cf }ew{`hcf inûhe` {ejüh ef }ewdif nef kcwj`&
y {ewãh kc}cki~cn`{ k`h{~ch~eoeh~e }cwc gwihncw uhc oel`w c~ehkiûh cf kfieh~e(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc >4
CHCFI[I[ D@NC NE FC EO]WE[C<
D@NC ‛ NCD@
D@W^CFE\C[<3( ]w`nuk~` huet` ihh`tcn`w ne
eqkefeh~e kcfincn(
7( ]ew{`hcf kc}cki~cn` y
e{}ekicfi|cn`(
;( [ewtiki` }ew{`hcfi|cn` cf
kfieh~e(
>( U{` ne ocwkc }w`}ic y
wek`h`kioieh~` }`w f`{
~uwi{~c{(
NEGIFINCNE[<3( H` k`h`keh fc ocwkc(
7( Ef f`kcf h` e{ ne hue{~wc
}w`}iencn y oeh{ucfoeh~e
{e }cjc uh cwwiehn`(
;( Dcf~c ne ihd`wockiûh ne f`{
kfieh~e{ c fc a`wc ne edek~ucw
fc k`o}wc !huetc ocwkc y uh
huet` }w`nuk~`)(
@]@W^UHINCNE[<
3( ^ehew }w`teen`we{ sue
h`{ }uench ncw oc~ewic
}wioc c oel`we{ k`{~`{(
7( Kwekioieh~` nef
oewkcn`(
;( Fc k`o}e~ehkic h`
`dweke f` oi{o`(
D3 @3< ~ehew }w`nuk~`{ k`h
cf~`{ e{~ãhncwe{ ne kcfincn c
gcl`{ k`{~`{(
D7 @7 D;< ackew sue hue{~w`{
k`fcg`wcn`we{ e{~éh
}we}cwcn`{ }cwc gwihncw uh
gueh {ewtiki` cf kfieh~e(
D> @;< `dwekeweo`{ uh
}w`nuk~` ihh`tcn`w y huet` k`h
ocwkc }w`}ic(
N3 @3< D`wocfi|cw cfich|c{
e{~wc~éjikc{ k`h hue{~w`{
}w`teen`we{(
N7 @7< E{~cgfekewh`{ k`h
hue{~w` }w`}i` f`kcf }cwc fuej`
eq}chniwh`{(
N;@;< E{~cgfekioieh~` sue {e
}we`ku}c }`w {u kfieh~e& eh
gwihncw fc ihd`wockiûh heke{cwic
{`gwe ef }w`nuk~`(
COEHC\C[<
3( Kwekioieh~` nef
oewkcn` !k`o}e~ehkic)(
7( K`o}e~ehkic sue ~iehe
oã{ tcwiencn eh
}w`nuk~`{ cw~e{chcfe{(;( [`o`{ uhc eo}we{c
huetc(
D3C3< C}fikcweo`{ hue{~w`{
k`h`kioieh~`{ }cwc c{ï f`jwcw
}`{iki`hcwh`{ !ihh`tckiûh
k`h{~ch~e)(
D> C7< U{co`{ hue{~w`{
}w`}i`{ ni{eó`{ y hue{~wc }w`}icocwkc(
D7 C;D;< Fc nidewehkic k`h ef
{ewtiki` }ew{`hcfi|cn` e{` acwã
sue hue{~wc eo}we{c {e
nidewehkie ne f`{ neoã{(
N3C;< [`o`{ huet`{ e{` acwã
sue fc eo}we{c {ec ouka` oã{
k`o}e~i~itc(
N;C7< Gwihncweo`{ }w`nuk~`{
ne kcfincn y `wijihcfe{
!ihh`tckiûh k`h{~ch~e)(N7C3< Jehewcw ocy`we{
u~ifincne{ }cwc c{ï co}ficwh`{ c
`~w`{ ni{~wi~`{ ne fioc
!{ukuw{cfe{)(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc >:
Kc}i~uf` II
!]fch ne ocwbe~ihj& `gle~it`{ ne
ocwbe~ihj)
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc >1
:(/]fch ne ocwbe~ihj y {u{ `gle~it`{<
]cwc fc ne~ewoihckiûh ne }w`hû{~ik` ne teh~c{ eh hue{~wc ~iehnc Yoc [uock aeo`{
k`h{inewcn` ef oewkcn` }`~ehkicf ni{}`higfe& y `gle~it`& c{ï k`o` fc{ teh~c{ eq}we{cnc{ eh{`fe{(
[e ~iehe }fchecn` tehnew hue{~wc{ ouóekc{ eh ef ni{~wi~` Oiwcdf`we{!n`hne e{~cwã ugikcnc
hue{~wc ~iehnc) sue e{ k`hkuwwin` }wihki}cfoeh~e }`w hue{~w` }ügfik` `gle~it` sue {`h f`{
~uwi{~c{& y fc jeh~e ocy`w ne ;5 có`{ sue ju{~eh ne fc{ cw~e{chïc{& }ue{ cfj` sue dct`wekewã
{ih nunc cfjuhc e{ ef ihkweoeh~` nef ~uwi{o` ck~ucf eh ef ]ewü( H`{ gc{co`{ c nekiw e{~`
{ejüh e{~uni`{ wecfi|cn`{ }`w OIHKE^UW k`o` f` oue{~wc eh uh wek`w~e }ugfikcn` acke
}`k`& sue {e oue{~wc c k`h~ihuckiûh<
Cfwenen`w ne 7&: oiff`he{ ne ~uwi{~c{ ti{i~cwãh ]ewü eh ef 7=37& {u}ewchn` f`{ 7&4 oiff`he{ sue
{e ~iehe }weti{~` }cwc ef }we{eh~e có`& f` sue }ewoi~iwã kc}~cw ;(=== oiff`he{ ne nûfcwe{ eh
niti{c{& ihd`woû a`y ef Oihi{~ewi` ne K`oewki` Eq~ewi`w y ^uwi{o` !OIHKE^UW)(
Ef kwekioieh~` }weti{~` }cwc ef 7=33 we}we{eh~c uh ihkweoeh~` ne 3>&5 }`w kieh~` we{}ek~` c
f`{ 7&7: oiff`he{ ne ~uwi{~c{ sue ti{i~cw`h ef }cï{ nuwch~e ef 7=3=(
@GLE^IT@[ NE OCWBE^IHJ<
Ihkweoeh~cw fc{ teh~c{ c uh ;=% }`w kcnc có`
F`jwcw sue ef {ewtiki` sue gwihnco`{ c f`{ kfieh~e{ {ec ocy`w kcnc nïc y sue {e {ieh~ch
{c~i{deka`{ cf e{k`jew hue{~w`{ }w`nuk~`{(
Ihkweoeh~cw f`{ o`nef`{ y }ewdekki`hcw fc{ ouóekc{ }cwc ackewfc{ oã{ c~wck~itc{ y
ühikc{ eh ef oewkcn`(
Kc}~ckiûh ne huet`{ kfieh~e{(
F`jwcw fc {c~i{dckkiûh ne f`{ kfieh~e{
Eh uh du~uw` }`new eq}`w~cw hue{~w`{ }w`nuk~`{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc >9
Ocwbe~ihj oiq
Jwcdik` h½35
:(3/ fc oe|kfc ne ocwbe~ihj<
C(/ ]w`nuk~`<
@dwekeo`{ uh }w`nuk~` eqkfu{it`& huet` eh ef oewkcn`2 sue kugwiwã fc{ heke{incne{ ne csuef
}ügfik` k`h ju{~`{ oã{ sue eqijeh~e& sue oeweke h` {`f` kcfincn& {ih` sue h`{ }we`ku}eo`{
eh f`{ k`{~`{( Cneoã{ f`{ ne~cffe{ sue {e ihh`tcwch eh kcnc ni{eó` ne ouóekc{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 5=
Fc{ dc{e{ nef kikf` ne tinc ne hue{~w` }w`nuk~` {`h<
3(/ Fch|coieh~`
7(/ Kwekioieh~`
;(/ Ocnuwe|
>(/ Nekfite
5(/ Wefch|coieh~`
Jwcdik` h½34
Eh ef o`oeh~` nef nekfite nef }w`nuk~`& f` wefch|cweo`{ k`h }we{eh~cki`he{ nideweh~e{& yc
sue e{~c e~c}c ne nekfite ocy`woeh~e `kuwwiwã eh f`{ }ewi`n`{ ne gclc ne ~uwi{o`& cuhsue
e{~e }ewi`n` h` e{ nef ~`n` gcl`& yc sue fc ochewc ne k`h{uo` ne f`{ }ewuch`{ ac kcogicn`&
eh e{}ekicf fc ne k`h{uo` ne cw~e{chïc{& }ue{ ch~e{ ewc ouy }`k` c}wekicn`& }ew` k`h ef
ne{cww`ff` ne fc ihnu{~wic cw~e{chcf {e k`h{uoeh oã{ nika`{ }w`nuk~`{(
Eh e{~c e~c}c wefch|cweo`{ ef }w`nuk~` k`h nideweh~e{ }w`o`ki`he{& ~cogiéh k`o` fch|cw
huetc{ }we{eh~cki`he{ y huet`{ ni{eó`{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 53
D`~`{ ne hue{~wc{ ouóekc{
YOC [UOCK/OCNWE ]EWUCHC YOC [UOCK/ WECFE\C NEF ]EWU
YOC [UOCK/KU[SUEÓC YOC [UOCK/CHNCAUCYFC[
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 57
YOC [UOC/ OCWIHEWC YOC [UOCK/OI[[ ]EWU 7=33
Kcwck~ewï{~ikc{ ne f`{ }w`nuk~`{<
F`{ }w`nuk~`{& oc~ewicfe{& e~k(& eo}fecn`{ eh fc }w`nukkiûh& ehtc{cn` y neoã{
}w`ke{` }w`nuk~it` ne hue{~wc{ ouóekc{ {ewãh ne cf~c kcfincn& cneoã{ ne fc
ihh`tckiûh sue fe ncweo`{ c hue{~wc{ ouóekc{ eh ef oewkcn`(
Fc{ ouóekc{ c }w`nukiw {ewãh ühikc{ }`wsue te{~iweo`{ c fc Gcwgie ~wcniki`hcf k`h
~wcle{ ~ï}ik`{ }ewuch`{ e ihkfu{` ne gcife{ ~ï}ik`{ ne fc{ weji`he{ }ewuchc{(
[e `dew~cwc cw~ïkuf`{ ne k`fekkiûh ne fc ai{~`wic }ewuchc ~cf k`o` fc ne fc{ ~c}cnc{ eh
fc é}`kc tiwweihcf eh~we `~wc{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 5;
g(/ Ef }weki`
Ef }weki` }`w kcnc ouóekc {ewã ne [ 5=(== y :=(==(
Cneoã{ k`h~cweo`{ k`h uh kc~ãf`j` ne }weki`{ y o`nef`{ c{ï k`o` fc{ }w`o`ki`he{
sue e{~cwãh tijeh~e{ cf o`oeh~`(
]`w ihikicw {`f` {e u~ifi|cwã fc d`woc ne }cj` eh edek~it`& yc }`{~ewi`woeh~e {e k`h~cwc
k`h uh ]@[ }cwc sue {e }uench kchkefcw k`h ~cwle~c(
k(/ ni{~wigukiûh<
@dwekeo`{ ef {ewtiki` ne teh~c niwek~c cf kfieh~e& }`w f` sue cf eh~wcw c fc ~iehnc {e fe
gwihncwc fc cyunc heke{cwic sue {`fiki~e y fc ihd`wockiûh wesuewinc }cwc k`o}wehnew
hue{~wc kuf~uwc(
Fc{ ouóekc{ {e ehk`h~wcwch eh uhc ti~wihc ne eqaigikiûh c ti{~c nef kfieh~e }cwc sue
é{~e }uenc c}wekicwfc{ k`h ~`~cf k`hdich|c(
C{ï oi{o` {e ni{~wiguiwãh eh nitew{`{ a`~efe{ c ochewc ne cfich|c }cwc eqaigiwfc{ y
sue f`{ ~uwi{~c{ }uench ih~ewe{cw{e eh e{~c{(
^cogiéh }`nwãh ehk`h~wcw fc{ ouóesui~c{ eh `~wc{ ~iehnc{ ne cw~e{chïc{(
n(/ }w`o`kiûh y }ugfikincn<
wefcki`he{ }ügfikc{< {e gwihncwch d`ffe~`{ y neoã{ g`fe~ihe{ }cwc ncw k`h`kioieh~` cf
}ügfik` ne fc c}ew~uwc ne fc ~iehnc& c{ï k`o` f`{ o`nef`{ sue {e `dew~cwch y neoã{
~i}` ne ihd`wockiûh }cwc ffejcw cf f`kcf(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 5>
Ef d`ffe~` e{~cwã ni{eócn` ne uhc ochewc c~wck~itc y ffcoc~itc sue c~wcewã {ih nunc c
kfieh~e{ }ewuch`{ y eq~wchlew`{ c k`h`kew hue{~wc ~iehnc(
C fc{ }ew{`hc{ sue we}cw~ch f`{ g`fe~ihe{ {e fe{ ihnikcwc sue negeh eh~wejcw f`{
g`fe~ihe{ }wihki}cfoeh~e c ~uwi{~c{ }cwc kc}~cw ef }ügfik` `gle~it` cf sue tco`{
niwijin`(
Yoc [uock e{~cwã ~cogiéh eh fc{ wene{ {`kicfe{ ~cf k`o` Dckeg``b& ^zi~~ew& e~k(
:(7 NE[KWI]KI@H NEF ]W@NUK^@ @ [EWTIKI@
Yoc [uock `dweke cf oewkcn` y hue{~w` }ügfik` `gle~it` f`{ oel`we{ y oã{ tcwicn`{ o`nef`{
]ue{ acweo`{ nideweh~e{ o`nef`{ cfu{it`{ c fc{ e{~cki`he{ nef có` y c fc{ weji`he{ ~ï}ikc{ c{ï
k`o` c }ew{`hcle{ }ewuch`{ ne k`fekkiûh(
Nika`{ }w`nuk~`{ e{~ãh ck`o}cócn`{ ne o`newh`{ y ffcoc~it`{ ehtc{e{ sue oã{ sue uh
ehtc{e }cweke }cw~e ne fc nek`wckiûh nef oi{o`(
C{}ek~`{ ^ékhik`{ nef ]w`nuk~`<
]W@NUK^@<
` Nedihikiûh< Ouóekc{ Gcwgie k`h ni{eó`{ ne nch|c{ ~ï}ikc{ nef ]ewü(
` ^cocó`< [ewãh ne 7= ko(
Ocwkc<
Aeo`{ `}~cn` }`w ef h`ogwe ne YOC [UOCK }`w ef wek`h`kioieh~` ouhnicf
ne fc jwchni`{c {`}wch` \`ifc Cuju{~c Eo}ewc~wi| Kaãtcwwy nef Kc{~iff`& suieh
nelû eh cf~` ef h`ogwe ne hue{~w` }cï{ k`h {u{ ih~ew}we~cki`he{(
Cneoã{ nef {ijhidikcn` ne fc oi{oc }cfcgwc eh e{}có`f ‖sué fihnc‟& fc kucf
wedfelcwã fc geffe|c ne fc oulew ne kcnc wejiûh nef ]cï{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 55
‖YOC [UOCK‟
Feoc k`oewkicf<
‖geffe|c․k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc‟
F`j`~i}`<
:(7 NE[KWI]KI@H NEF ]W@NUK^@ @ [EWTIKI@
:(;(/ e{~wc~ejic ne }weki`{
Yoc [uock< {e dilû ef }weki` ~ehiehn` eh kueh~c ef k`{~` ne }w`nukkiûh y fc nihãoikc nef
oewkcn` ne cw}iffewÏc y cw~e{chïc{ }ewuchc(
]weki`{ ne f`{ }w`nuk~`{<
f`{ }weki`{ e{~iocn`{ }cwc fc{ teh~c{ ne hue{~w`{ }w`nuk~`{ }cwc fc{ teh~c{ ne
hue{~w`{ }w`nuk~`{ {ewãh fc{ {ijuieh~e{<
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 54
YOC [UOCK/^C]CNC YOC [UOCK/ CYCKUKACHC
:(> E{~wc~ejic ne Ni{~wigukiûh ` ]fc|c<
Yoc [uock eo}fecwc uh kchcf ne ni{~wigukiûh niwek~`& e{ nekiw& sue fc eo}we{c Yoc [uock
e{~ã niwijinc cf k`h{uoin`w dihcf& h` k`h~co`{ k`h ih~ewoenicwi`{ }`w ef o`oeh~` }cwc
wenukiw k`{~`{ eh f`{ }w`nuk~`{(
Fc e{~wc~ejic c}fikcnc ~iehe fc dihcfincn ne k`h{ejuiw uh k`h~ck~` niwek~` k`h ef }ügfik` y
`g~ehew uhc ocy`w {c~i{dckkiûh ne e{~e(
Dcgwikch~e ne f`{ }w`nuk~`{
Yoc [uock
K`h{uoin`w dihcf
!Kfieh~e)
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 5:
F`kcf ne Teh~c{ y @dikihc(
Aeo`{ cfsuifcn` uh f`kcf n`hne dcgwikcweo`{ fc{ ouóekc{ y ~cogiéh kuo}fiwã fc duhkiûh ne
`dikihc eh fc }cw~e nefch~ewc& ugikcn` eh fc Ct( ]E^I^ ^@UCW[ KUCNWC >4(
E{~e f`kcf wecfi|cwc n`{ duhki`he{& fc }wioewc y }wihki}cf {ewã ef fujcw ne ~wch{d`wockiûh ne fc{
ouóekc{ y {ejuhn` {ewã fc `dikihc ne fc eo}we{c(
Ef f`kcf oue{~wc hue{~wc `dikihc eh fc }cw~e dw`h~cf& n`hne k`f`kcweo`{ uh e{kwi~`wi` }cwc f`{
}wihki}cfe{ kcwj`{ eh fc eo}we{c& eh fc }cw~e }`{~ewi`w e{~cwã hue{~wc ~iehnc k`h ~`n`{ f`{
}w`nuk~`{ eh eqaigikiûh ugikcn`{ e{~wc~éjikcoeh~e }cwc fc oel`w c}wekickiûh ne hue{~w`{
}w`nuk~`{& ~ehiehn` eh fc }cw~e ~wc{ewc {ewtiki`{ aijiéhik`{ gieh ni{~wiguin`{(
Fc eq~eh{iûh nef f`kcf e{ }w`}`wki`hcf c f` sue {e e{}ewc ne éf& yc sue ch~e{ ne wecfi|cw fcefekkiûh nef f`kcf aeo`{ aeka` uh e{~uni` ne nideweh~e{ dck~`we{ }`w f`{ kucfe{ negewïco`{
efejiw uh gueh f`kcf(
^iehnc{ ne cw~e{chïc{ {`h</ CHNECH ^WEC[UWE[
Ugikcnc < Ct( Fcwk` 3739( Oiwcdf`we{
/ BC^CWI CW^[<Ugikcnc < Ct( Fcwk` 331= !^iehnc ne Cw~e{chïc{)^dh`( < >>>/453=
/ COCWCH^CUgikcnc< Ct( Fcwk` 33>> !^iehnc ne Cw~e{chïc{)NHI < =17;::1=K`h~ck~` < ]cfcki`{ Cfcwk`& Cocwch~ac Lufi~c
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 51
F`{ {ewtiki`{ }ügfik`{ ihni{}eh{cgfe{ }cwc e{~cgfekew fc eo}we{c<
Cjuc ‛ Ne{cjöe
Fu|
^eféd`h`
Ih~ewhe~
:(5 e{~wc~ejic ne }w`o`kiûh<
Yoc [uock c}fikcwã fc e{~wc~ejic ne }w`o`kiûh }cwc ef k`h{uoin`w ne fc {ijuieh~e ochewc<
[e gwihncwch d`ffe~`{ y neoã{ g`fe~ihe{ }cwc ncw k`h`kioieh~` cf }ügfik` ne fc
c}ew~uwc ne fc ~iehnc& c{ï k`o` f`{ o`nef`{ sue {e `dew~cwch y neoã{ ~i}` ne
ihd`wockiûh }cwc ffejcw cf f`kcf(
Ef d`ffe~` e{~cwã ni{eócn` ne uhc ochewc c~wck~itc y ffcoc~itc sue c~wcewã {ih nunc ckfieh~e{ }ewuch`{ y eq~wchlew`{ c k`h`kew hue{~wc ~iehnc(
C fc{ }ew{`hc{ sue we}cw~ch f`{ g`fe~ihe{ {e fe{ ihnikcwc sue negeh eh~wejcw f`{
g`fe~ihe{ }wihki}cfoeh~e c ~uwi{~c{ }cwc kc}~cw ef }ügfik` `gle~it` cf sue tco`{
niwijin`(
Eh fc{ dewic{ y eteh~`{& {e k`h~wc~cwc uhc o`nef` sue {e ti{~c k`h uh ~wcle ~ï}ik` y
eq}fisue c f`{ c{i{~eh~e{ fc{ }esueóc{ ai{~`wic{ ne fc{ oi{oc{(
F`{ k`htehi`{ k`h cjehkic{ ne ticle nelchn` c{ï ~cwle~c{ y t`fch~e{ sue f`{ ~uwi{~c{
}`nwãh k`jew }cwc feew(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 59
Ih~ewhe~<
@~wc d`woc ek`hûoikc ne eo}e|cw c }w`o`ki`hcw hue{~w`{ }w`nuk~`{& e{ c ~wcté{ ne Ih~ewhe~&
yc {ec ochnchn` c ni{eócw hue{~wc }ãjihc zeg eh n`hne }w`o`ki`heo`{ hue{~wc eo}we{c y
hue{~w`{ }w`nuk~`{& ` eqaigiehn` f`{ oi{o`{ }w`nuk~`{ eh }ãjihc{ e{}ekicfi|cnc{(
]cw~iki}cw eh dewic{<
@~wc d`woc ne eo}e|cw c ncw c k`h`kew hue{~w`{ }w`nuk~`{ {ih ihtew~iw neoc{icn`& e{
cfsuifchn` uh }esueó` }ue{~` ` {~chn eh cfjuhc dewic f`kcf( Cuhsue& }cwc sue nikac
e{~wc~ejic we{uf~e edek~itc& negeo`{ k`h~cw k`h uhc guehc tcwiencn ne }w`nuk~`{ y& c fc te|&
k`h~cw k`h d`ffe~`{ y ~cwle~c{ ne }we{eh~ckiûh sue fe{ ncweo`{ c f`{ k`h{uoin`we{ sue
k`h{uf~eh {`gwe f`{ }w`nuk~`{
]`fï~ikc{ ne {ewtiki` cf kfieh~e<
[ew {ieo}we a`he{~`{ k`h ef kfieh~e }cwc jchcwh`{ {u k`hdich|c(
K`h`kew c d`hn` ef }w`nuk~`& }cwc }`new ihd`wocw gieh {`gwe f`{ gehediki`{ sue
}`{eeh(
H` acgfcw ocf ne fc k`o}e~ehkic& {`f` gc{cwh`{ eh hue{~w` }w`nuk~` k`o` ühik` eh
{u{ gehediki`{(
^ehew uh ni{kuw{` n`hne {cfjch c wefukiw ~`nc{ fc{ teh~clc{ ne hue{~w` }w`nuk~`& e~k(
Cf o`oeh~` ne sue ef kfieh~e wecfike ef }cj` nef }w`nuk~`& eh kclc {e ~`ocwch f`{
nc~`{ ne fc }ew{`hc& }cwc c{ï ~ehew uh weji{~w` ne hue{~w`{ kfieh~e{ oã{ dwekueh~e{& cdih ne gwihncwfe{ }w`o`ki`he{ e{}ekicfe{ ne ckuewn` c {u k`h{uo`(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 4=
K`h~cw k`h uh gu|ûh ne {ujewehkic{ neh~w` nef f`kcf& }cwc }`new {c~i{dckew fc{
eqijehkic{ ne hue{~w`{ kfieh~e{(
Fc{ }w`o`ki`he{ sue gwihncweo`{ {ewãh ne ckuewn` cf kcfehncwi` efcg`wcn` }`w fc
eo}we{c& ~ehiehn` eh kueh~c f`{ hitefe{ ne ocy`w neochnc eh fc{ dekac{
e{~cgfekinc{(
^cwle~c{ ne }we{eh~ckiûh k`h `dew~c{ cócninc{< fc ne `~`wjcw uhc }w`o`kiûh ne teh~c{
c suieh fc }`{ec(
Wejcfcw cw~ïkuf`{ }ugfiki~cwi`{ k`o` fc}ikew`{& ffctew`{ u `~w`{
]`fï~ikc{ ne {ewtiki` c fc eo}we{c<
Fuhe{ c Tiewhe{ ne 3=<== co c 1<== }o
[ãgcn`{ y n`oihj`{ ne 33<== co c 3=<== }o
F`{ }enin`{ ne }w`nuk~`{ eh jwchne{ kch~incne{ {ewãh<
Tïc ~eféd`h` ` }we{ehkicf k`h 7nic{ ne ch~iki}ckiûh (Eh oe{e{ ne kco}cóc {ewã k`h :
nïc{ ne ch~iki}ckiûh(
:(:(/ e{~wc~ejic ne }`{iki`hcoieh~`<
, Fc e{~wc~ejic ne }`{iki`hcoieh~`& {e gc{c eh f`{ ni{eó`{ ne f`{ ouóek { }ue{ {e acwãh ne
nideweh~e{ o`nef`{& ne nideweh~e{ d`woc{ y ~cocó`{ c{ï k`o` ihh`tcn`we{ ni{eó`{ sue
ffcocwch fc c~ehkiûh ne hue{~wc kfieh~efc(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 43
KC]I^UF@ III
!@}ewcki`he{ yf`jï{~ikc)
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 47
1( ]FCH NE @]EWCKI@HE[ Y F@JI[^IKC
Yoc [uock ~ehnweo`{ c hue{~w` kcwj` nideweh~e{ ck~itincne{ }cwc fc efcg`wckiûh ne
hue{~w` }w`nuk~` dihcf& eh }wioew fujcw fc cnsui{ikiûh ne ouóekc{ }fã{~ikc{ neh`oihcnc{k`o` ‖gcwgie{ }ewuchc{‟& {ejuin` ne fc cnsui{ikiûh ne fc{ te{~ioeh~c{& dihcfoeh~e h`{
ehkcwjcweo`{ nef ehtc{cn` ne kcnc uhc ne fc{ ouóekc{ eh {u{ we{}ek~itc{ kclc{(
E{ }`w e{~` sue eh e{~e kc}ï~uf` ne~cffcweo`{ kcnc uh` f`{ }w`ke{`{ }w`nuk~it`{
wecfi|cn`{ }cwc `g~ehew ef }w`nuk~` sue fch|cweo`{ cf oewkcn`& c{ï k`o` fc{ ck~itincne{
}cwc oel`wcw e{~`{ }w`ke{`{(
^cogiéh ne{cww`ffcweo`{ csuï fc cnoihi{~wckiûh ne wekuw{`{ k`o` fc oc~ewic }wioc& {u
cfockehcoieh~` y ~cogiéh fc ne f`{ }w`nuk~`{ ~ewoihcn`{(
1(3 @gle~it`{ ne @}ewcki`he{<
^ehew uh {ejuioieh~` ne fc kcnehc ne }w`nukkiûh }cwc ne~ek~cw ihk`htehieh~e{& e{
nekiw ~ehnweo`{ uh {u}ewti{`w ef kucf iwã {ijuiehn` c ne~cffe ~`n` ef }w`ke{` eh
hue{~w`{ }w`teen`we{ y {e acwã uh oihuki`{` k`h~w`f ne kcfincn(
Oel`wcw fc je{~iûh ne }w`nukkiûh& ihh`tckiûh& nitew{idikckiûh y ~wch{d`wockiûh& eh
jehewcf fc kcfincn nef }w`nuk~`& e{~` c kcwj` ne uhc }ew{`hc k`o}fe~coeh~e ihoew{c
eh ef ~eoc nef }w`nuk~`& ef kucf nege ~ehew ~wcyek~`wic y {ew wek`h`kin` }`w {u ~wcgcl`(
Guehc }we{eh~ckiûh ne hue{~w`{ f`kcfe{ ne teh~c& kcnc {ek~`w ne fc ~iehnc {ewãh
cnekucn` c f`{ ~wcle{ ~ï}ik`{ ne kcnc wejiûh nef ]ewü& kcnc ãwec k`h {u we{}ek~it`
ne{cww`ff`(
@wneh y fio}ie|c eh ef f`kcf ne }w`nukkiûh }cwc uh oel`w kfioc fcg`wcf y guehc
iocjeh(
Och~ehew uh ocwjeh k`h{inewcn` eh hue{~w`{ k`{~`{ ne }w`nukkiûh& oenich~e ef
cnekucn` c}w`tekacoieh~` ne f`{ wekuw{`{& }cwc c{ï }`new e{~cw cf hitef ne fc
k`o}e~ehkic
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 4;
1(7 Ck~itincne{ ]wetic{ c fc ]w`nukkiûh<
1(7(3( UGIKCKIÛH<
Eh }wioew fujcw ef f`kcf ne fc eo}we{c e{~cwã ugikcn` eh fc Ct( ]e~i~ ^a`uw{ Knwc( >4 ‛ Fioc&
n`hne ne{cww`ffcweo`{ fc{ ck~itincne{ }w`nuk~itc{ y k`oewkicfe{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 4>
1(7(7 Wecfi|cw f`{ e{~uni`{ ne {chincn<
]cwc `g~ehew f`{ Weji{~w`{ [chi~cwi`{ ne fc{ ouóekc{ sue tco`{ c k`o}wcw c ochewc ne
ne~ewoihcw sue h` {ech ~`qikc{ y sue kueh~e{ k`h ef weji{~w` ne {chincn k`wwe{}`hnieh~e(
C{ï negeo`{ ackew uh kuincn`{` e{~uni` ne f`{ }w`teen`we{& e{~`{ negewãh k`h~cw k`h fc{
cu~`wi|cki`he{ k`wwe{}`hnieh~e{ }cwc }`new `}ewcw& negiehn` ~ehew fc{ ouóekc{ ef weji{~w`
{chi~cwi` {ejüh NIJE[C& {iehn` hue{~w` }w`teen`w Oc~~ef& é{~e ~iehe k`o` H½ ne weji{~w` ef
{ijuieh~e< H¼ ==7454/7==1NE]C/C]WHDDNIJE[C
1(7(; `~wc{ ck~itincne{ ch~e{ ne fc }w`nukkiûh<
Nedihiw e{}cki`{ eh ef f`kcf }cwc ef ne{cww`ff` ne kcnc uhc ne fc{ ck~itincne{ c
wecfi|cw{e( [ewãh ni{eócn`{ }cwc ef wneh nef }w`ke{`(
K`h~ck~` k`h f`{ }w`teen`we{ ne hue{~wc oc~ewic }wioc& f`{ kucfe{ negeh {ew
k`hdicgfe{ y we{}`h{cgfe{ }cw uh cnekucn` cgc{~ekioieh~ {ih k`h~wc~ieo}`{(
Nedihiw y nefejcw duhki`he{ c kcnc }ew{`hcf eh ef kc{` ne @}ewcki`he{ {u hitef ne
}w`nukkiûh(
Kc}cki~cw cf }ew{`hcf& ihd`wocw {`gwe ef oc~ewicf c u~ifi|cw y ne~cffcw kch~incne{ ne
oc~ewicf(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 45
1(; ]W@KE[@[ NE ]W@NUKKIÛH NEF GIEH<
Eh k``wnihckiûh k`h hue{~w`{ }w`teen`we{& e{~cgfekeweo`{ a`wcwi`{ eqck~`{ }cwc fc eh~wejc
ne fc oc~ewic }wioc e ih{uo`{ wesuewin`{ }cwc fc efcg`wckiûh ne hue{~wc{ ouóekc{& c dih ne
k`o}w`gcw fc kcfincn ne f`{ ih{uo`{(
Ef }w`teen`w ne fc{ ouóekc{ negewã eh~wejcwfc{ {ejüh kw`h`jwcoc& {e }w`kenewã cf wek`l` ne
f`{ ~wcle{ ne fc{ ouóekc{& ~`n` e{~` c ~ieo}` }cwc }w`kenew k`h ef k`h~w`f ne kcfincn(
]w`kenioieh~`<
3¼ K`o}wc ne fc{ ouóekc{ ne hue{~w` }w`teen`w !OC^^EF)
7¼ Ne{}ué{ tehnwã fc }w`nukkiûh ne f`{ te{~in`{ ne fc{ ouóekc{& ~cf k`o` fc k`{~uwc ne fc
oi{oc te{~ioeh~c sue {ewãh ~ewkewi|cnc{(
;¼ tehnwã fc{ {`gwek`{~uwc{ y nek`wckiûh ne fc oi{oc w`}c& c{ï k`o` ef cwwejf` ne fc{
ouóekc{ {ejüh {ec fc te{~ioeh~c(
>¼ }`{~ewi`woeh~e tehnwãh f`{ ne~cffe{ k`o` fc w }c y {u{ eq}we{i`he{ }cwc sue }uench {ew
ehkclcnc{(
5½ Dihcfoeh~e fc{ ouóekc{ {ewãh ehkclcnc{& fuej` w`~ufcnc{ y e{~cwãh fi{~c{ }cwc fc teh~c(
YOC [UOCK/KCLCOCWSUIHC YOC [UOCK/ ^@HNEW@
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 44
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 4:
1(>( Ne{kwi}kiûh ne f`{ ]w`ke{`{ F`jï{~ik`{
/ @gle~it`{ F`jï{~ik`{
@}~ioi|cw k`{~`{ ne cfockehcoieh~` ne f`{ }w`nuk~`{& }cwc h` `kc{i`hcw k`{~`{
ihheke{cwi`{& e{~` cuoeh~chn` fc w`~ckiûh ne }w`nuk~`{ y ni{oihuyehn` ef ~ieo}` ne
e{~cnïc eh f`{ cfockehe{& é{~c {ewã {eochcf yc sue f`{ f`kcfe{ {ewãh cgc{~ekin`{ eh
e{e fc}{` ne ~ieo}`(
Wenukiw f`{ k`{~`{ ne ni{~wigukiûh eh kuch~` c fc{ eh~wejc{ ne f`{ }w`nuk~`{ c hue{~w`{
{~chn{ y kfieh~e{(
Ehdc~i|cwh`{ eh ef k`h~w`f ne kcfincn ne hue{~w`{ }w`nuk~`{ }cwc eti~cw k`h~wc~ieo}`{(
Cfockehcoieh~`
K`h~cweo`{ k`h 3 cfockéh n`hne ni{~wiguiweo`{<
3( Oc~ewic{ ]wioc{& sue {`h f`{ ckke{`wi`{ sue u~ifi|cweo`{ }cwc k`o}feoeh~cw f`{
}w`nuk~`{ dihcfe{ y oc~ewicfe{ }cwc fc efcg`wckiûh ne fc{ te{~ioeh~c{(
7( ]w`nuk~`{ ewoihcn`{& }cwc hue{~w` {~`kb& yc sue hue{~w`{ {~chn{ {ewãh
cgc{~ekin`{ k`h uhc kch~incn c}w`qiocnc kcnc {eochc {ejüh {u hitef ne teh~c{(
;( [~`kb Oïhio` ne [ejuwincn( E{~` oenich~e uh `wnehcn` y cnekucn` u{` nef
Bcwneq ne cfockéh sue {ewtiwã }wihki}cfoeh~e }cwc {u}fiw cfjüh io}weti{~` eh fc
kcnehc ne ni{~wigukiûh(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 41
/ K`h~w`f ne Ihteh~cwi`{
@}~cweo`{ }`w wecfi|cw f`{ 7 ~i}`{ ne ihteh~cwi`(
3( Ihteh~cwi` Jehewcf& F` sue e{ wek`oehncn` y }`w fey& c}w`tekacweo`{ }cwc
`wnehcw hue{~w`{ cfockehe{& e{~` uhc te| cf có`(
7( Ihteh~cwi` Kïkfik`& ]cwc }`new ne~ek~cw fc dcf~c ne oc~ewicfe{ y ochelcw
k`wwek~coeh~e hue{~w [O[ ![~`kb oïhio` ne [ejuwincn)( E{~` oenich~e ef u{`
cnekucn` y `wnehcn` nef Bcwneq ne cfockéh(
/ Oewoc{
Oewoc{ cnoihi{~wc~itc{< ^`ocweo`{ eh kueh~c e{~e ~i}` ne oewoc{& }ew` {ieo}we
kuinchn` f`{ oãwjehe{ ne eww`w y k`h~w`fãhn`f`{ }cwc eti~cw w`g`{ ` kucfsuiew
io}weti{~`(
Oewoc{ @}ewc~itc{< E{~e ~i}` ne oewoc{ h` {ewãh ~`ocnc{ eh kueh~c yc sue }`w
hue{~wc ck~itincn }w`nuk~itc& cf o`oeh~` ne ~ewkewi|cw h` ~ehnwïco`{ e{~e ~i}` ne
oewoc{(
Oewoc{ Hc~uwcfe{< Hue{~w` }w`nuk~` h` ~iehe kcnukincn& }`w ~ch~` ~co}`k`
k`h{inewcweo`{ e{~e ~i}` ne oewoc{(
]ew` ~`ocweo`{ eh kueh~c cfjüh ckkineh~e k`o` ihkehni`{ ` w`g`{ f`{ kucfe{ cdek~cwïch
jwcteoeh~e fc ck~itincn ne fc eo}we{c
/ ^wc|cgifincn
Acweo`{ uh {ejuioieh~` k`h~ihu` c fc c kcnehc ne }w`nukkiûh }cwc c{ï ne~ek~cw
}w`gfeoc{ c ~ieo}`& c{ï k`o` ne n`hne {uwjiew`h y ~`ocw oeninc{ heke{cwic{ }cwc c{ï
k`wwejiwf`{ y eti~cwf`{ eh uh du~uw`(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 49
KC]I^UF@ IT(
NI[EÓ@ NE E[^WUK^UWC Y
]FCH NE WEKUW[@[
AUOCH@[(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc :=
9( NI[EÓ@ NE E[^WUK^UWC Y ]FCH NE WEKUW[@[ AUOCH@[
E{~wuk~uwc @wjchi|cki`hcf<
Jwcdik` h½3:
]cwc fc{ ãwec{ cnoihi{~wc~itc{ {e ~`ocwã eh k`hnikiûh c f`{ {`ki`{ k`h we{}`h{cgifincne{ eh
ni{~ih~c{ ãwec{(
]cwc ef ãwec `}ewc~itc {e acwã fc wek`}ifckiûh ne oulewe{ sue ~ehjch k`h`kioieh~`{ eh
ochucfincne{& {e io}feoeh~cwãh kc}cki~cki`he{ e ihd`wockiûh c f`{ k`fcg`wcn`we{& }cwc
nitew{idikcw fc }w`nukkiûh(
NIWEK^@WI@< E{~cwã k`hd`wocn` }`w f`{ ; {`ki`{& suiehe{ ~`ocwãh fc{ neki{i`he{(
LUH^C JEHEWCFNE CKKI@HI[^C[
F`{ ; {`ki`{
Jewehkic Jehewcf
Cfgew~` @gchn`
Cnoihi{~wckiûh
Oefi{{{c Cycfc
F`jï{~ikc
Oefi{{c
Ocwbe~ihj
W`jew [ihcwcauc
Teh~c{
Fe{fie [chkae|
Dihch|c{
Cfgew~` @gchn`
C{e{`wic K`h~cgfe!Eq~ewhc)
K`h~cn`w Eq~ewh`
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc :3
JEWEHKIC JEHEWCF< C kcwj` ne Cf`h{` @gchn`& ck~üc k`o` we}we{eh~ch~e fejcf ne fc
eo}we{c& dilc fc{ }`fï~ikc{ `}ewc~itc{ y ne kcfincn eh gc{e c f`{ }cwãoe~w`{ dilcn`{( E{
we{}`h{cgfe ch~e f`{ ckki`hi{~c{& }`w f`{ we{uf~cn`{ ne fc{ `}ewcki`he{ y ef ne{eo}eó`
`wjchi|cki`hcf& luh~` k`h f`{ neoã{ k`fcg`wcn`we{ duhki`hcfe{ }fchec& niwije y k`h~w`fc fc{
ck~itincne{ ne fc eo}we{c(
CNOIHI[^WCKIÛH Y F@JÏ[^IKC< C kcwj` ne Oefi{c Cycfc& suieh tewã ~`n` f` wefcki`hcn` c fc{
niwekki`he{ ne fc eo}we{c& `wjchi|cw }w`ke{`{& ochel` ne kclc kaikc y ~cogiéh {e ehkcwjcwã
ne fc{ k`o}wc{& {cfinc{& ihteh~cwi` ne cfockéh y ~wc~` niwek~` k`h }w`teen`we{(
OCWBE^IHJ Y TEH^C[< C kcwj` ne W`jew [ihcwcauc& {ewã ef ehkcwjcn` ne ffetcw hue{~w`{
}w`nuk~`{ cf k`h{uoin`w& }wioew` nãhn`f` c k`h`kew y fuej` tehniéhn`f`( Gu{kcwã huetc{
`}ki`he{ y d`woc{ }cwc k`oewkicfi|cw f`{ }w`nuk~`{ !Ocwbe~ihj)( Cneoã{ ~ehnwã uhc }ew{`hc
c {u kcwj` }cwc c}`y` eh teh~c{ niwek~c{(
9(3 WEKFU^COIEH^@& [EFEKKIÛH Y K@H^WC^CKIÛH NE ]EW[@HCF
Fc eo}we{c ‖IOC [UOCK‟& ch~e{ ne ihikicw {u{ `}ewcki`he{ wesuiewe ne uhc }ew{`hckc}cki~cnc }cwc c{uoiw ef kcwj` ne cnoihi{~wcn`w ne WWAA sue {ewã ef [w( Cf`h{` @gchn` k`h
fc dihcfincn ne ehk`oehncwfe ef w`f ne k`h~ck~cw c f`{ neoã{ k`fcg`wcn`we{ wesuewin`{ }cwc fc
eo}we{c& gu{kchn` y {efekki`hchn` ef }ew{`hcf k`o}e~eh~e e inûhe` }cwc kcnc }ue{~` ne
ochewc we{}`h{cgfe y edikc|(
[ewã }`w oeni` ne cti{`{ }ugfiki~cwi`{ y fc zeg& ~cogiéh wedewehkic{ y wek`oehncki`he{(
[`gwe ~`n` }cwc ef ãwec ne teh~c{ y `}ewcki`he{ !}w`nukkiûh)(
Fc {efekkiûh {e acwã oenich~e uhc eh~weti{~c }ew{`hcf& etcfuchn` f` {ijuieh~e<
]cwc ef ãwec ne teh~c{<
Eq}ewiehkic eh teh~c{ k`h n`oihi` nef ihjfé{ y uh }`k` ne dwchké{(
^wc~` cf kfieh~e y ne{eht`ftioieh~
^wcgcl` gcl` }we{iûh
^`fewchkic
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc :7
]W@KENIOIEH^@ ]CWC FC[ ÃWEC[ SUE WESUIEWCH NE UHC K@H^WC^CKIÛH NE UH
^WCGCLCN@W(
Fc{ ãwec{ ne fc ~iehnc ne ouóekc{ ‖Yoc [uock‟& sue wesuewiwãh k`h~wc~cw c uh }ew{`hcf }cwc
ne{eo}eócw duhki`he{ neh~w` ne fc `wjchi|ckiûh& ~ehnwã sue {ejuiw fc{ }`fï~ikc{ ne
k`h~wc~ckiûh {ejüh }w`kenioieh~` sue {ewã c}w`gcn` ` wekac|cn` }`w fc Jewehkic Jehewcf(
OCHUCF NE DUHKI@HE[ NE KCWJ@[
JEWEH^E JEHEWCF
Duhki`he{ y Cu~`wincn
Ef Jeweh~e Jehewcf ne ‖IOC [UOCK‟ ck~üc k`o` we}we{eh~ch~e fejcf ne fc eo}we{c& dilc fc{
}`fï~ikc{ `}ewc~itc{& cnoihi{~wc~itc{ y ne kcfincn eh gc{e c f`{ }cwãoe~w`{ dilcn`{( E{
we{}`h{cgfe ch~e f`{ ckki`hi{~c{& }`w f`{ we{uf~cn`{ ne fc{ `}ewcki`he{ y ef ne{eo}eó`
`wjchi|cki`hcf& luh~` k`h f`{ neoã{ k`fcg`wcn`we{ duhki`hcfe{ }fchec& niwije y k`h~w`fc fc{
ck~itincne{ ne fc eo}we{c( Ck~üc k`o` {`}`w~e ne fc `wjchi|ckiûh c hitef jehewcf& e{ nekiw c
hitef k`hke}~ucf y ne ochel` ne kcnc ãwec duhki`hcf& c{ï k`o` k`h k`h`kioieh~`{ nef ãwec
~ékhikc y ne c}fikckiûh ne hue{~w`{ }w`nuk~`{ y {ewtiki`(
E{ fc iocjeh ne fc eo}we{c eh ef ãogi~` ih~ewh` y eq~ewh`& }w`tee ne k`h~ck~`{ y wefcki`he{
eo}we{cwicfe{ c fc `wjchi|ckiûh k`h ef `gle~it` ne e{~cgfekew hej`ki`{ c fcwj` }fc|`& k`o`
~cogiéh ne d`woc f`kcf( [u `gle~it` }wihki}cf e{ ef ne kwecw uh tcf`w cjwejcn` eh gc{e c f`{
}w`nuk~`{ y {ewtiki`{ sue `dwekeo`{& ocqioi|chn` ef tcf`w ne fc eo}we{c }cwc f`{
ckki`hi{~c{(
[u{ }wihki}cfe{ duhki`he{<
Finewcw ef }w`ke{` ne }fcheckiûh e{~wc~éjikc ne fc `wjchi|ckiûh& ne~ewoihchn` f`{
dck~`we{ kwï~ik`{ ne éqi~`& e{~cgfekiehn` f`{ gle~it`{ y oe~c{ e{}ekïdikc{ ne fc eo}we{c(
Ne{cww`ffcw e{~wc~ejic{ jehewcfe{ }cwc cfkch|cw f`{ gle~it`{ y oe~c{ }w`}ue{~c{(
C ~wcté{ ne {u{ {ug`wnihcn`{ tuefte `}ewc~it`{ c f`{ `gle~it`{& oe~c{ y e{~wc~ejic{
ne{cww`ffchn` }fche{ ne ckkiûh c k`w~`& oenich` y fcwj` }fc|`(
Kwecw uh cogieh~e eh ef sue fc{ }ew{`hc{ }uench f`jwcw fc{ oe~c{ ne jwu}` k`h fc oeh`w
kch~incn ne ~ieo}`& nihew`& oc~ewicfe{& e{ nekiw `}~ioi|chn` f`{ wekuw{`{ ni{}`higfe{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc :;
@~wc{ ck~itincne{ [u}ewti{c k`h{~ch~eoeh~e f`{ }wihki}cfe{ ihnikcn`we{ ne fc ck~itincn ne fc
eo}we{c k`h ef dih ne ~`ocw neki{i`he{ cnekucnc{& ehkcoihcnc{ c f`jwcw uh oel`w ne{eo}eó`
ne fc eo}we{c(
Nekine kuchn` uh huet` }w`nuk~` ac ne ihjwe{cw cf oewkcn`(
Ef Jeweh~e Jehewcf {e ehkcwjcwã ne fc k`h~wc~ckiûh y ne{}in` ne }ew{`hcf(
Lede Ihoenic~`< We}`w~c cf Niwek~`wi` ne ckki`hi{~c{ [u}ewti{c c< Lede nef Ãwec K`oewkicf& lede
ne ]w`nukkiûh y F`jï{~ikc( Nefejcki`he{< Eh kc{` ne tckcki`he{& ehdewoencn& ticle ` kucfsuiew
~i}` ne cu{ehkic ~eo}`wcf& {ewã weeo}fc|cn` }`w fc }ew{`hc cnekucnc y k`o}e~eh~e sue ef
ne{ijhe eh ãwec{ e{}ekïdikc{ ne ckkiûh(
Nefejcki`he{ e{}ekïdikc{ {e wecfi|cwãh c ~wcté{ ne oeo`wãhnuo(
ÃOGI^@ EQ^EWH@
Ef jeweh~e ~cogiéh k`h~cwc k`h uh {`}`w~e ne sue fe {ewtiwã ne c}`y` sue {ewã<
C{e{`wïc k`h~cgfe y Dihch|c{< e{~c ãwec {e ehkcwjcwc nef e{~wik~` kuo}fioieh~` ne ~`nc{ fc{
ni{}`{iki`he{ e{~cgfekinc{ }cwc ef ochel` ne fc k`h~cgifincn ne fc eo}we{c y elewkew ef
kuo}fioieh~` sue {e ~iehe sue ~`ocw eh ef ãogi~` fejcf y dihchkiew` ffetchn` fc ihd`wockiûh ne
d`woc kfcwc y }weki{c(
ESUI]@[ Y AEWWCOIEH^C[ C U^IFI\CW
K`o}u~cn`wc k`h }w`jwcoc{ ih{~cfcn`{
Ouf~iduhki`hcf !k`}icn`wc& io}we{`wc y {kchhew)
Esui}`{ ne k`ouhikckiûh !~eféd`h` dil`& Heq~ef(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc :>
LEDE CNOIHI[^WC^IT@․
Ef lede cnoihi{~wc~it` ~iehe tcwic{ ãwec{ ne ~wcgcl` c {u kcwj`& eh }wioew fujcw {e `ku}c ne fc
`}~ioi|ckiûh nef }w`ke{` cnoihi{~wc~it`& ef ochel` ne fc{ g`nejc{ y ef ihteh~cwi`& y ~`n` ef
}w`ke{` ne cnoihi{~wckiûh dihchkiewc ne fc `wjchi|ckiûh( [u{ we{}`h{cgifincne{ {`h<
Chãfi{i{ ne f`{ c{}ek~`{ dihchkiew`{ ne ~`nc{ fc{ neki{i`he{(
Chãfi{i{ ne fc kch~incn ne ihtew{iûh heke{cwic }cwc cfkch|cw fc{ teh~c{ e{}ewcnc{&
neki{i`he{ sue cdek~ch cf fcn` i|suiewn` nef gcfchke jehewcf !ck~it`{)(
Fc d`woc ne `g~ehew f`{ d`hn`{ y ne }w`}`wki`hcw ef dihchkicoieh~` sue wesuiewe fc
eo}we{c }cwc efcg`wcw f`{ }w`nuk~`{ kuyc{ teh~c{ jehewcwãh ihjwe{`{( E{~c ãwec
we}we{eh~c fc{ neki{i`he{ ne dihchkicoieh~` ` fc{ neki{i`he{ ne e{~wuk~uwc nef kc}i~cf ne
fc eo}we{c(
Chãfi{i{ ne fc{ kueh~c{ ihnitinucfe{ nef e{~cn` ne we{uf~cn`{< ihjwe{`{ y k`{~`{(
K`h~w`f ne k`{~`{ k`h wefckiûh cf tcf`w }w`nukin`& }wihki}cfoeh~e k`h ef `gle~` ne sue fc
eo}we{c }uenc c{ijhcw c {u{ }w`nuk~`{ uh }weki` k`o}e~i~it` y weh~cgfe(
Ef lede dihchkiew` ih~ewck~üc k`h fc{ `~wc{ ãwec{ duhki`hcfe{ }cwc sue fc `wjchi|ckiûh
`}ewe ne ochewc edikieh~e& ~`nc{ fc{ neki{i`he{ ne hej`ki`{ sue ~ehjch io}fikcki`he{
dihchkiewc{ negewãh {ew k`h{inewcnc{(
@~wc{ ck~itincne{<
Ck~itincne{ ochel` ne kclc kaikc
Eh~wejc ne d`hn`{ c fc{ }ew{`hc{ cu~`wi|cnc{ sue f`{ wesuieweh(
Cwkait` ne fc{ dck~uwc{ ne we{}cfn` }cwc fc we}`{ikiûh ne fc kclc kaikc(
Cnoihi{~wcw y cu~`wi|cw }wé{~co`{ }cwc eo}fecn`{(
Efcg`wckiûh ne we}`w~e{ dihchkiew`{& ne teh~c{ y }w`nukkiûh }cwc fc Jewehkic Jehewcf(
Ef Lede Cnoihi{~wc~it` Dihchkiew` negewã ffetcw c kcg` kucfsuiew `~wc ck~itincn
ne~ewoihcnc }`w ef Jeweh~e Jehewcf(
Nefejcki`he{< Eh kc{` ne tckcki`he{& ehdewoencn& ticle ` kucfsuiew ~i}` ne cu{ehkic
~eo}`wcf& {ewã weeo}fc|cn` }`w ef Jeweh~e Jehewcf y fc{ }ew{`hc{ sue {e ne{ijheh }cwc
~cwec{ }ewc~itc{ e{}ekïdikc{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc :5
․ Y F@JI[^IKC
DUHKI@HE[ E[]EKÏDIKC[
Cgc{~ekioieh~` ` c}w`ti{i`hcoieh~`& k`o` {e fe k`h`ke e{ fc duhkiûh f`jï{~ikc& oenich~e efkucf {e wecfi|c ef }w`ke{` }cwc }w`teew c fc eo}we{c& ne ~`n` ef oc~ewicf heke{cwi` }cwc fc
}w`nukkiûh y ef duhki`hcoieh~`( [u k`hke}~` e{ {ihûhio` ne }w`ti{iûh ` {uoihi{~w`(‡Ihkfuye
fc{ ck~itincne{ {ijuieh~e{<
c) Fc{ heke{incne{ ne cgc{~ekioieh~`& iht`fukwch ~`n` csueff` sue {e wesuiewe }cwc ef
duhki`hcoieh~` ne fc eo}we{c& eh kch~incne{ e{}ekïdikc{ }cwc uh ne~ewoihcn` }ewï`n` ne
~ieo}`& }cwc uhc dekac {eócfcnc& ` }cwc k`o}fe~cw uh ne~ewoihcn` }w`yek~ (
g) K`o}wc ` Cnsui{ikiûh& ~iehe }`w `gle~it` wecfi|cw fc{ cnsui{iki`he{ ne oc~ewicfe{ eh fc{
kch~incne{ heke{cwic{ y ek`hûoikc{ eh fc kcfincn cnekucnc cf u{` cf sue {e tc c ne{~ihcw eh
ef o`oeh~` `}`w~uh` y cf }weki` ~`~cf oã{ k`htehieh~e(
K) U~ifi|ckiûh ne ne{}ewniki`{ u `g{`fe~`{& }cwc ~`ocw fc{ oeninc{ oã{ teh~cl`{c{ }cwc fc
eo}we{c(
F`{ }wihki}cfe{ `gle~it`{ e{}ekïdik`{ ne e{~c ck~itincn {`h<
3( Och~ehew fc k`h~ihuincn nef cgc{~ekioieh~`(
7( ]cjcw }weki`{ lu{~`{ }ew` wc|`hcgfeoeh~e gcl`{ }`w f`{ }w`nuk~`{ ne kcfincn cnekucnc(
;( Och~ehew eqi{~ehkic{ ek`hûoikc{ k`o}c~igfe{ k`h fc {ejuwincn y {ih }weluiki`{ }cwc fc
eo}we{c(
>( Eti~cw ne~ewi`w`{& nu}fikincne{& ne{}ewniki`{& e~k( gu{kchn` kcfincn cnekucnc(
5( Gu{kcw dueh~e{ ne {uoihi{~w`{& cf~ewhc~itc{ y f`kcfi|cw huet`{ }w`nuk~`{ y oc~ewicfe{(
4( Och~ehew k`{~`{ gcl`{ eh ef ne}cw~coeh~ & {ih ne{oel`wcw fc ck~uckiûh(
:( ]we`ku}cw{e }`w fc }ewocheh~e kc}cki~ckiûh nef }ew{`hcf(
1( Och~ehew ihd`wocn` jeweh~e jehewcf& { gwe fc ocwkac nef ne}cw~coeh~`(
‡
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc :4
CWEC K@OEWKICF<
Ef ne}cw~coeh~` ne teh~c{ nege och~ehew uhc wefckiûh niwek~c k`h ef cfockéh c dih ne k`h~cw
k`h {udikieh~e ihteh~cwi` }cwc kugwiw fc neochnc(
F`{ tehnen`we{ negeh ~ehew uhc wefckiûh e{~wekac k`h ef cnoihi{~wcn`w }cwc {ï eti~cw cfjüh
}w`gfeoc ne }cj` ` k`gw`( K`o` {e }uene tew ` h`~cw e{ sue ef ãwec k`oewkicf luejc uh w`f
}wihki}cf }cwc ef éqi~` ne fc eo}we{c& c{ï sue ef ~ehew ouy kfcw` {u{ duhki`he{& {ewã ne oukac
cyunc cf o`oeh~` ne ackew fc }fcheckiûh ne fc{ teh~c{ ne fc eo}we{c( @wjchi|ckiûh y
k``wnihckiûh ne weuhi`he{ ne ~wcgcl`(
Uhc{ ne fc duhki`he{ {ewã ne och~ehew guehc{ wefcki`he{ k`h fc{ eo}we{c{ }w`teen`we{ ne
{ewtiki`{< jwãdik`{& }ugfiki~cwi`{& kc}cki~cki`he{ y e{~uni`{ ne }ihiûh y oewkcne`(
[e wecfi|cwc uhc nc~c ne f`{ ihd`woe{& k`h ~`nc{ fc{ inec{ }we{eh~cnc{ eh fc{ weuhi`he{
kwec~itc{(
K`~i|ckiûh ne }w`nuk~`{ ~cfe{ k`o`< e~isue~c{& ~cwle~c{ }ugfiki~cwic{ ehtc{e{ y ~wc{ {ioifcwe{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc ::
9(7 IHNUKKIÛH& KC]CKI^CKI@H Y ETCFUCKI@H NE ]EW[@HCF
Ef ]ew{`hcf iwã {iehn` cnekucn` c fc{ h`woc{ ne fc `wjchi|ckiûh y {ewã etcfucn` }cwc fc
oel`wc ne {u{ gehediki`{(
[ejüh fc{ etcfucki`he{& teweo`{ eh sué }uh~`{ ehdc~i|cweo`{ fc {ijuieh~e kc}cki~ckiûh(
Ne{cww`ffcw fc{ acgifincne{ ne f`{ eo}fecn`{(
Ineh~idikcw }w`gfeoc{ ne ne{eo}eó`(
K`wwejiw ef ne{eo}eó` }`gwe(
Nicjh`{~ikcw y oel`wcw }w`gfeoc{ ne k`o}`w~coieh~`(
D`oeh~cw fc{ wefcki`he{ fcg`wcfe{(
Gwihncw c{e{`wïc(
Oel`wcw ef ne{eo}eó` y fc ck~i~un(
K`h ef dih ne oel`wcw ef ne{eo}eó` ne hue{~w` }ew{`hcf y c fc te| ihkeh~itcw fc {ihewjic y }`w
ehne ef ~wcgcl` eh esui}` y ne e{~c ochewc oel`wcw ef ne{eo}eó` ne hue{~w`{
k`fcg`wcn`we{(
9(; O@^ITCKIÛH Y NE[CWW@FF@ NEF ]EW[@HCF
]cwc kc{c dekac de{~itcf nef có` acgwãh k`oi{i`he{ k`h wefckiûh c fc }w`nuk~itincn
[e }`hnwãh oe~c{ ne }w`nukkiûh y {`gwe e{~` {e ncwãh g`h`{ !k`o` eh~wcnc{ cf kihe& tcfe{ ne
k`o}wc& e~k()
Eh~wejc ne }we{eh~e{ }`w die{~c{ hctineóc{(
]cwc {u ne{cww`ff` wekigiwãh kc}cki~cki`he{ k`h{~ch~e{ }cwc fc ck~ucfi|ckiûh ne }w`nukkiûh ne
huet`{ }w`nuk~`{ k`h uhc ~ehnehkic c fc nitew{idikckiûh ne é{~`{(
Fc{ kc}cki~cki`he{ {ewãh ~cogiéh }cwc fc oel`wc nef ~wcgcl` ne hue{~w` }ew{`hcf& cyuncwãh c
fc oel`wc ne fc kcfincn ne }w`nukkiûh(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc :1
9(> ]@FÏ^IKC[ NE WEOUHEWCKI@HE[ Y K@O]EH[CKI@HE[([I[^EOC WEOUHEWC^IT@
Fc{ weouhewcki`he{ {`h k`o` {ijueh<
^wcgclcn`we{ [/( q oe{
JEWEH^E JEHEWCF 37==(==
CNOIHI[^WCKIÛH Y F@JI[^IKC 33==(==
K@OEWKICF 33==(==
TEHNEN@W 3===(==
^`~cf [/( >>==(==
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc :9
Kc}ï~uf` T
DIHCHKICOIEH^@
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 1=
KC]I^UF@ T
3=( ]FCH DIHCHKIEW@
3=(3 AI[^@WIC DIHCHKIEWC NE FC EO]WE[C
Ef }w`yek~` ne eo}we{c sue }we~ehneo`{ ne{cww`ffcw k`o` {`kiencn W@OEWCF [(C(K(& }ew`
k`h uhc wc|ûh k`oewkicf ‖Yoc [uock‟& {e dihchkicwã }`w ef c}`w~e esui~c~it` ne f`{ {`ki`{
k`h [;=&=== eh ~`~cf(
E{~c }w`}ue{~c ne hej`ki` ne teh~c ne ouóekc{ chnihc{ ` gcwgie{ }ewuchc{& {e ihikicwã k`o`
[`kiencn Chûhioc Kewwcnc eh ef Wéjioeh Jehewcf y ~ehnwã dihchkicoieh~` }w`}i` y fc{
`}ewcki`he{ {e }w`yek~ch eh f`{ ; e{kehcwi`{ y {u{ `}ewcki`he{ eo}e|cwãh c }cw~iw nef có`
7=3; y {u{ }w`yekki`he{ ~cogiéh c 5 có`{(
3=(7 [U]UE[^@[ E[KEHCWI@[ Y ]@FI^IKC[ EK@H@OIKC[ Y DIHCHKIEWC[
F`{ {u}ue{~`{ ochelcn`{ eh ef ochel` ne f`{ ~we{ e{kehcwi`{& eh ihkweoeh~` ` wenukkiûh ne
teh~c{2 }`wsue e{~c neki{iûh o`nidikcwã f`{ k`{~`{ tcwicgfe{ nef }w`yek~` k`o` {`h jc{~`{
`}ewc~it`{(
Fc teh~clc nef }w`yek~` e{ sue {e tc c ~ewkewi|cw fc }w`nukkiûh ne fc{ ouóekc{& }`w f` sue ef
~wc~` k`h ef }w`teen`w {ewïc c ~`n` k`{~`& e{ nekiw yc ihkfuye fc oc~ewic }wioc& och` ne `gwc&
ocsuihcwic{ }cwc ef }w`ke{` ne }w`nukkiûh2 k`h f` sue {e `g~ehnwïc uhc teh~clc k`o}e~i~itc
ch~e `~w`{ }w`yek~`{ }`wsue f`{ k`{~`{ {e wenukiwïch y ef o`h~` ne ihtew{iûh ~cogiéh(F`{ neoã{ k`{~`{ dil`{ eh ef ochel` ne f`{ e{kehcwi`{ O`newcn`& @}~ioi{~c y ]e{ioi{~c {e
och~ieheh e{ }`w e{` sue oã{ cnefch~e {e ne~ewoihc ef }uh~` ne esuifigwi` eh kcnc
e{kehcwi`(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 13
3=(; ]FCH NE TEH^C[ NE FC HUETC UHINCN NE HEJ@KI@
Fc k`oewkicfi|ckiûh ne fc{ gcwgie{ k`h te{~ioeh~c{ ~ï}ikc{ {e ac }w`yek~cn` eh teh~c{
oeh{ucfe{& fc{ kucfe{ ach {in` }fchidikcnc{ eh f`{ ~we{ e{kehcwi`{ ch~e{ ne~cffcn`{(
]WEKI@[ @DWEKIN@[<
O`nef`{ ]weki` [/(
te{~ioeh~c{ ne ouóekc{ 31(==
Ouóekc ^i}` C 5=(==
Ouóekc ^i}` G :=(==
^`~cf
E{kehcwi` O`newcn`<
Eh e{~e e{kehcwi` {e }fchidikc fc{ teh~c{ oeh{ucfe{ ne fc {ijuieh~e ochewc<
!EQ]WE[CN@ ]@W HUOEW@ NE OUÓEKC[)O`nef`{ EHE DEG OCW CGW OCY LUH LUF CJ@ [E]^ @K^ H@T NIK ^@^CF
Te{~ioeh~c{ 3;5 343 7=1 341 317 397 317 734 75= 3;= 35= 7== 73:>
Ouóekc ^i}` C 347 7=: 317 397 7=1 341 7=1 347 35= 354 7== 75= 77>5
Ouóekc ^i}` G 3;5 335 3;= 3>> 354 3>> 354 3;5 375 3;= 3:5 3:5 3:7=
Uhn{ c tehnew >;7 >1; 57= 5=> 5>4 5=> 5>4 53; 575 >34 575 475 43;9
E{kehcwi` ]e{ioi{~c< Eh e{~e e{kehcwi` {e }fchidikc fc{ teh~c{ oeh{ucfe{ k`h uhc wenukkiûh ne 7=%& negin` c fc{
cf|c{ eh f`{ }weki`{ ne hue{~w`{ }w`teen`we{ ` }`w k`o}e~ehkic ne }w`nuk~`{ {u{~i~u~`{(
!EQ]WE[CN@ ]@W HUOEW@ NE OUÓEKC[)O`nef`{ EHE DEG OCW CGW OCY LUH LUF CJ@ [E]^ @K^ H@T NIK ^@^CF
Te{~ioeh~c{ 3=1 379 344 3;> 3>4 35> 3>4 3:; 7== 3=> 37= 34= 3:;9
Ouóekc ^i}` C 3;= 344 3>4 35> 344 3;> 344 3;= 37= 375 34= 7== 3:94
Ouóekc ^i}` G 3=1 97 3=> 335 375 335 375 3=1 3== 3=> 3>= 3>= 3;:4
Uhn{ c tehnew ;>4 ;14 >34 >=; >;: >=; >;: >3= >7= ;;; >7= 5== >933E{kehcwi` @}~ioi{~c<
Eh e{~e e{kehcwi` {e }fchidikc fc{ teh~c{ oeh{ucfe{ ne fc {ijuieh~e ochewc<
!EQ]WE[CN@ ]@W HUOEW@ NE OUÓEKC[)O`nef`{ EHE DEG OCW CGW OCY LUH LUF CJ@ [E]^ @K^ H@T NIK ^@^CF
Te{~ioeh~c{ 347 39; 75= 7=7 731 7;= 731 759 ;== 354 31= 7>= 74=9
Ouóekc ^i}` C 39> 7>1 731 7;= 75= 7=7 75= 39> 31= 31: 7>= ;== 749>
Ouóekc ^i}` G 347 3;1 354 3:; 31: 3:; 31: 347 35= 354 73= 73= 7=4>
Uhn{ c tehnew 531 51= 47> 4=5 455 4=5 455 434 4;= >99 4;= :5= :;4:
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 17
3=(> CHCFI[I[ NE K@[^@[
Ef k`{~e` }cwc fc teh~c ne fc{ ouóekc{ cw~e{chcfe{ ` gcwgie{ }ewuchc{ k`o}wehne f`{
{ijuieh~e{ k`{~`{<
K`{~`{ ne ]w`nukkiûh
Ef }w`yek~` h` c{uoiwã }`wsue {e cnsuiwiwãh c ~`n` k`{~`& hue{~w` }w`teen`w h`{ `dweke f`{
ï~eo{ ne fc {ijuieh~e ochewc<
JC[^@[ CNOIHI[^WC^IT@[
JEWEH^E JEHEWCF Y CNOIHI[^WCN@W DIL@
THNEN@W DIL@
Efek~wikincnTCWICGFE
CjucTCWICGFE
^eféd`h` e ih~ewhe~DIL@
C{e{`wïc k`h~cgfeDIL@
KCFKUF@ NEF ]CJ@ NEF IO]UE[^@ TCWICGFE
CFSUIFEW NE F@KCF DIL@
JC[^@[ NE TEH^C
^cwle~c{ }ugfiki~cwic{ DIL@
jc{~`{ dewic{ y o`nef`{ TCWICGFE
G`f{c{ }cwc eo}csue TCWICGFE
JC[^@[ DIHCHKIEW@[
Ef }w`yek~` h` kueh~c k`h e{~e wugw`
@^W@[ JC[^@[
JC[^@ NE K@H[^I^UKI@H TCWICGFE
kclc kaikc TCWICGFE
IO]FEOEH^CKI@H NE F@KCF TCWICGFE
UHID@WOE NE ]EW[@HCF TCWICGFE
U^IFE[ NE FIO]IE\C TCWICGFE
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 1;
Ef }w`yek~` {ewã ticgfe& }`wsue ef jwu}` ac ti{~` }`w k`htehieh~e sue uh }w`teen`w h`{ tehnc
fc{ ouóekc{ yc ~ewoihcnc{& }cwc sue f`{ k`{~`{ tcwicgfe{ h` ~ehjch uh duew~e io}ck~` eh ef
we{uf~cn` nef }w`yek~` e{~` }ewoi~iwïc ehd`kcw fc ihtew{iûh eh `~w`{ wugw`{ k`o` ef ocwbe~ihj(
E{~c ~`oc ne neki{iûh }ewoi~e wenukiw f`{ k`{~`{& ocqioi|cw fc ihtew{iûh& }cwc c{ï }`new
`g~ehew ocy`w weh~cgifincn eh ef }w`yek~` ne{cww`ffcn`(
3=(5 ]UH^@ NE ESUIFIGWI@ NE FC[ HUETC UHINCN NE HEJ@KI@
]UH^@ NE ESUIFIGWI@ NE TE[^IOEH^C[
Ef }uh~` ne esuifigwi` e{ csuef }uh~` n`hne f`{ Ihjwe{`{ ~`~cfe{ {e ijucfch c f`{ K`{~e{ ~`~cfe{(
Tehniehn` }`w ehkioc ne nika` }uh~ {e `g~ieheh gehediki`{ y tehniehn` }`w negcl` {e `g~ieheh }éwninc{(
Nc~`{ }cwc ef jwãdik`
S Teh~c{ = >&11> 9&:4: 3>&453
Nc~`{ ihikicfe{ [ Teh~c{ = 1:&9=; 3:5&1=4 74;&:=9
]weki` Teh~c 31 K`{~` Tcwicgfe = :&==7 33:&7=> 3:5&1=4
K`{~e Uhi~cwi` 37(= K`{~` Dil` 51&4=7 51&4=7 51&4=7 51&4=7
Jc{~`{ Dil`{ Oe{ 51&4=7 K`{~` `~cf 51&4=7 45&4=> 3:5&1=4 7;>&>=1
]~`( Esuifigwi` 9&:4: S ne Esuifigwi` Gehediki` /51&4=7 77&799 =(== 79&;=3
[ Teh~c{ Esuifigwi` 3:5&1=4 [ ne Esuifigwi` c c fkc h|cw ef }uh~` ne esuifi gwi` nege{ tehnew 9:4:(= uhincne{ chuc
/3==&===
/5=&===
=
5=&===
3==&===
35=&===
7==&===
75=&===
;==&===
= >&11> 9&:4: 3>&453
T e h ~ c { ! [ / )
Kch~incn !S)
[/ Teh~c{
K`{~` Tcwicgfe
K`{~` Dil`
K`{~` `~cf
Gehediki`
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 1>
]UH^@ NE ESUIFIGWI@ NE OUÓEKC[ ^I]@ C
Ef }uh~` ne esuifi gwi` e{ csuef }uh~` n`hne f`{ Ihjwe{`{ ~`~cfe{ {e ijucfch c f`{ K`{~e{ ~`~cfe{(
Tehniehn` }`w ehkioc ne nika` }uh~` {e `g~ieheh gehediki`{ y tehniehn` }`w negcl` {e `g~ieheh }éwninc{(
Nc~`{ }cwc ef jwãdik`S Teh~c{ = 3&7:> 7&5>1 ;&177
Nc~ { ihikicfe{ [ Teh~c{ = 4;&491 37:&;94 393&=9;
]weki` Teh~c 5= K`{~` Tcwicgfe = :&==7 41&:9> 3=;&39=
K`{~e Uhi~cwi` 7:(= K`{~` Dil` 51&4=7 51&4=7 51&4=7 51&4=7
Jc{~`{ Dil`{ Oe{ 51&4=7 K`{~` ^`~cf 51&4=7 45&4=> 37:&;94 343&:97
]~`( Esuifigwi` 7&5>1 S ne Esuifigwi` Gehediki` /51&4=7 /3&9=4 =(== 79&;=3
[ Teh~c{ Esuifigwi` 37:&;94 [ ne Esuifigwi` cfkch|cw ef }uh~` ne esuifigwi` nege{ tehnew 75>:(93; uhincne{ chu
/3==&===
/5=&===
=
5=&===
3==&===
35=&===
7==&===
75=&===
= 3&7:> 7&5>1 ;&177
T e h ~ c { ! [ / )
Kch~incn !S)
[/ Teh~c{K`{~` Tcwicgfe
K`{~` Dil`
K`{~` `~cf
Gehediki`
]UH^@ NE ESUIFIGWI@ NE OUÓEKC[ I]@ G
Ef }uh~` ne esuifigwi` e{ csuef }uh~` n`hne f`{ Ihjwe{`{ ~`~cfe{ {e ijucfch c f`{ K`{~e{ ~`~cfe{(
Tehniehn` }`w ehkioc ne nika` }uh~` {e g~ieheh gehediki`{ y tehniehn` }`w negcl` {e g~ieheh }éwninc{(
Nc~`{ }cwc ef jwãdik`
S Teh~c{ = 111 3&::4 7&44>
Nc~ { ihikicfe{ [ Teh~c{ = 47&35> 37>&;=: 314&>43
]weki` Teh~c := K`{~` Tcwicgfe = :&==7 45&:=5 91&551
K`{~e Uhi~cwi` ;:(= K`{~` Dil` 51&4=7 51&4=7 51&4=7 51&4=7
Jc{~`{ Dil`{ Oe{ 51&4=7 K`{~` `~cf 51&4=7 45&4=> 37>&;=: 35:&34=
]~`( Esuifigwi` 3&::4 S ne Esuifigwi` Gehediki` /51&4=7 /;&>5= =(== 79&;=3
[ Teh~c{ Esuifigwi` 37>&;=: [ ne Esuifigwi` cfkch|cw ef }uh~` ne esuifi gwi` nege{ tehnew 3::5(131 uhincne{ chu
/3==&===
/5=&===
=
5=&===
3==&===
35=&===
7==&===
= 111 3&::4 7&44>
T e h ~ c { ! [ / )
Kch~incn !S)
[/ Teh~c{
K`{~` Tcwicgfe
K`{~` Dil`
K`{~` `~cf
Gehediki`
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 15
3=(4 CNSUI[I[KI@H NE OC^EWICFE[ E IH[UO@[ ]CWC FC ]W@NUKKI@H
]cwc fc }w`nukkiûh ne fc{ ouóekc{ chnihc{& {e ac nekinin` ~ewkewi|cw e{~e }w`ke{` k`h uhc
eo}we{c sue h`{ tehnewïc c ~`n` k`{~`& negin` c sue kueh~c k`h oãsuihc{ }cwc edek~ucw ef
}w`ke{` ne }w`nukkiûh ne fc{ gcwgie{ }ewuchc{ }`w f` sue h`{ k`gwc c ~`n` k`{~`<
,Eh fc fi{~c ne }w`teen`we{ e{~ã fc fi{~c ne }weki`{& sue h`{ `dwekeh(
E{~c neki{iûh }ewoi~e wenukiw f`{ k`{~`{ ne }w`nukkiûh y nika` {ewtiki` e{ dck~uwcn`& f` sue
h`{ cyuncwïc k`h hue{~w` kwéni~` di{kcf nef wéjioeh }cwc fc }cw~e ~wigu~cwic(
Fc{ ouóekc{ {ewãh eh~wejcnc{ }`w ef }w`teen`w eh hue{~w` f`kcf(
3=(: IHTEW[I@H IHIKICF
]cwc ef }w`yek~` ne k`oewkicfi|ckiûh ne ouóekc{ }ewuchc{& {e ~iehe }weti{~` ihtew~iw [
;=&===2 ne f`{ kucfe{
]cwc ef kc}i~cf ne ^wcgcl` {ewã ne [ ;=&===& ef kucf {ewã ni{~wiguin` }cwc ef }cj` ne f`{
}wioew`{ f`~e{ ~ewkewi|cn`{ ne ouóekc{& cfsuifew ne f`kcf y }cj` ne {ewtiki`{(
3=(1 DUEH^E[ NE DIHCHKICOIEH^@
Fc dueh~e ne dihchkicoieh~` nef }w`yek~` {ewã k`h wekuw{`{ }w`}i`{& {iehn` ef o`h~` nef
c}`w~e ne [ 3=&=== }`w kcnc {`ki`& e{ nekiw eh ef }w`yek~` {e eqcoihc fc weh~cgifincn }cwc
uhc [CK& gcl` fc o`ncfincn nef wéjioeh jehewcf(
]WEKI@[ @DWEKIN@[<
O`nef`{ ]weki`, [/(
Te{~ioeh~c{ ne ouóekc{ 37(==
Ouóekc ^i}` C 7:(==
Ouóekc ^i}` G ;:(==
^`~cf
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 14
3=(9 ]W@YEKKI@H NE DFUL@ NE KCLC
[e cnluh~c ef dful` ne kclc nef }w`yek~` ne YOC [UOCK eh sue {e }uene c}wekicw fc
}w`yekkiûh ne teh~c ne ouóekc{ chnihc{& c{ï k`o` ef k`{~` ihkuwwin` eh fc }w`nukkiûh
~ewkewi|cnc sue }ewoi~e uh ca`ww` ne k`{~`{ y k`oewkicfi|ckiûh ne hue{~w`{ cw~ïkuf`{(
^cogiéh f`{ jc{~`{ cnoihi{~wc~it`{& }cj` ne io}ue{~`{& jc{~ { ne teh~c& y ef jc{~` }`w fc
io}feoeh~ckiûh nef }w`yek~`( Ef dful` ne kclc ac {in` ne{cww`ffcn` chucfoeh~e y gcl` f`{ ~we{
e{kehcwi`{ }cwc {u etcfuckiûh O`newcn`& @}~ioi{~c y ]e{ioi{~c(
[e cnluh~c kãfkuf` ne e{kehcwi`{ k`h {u{ we{}ek~it`{ cheq`{(
3=(3= CHCFI[I[ NE WEH^CGIFINCN
E{kehcwi` O`newcn`<
We{uf~cn` ‛ 3 q 3== ? [ 41&155 / 3 q 3== ? 3(;=%
Ihtew{iûh ;=&===
WUGW@[ DFUL@ NE KCLCEHEW@ DEGWEW@ OCW\@ CGWIF OCY@ LUHI@ LUFI@ CJ@[^@ [E IEOGWE @K^UGWE H@TIEOGWE NIKIEOGWE ^@^CF
I IHJWE[@[ NE @]EWCKIÛH 39&91= 73&791 73&9>> 77&:=> 7>&594 73&9;4 7>&594 73&>;1 7=&:5= 7=&4>> 7>&95= 71&;5= 7:;&314 Teh~c ne {ewtiki`{ 39&91= 73&791 73&9>> 77&:=> 7>&594 73&9;4 7>&594 73&>;1 7=&:5= 7=&4>> 7>&95= 71&;5= 7:;&314
=
II EJWE[@[ NE @]EWCKIÛH 7:&3=3 39&;=9 7=&973 73&;1= 77&:>3 73&7:5 77&;5; 73&=;4 7=&443 39&;5= 77&574 75&4:9 74>&;;3 K`o}wc ne giehe{ 3=&919 33&::4 37&77= 37&571 3;&5:7 37&341 3;&5:7 33&943 33&4:5 3=&517 3;&4:5 35&475 35=&;>;
Jc{~`{ ne }ew{`hcf ;&>73 ;&>73 ;&>73 ;&>73 ;&>73 ;&>73 ;&>73 ;&>73 ;&>73 ;&>73 ;&>73 ;&>73 >3&=57
CD] 51; 51; 51; 51; 51; 51; 51; 51; 51; 51; 51; 51; 4&994
E[[CFUN ;94 ;94 ;94 ;94 ;94 ;94 ;94 ;94 ;94 ;94 ;94 ;94 >&:57
Cfsuifew ne f`kcf 7&:== 3&;5= 3&;5= 3&;5= 3&;5= 3&;5= 3&;5= 3&;5= 3&;5= 3&;5= 3&;5= 3&;5= 3:&55=
[ewtiki`{ }we{~cn`{ q ;w`{ 13= 15; 1:9 15= 11> 114 15> 9=7 171 9=1 191 9>1 3=&>91
^wigu~`{
IJT = 3&=93 3&;4; 3&;5: 3&5;5 3&711 3&>15 3&7>4 3&7;: 3&;;1 3&53; 3;&>57
Io}ue{~` c fc Weh~c ;;9 ;43 ;:7 ;15 >3: ;:7 >3: ;4; ;57 ;5= >7; >&35=
Jc{~`{ ]ugfikincn 3&1=7 593 473 53: :9; 539 531 577 1== 573 535 3&>7= 9&3;9
Jc{~`{ dihchkiew`{ = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Jc{~`{ }we/`}ewc~it`{ 4&>== 4&>==
III[CFN@ @]EWC IT@ /:&373 3&919 3&=7; 3&;7> 3&155 443 7&7>; >=7 19 3&79> 7&>7> 7&4:3 1&155
IT IHJWE[@[ NE KC]I CF ;=&=== = = = = = = = = = = = ;=&=== C}`w~e{ ne kc}i~cf !Giehe{) ;=&=== = = = = = = = = = = = ;=&===
Teh~c{ ne ck~it dil` =
@~w`{ =
[CFN@ HE @ NE KCLC 77&1:9 3&919 3&=7; 3&;7> 3&155 443 7&7>; >=7 19 3&79> 7&>7> 7&4:3 ;1&155[CFN@ IHIKICF NE KCLC ;=&=== 57&1:9 5>&141 55&193 5:&735 59&=:= 59&:;7 43&9:> 47&;:: 47&>45 4;&:59 44&31; 414&>35[CFN@ DIHCF NE KCLC 57&1:9 5>&141 55&193 5:&735 59&=:= 59&:;7 43&9:> 47&;:: 47&>45 4;&:59 44&31; 41&155 :75&7:=
[CFN@ EH GCHK@[ 41&155WEH^CGIFINCN 3(;=
]EWI@N@ EHEW@ C NIKIEOGWE 7=3;
!EQ]WE[CN@ EH HUET@[ [@FE[)
'W@OEWCF [CK('
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 1:
]cwc e{~e }w`yek~` {e ~iehe k`o` we{uf~cn`<
,TCH Ek`hûoik` D[C nef 75%< 5>&44=(::
,TCH Ek`hûoik` D[C nef ;7%< >>&>;>(:5
,F`{ kucfe{ wedfelch ef dful` he~` nef }w`yek~`(
Y ef ^IW wedfelc uh 337%& f` kucf cf ~éwoih` ne 5 có`{ `g~ehnweo`{ e{c weh~cgifincn we{}ek~` ne fc
ihtew{iûh
'W@OEWCF [CK '
= 3 7 ; > 5Jc{~`{ Ihtew{iûh Ihikicf /;=&===
Tcf`w We{inucf ne Ck~it`{ Dil`{ 33&551
^`~cf Ihjwe{`{ }`w Teh~c{ 7:;&314 714&1>5 ;=3&311 ;34&7>: ;;7&=59
Jc{~`{ ne K`o}wc{ ne Giehe{ 35=&;>; 393&7;= 7==&:97 73=&1;3 773&;:;
Jc{~`{ Tcwi`{ 4;&3>= 4;&3>= 44&79: 49&437 :;&=97
Ne}wekickiûh 7&7=1 7&7=1 7&7=1 7&7=1 7&7=1
^`~cf K`{~`{ @}ewc~it`{ 735&493 754&5:1 749&794 717&453 794&4:;
U~ifincn ch~e{ nef io}ue{~` 5:&>95 ;=&741 ;3&193 ;;&594 ;5&;14Io}ue{~`{ ;=% 3:&7>9 9&=1= 9&54: 3=&=:9 3=&434
Ne}wekickiûh 7&7=1 7&7=1 7&7=1 7&7=1 7&7=1
/;=&=== >7&>5> 7;&;95 7>&5;3 75&:75 ;1&5;4
]wé{~co`{Co`w~i|cki`hIh~ewe{e{E{kun` ^wigu~cwi`
/;=&=== >7&>5> 7;&;95 7>&5;3 75&:75 ;1&5;4
ETCFUCKI@H EK@H@OIKC EH OIFE[ ![()= 3 7 ; > 5
DFUL@ EK@H@OIK@ /;=&=== >7&>5> 7;&;95 7>&5;3 75&:75 ;1&5;4
D[C 75% 3 =(1 =(4> =(537 =(>=94 =(;7:41
TCF@W ]WE[EH^E HE^@ EK@H@OIK@ /;=&===(== ;;&94;(>9 3>&9:7(:= 37&54=(33 3=&5;4(9; 37&47:(5>
T]HE75% 5>&44=(::
ETCFUCKI@H DIHCHKIEWC EH OIFE[ ![()
= 3 7 ; > 5DFUL@ DIHCHKIEW@ /;=&=== >7&>5> 7;&;95 7>&5;3 75&:75 ;1&5;4
D[C;7% 3 =(:5:5:5:51 =(5:;97 =(>;>:19 =(;79> =(7>95
TCF@W ]WE[EH^E HE^@ DIHCHKIEW@ /;=&===(== ;7&347(>= 3;&>74(:: 3=&444(=3 1&>:;(:9 9&43>(:1 T]HD;7% >>&;>;(:5
^C[C IH EWHC NE WE^@WH@ !^IW) 337%
DFUL@ NE KCLC ]W@YEK^CN@
K@HKE]^@ A@WI\@H^E NE ]FCHECKI@H
We{uf~cn`< DFUL@ EK@H@OIK@HE^@
We{uf~cn`< DFUL@ DIHCHKIEW@HE^@
]w`yekki`h c 5 có`{
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 11
3=(33 E[^CN@ NE JCHCHKIC[ Y ]EWNINC[ ]W@YEK^CNC[ NE FC EO]WE[C
E{~cn` ne Jchchkic{ y ]éwninc{
]W@YEK^@ YOC [UOCK
Cf dihcfi|cw ef 7=3;
Eq}we{cn` eh oife{ ne huet`{ {`fe{
Teh~c{ He~c{ [ 7:;&314(?
K`{~` ne teh~c{ !35=&;>;(?)
U~ifincn Gwu~c 377&1>;/?
Jc{~`{ Cnoihi{~wc~it`{ 94&5=1/?
Jc{~`{ ne Teh~c{ 9&3;1(:=
Jc{~`{ Dihchkiew`{ =U~ifincn Ch~e{ ne Io}ue{~` 3:&394(;=
Io}ue{~` c fc weh~c />&151(9
]cw~iki}cki`he{ !3=%) /3& 3;;&:>
U~ifincn He~c [ 3=&7=;(44
3=(37 CHCFI[I[ NE [EH[IGIFINCN Y WIE[J@[ NE FC UHINCN NE HEJ@KI@
]cwc ef }w`yek~` ne k`oewkicfi|ckiûh ne ouóekc{ chnihc{ {e ac edek~ucn` ef chãfi{i{ ne
{eh{igifincn y wie{j` eh f`{ e{kehcwi`{ o`newcn`& }~ioi{~c y }e{ioi{~c(
]cwc ef e{kehcwi` }e{ioi{~c {e }weté sue fc{ teh~c{ ni{oihuych jwcnucfoeh~e eh ni{~ih~`{
oe{e{& y f`{ k`{~`{ dil`{ {e och~ieheh(
Eh ef e{kehcwi` `}~ioi{~c {e }weté uh ihkweoeh~` eh oe{e{ }cw~ikufcwoeh~e eh fc ~eo}`wcnc
ne luhi` c h`tieogwe }`w ef ~uwi{o` sue dfuye& f` sue }ewoi~e sue fc{ u~ifincne{ {ech oel`we{
eh e{~e e{kehcwi`& y kuo}fiehn` k`h ef }cj` ne f`{ ne ~`n`{ f`{ jc{~`{ }weti{~`{(Ef ~i}` ne kcogi` h` ihdfuehkicwc } wsue hue{~wc{ k`o}wc{ y teh~c{ {ewãh eh o`henc
hcki`hcf(
]cwc ef ochel` ne e{~`{ e{kehcwi`{ {`f` {e ac ~`ocn` eh kueh~c fc tcwickiûh ne fc{ teh~c{& y
f`{ neoã{ dck~`we{ {e och~ieheh k`h{~ch~e{(
Fc }w`yekkiûh ne f`{ e{kehcwi`{ {e ac edek~ucn` }cwc ~`n` ef có` 7=37& k`h{inewchn` fc
io}feoeh~ckiûh nef }w`yek~` c }cw~iw nef oe{ ne ehew`2 y k`h fc }w`yekkiûh ne 5 có`{(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 19
KC]I^UF@ TI
!K@HKFU[I@HE[ Y
WEK@OEHNCKI@HE[)
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 9=
37( K`hkfu{i`he{ y wek`oehncki`he{<
Fc{ k`hkfu{i`he{ c fc{ sue {e ach ffejcn` {`h fc{ {ijuieh~e{<
Ef }w`yek~` we{uf~c weh~cgfe eh ~`n` o`oeh~` }`w f` sue {i e{ ticgfe edek~ucw ef
hej`ki`(
Ef }w`nuk~` e{ h`ten`{`& }`w f` sue {cgeo`{ sue {i ~ehnwã cke}~ckiûh y ck`jinc eh ef
oewkcn`(
Ef ihkweoeh~` ne ~uwi{~c{ cf ]ewü& cyuncwc cf ihkweoeh~` ne hue{~wc{ teh~c{(
@~wc k`hkfu{iûh c fc sue {e ac }`nin` ffejcw e{ sue eh uh k`w~` ~ieo}`& {e }`nwã
e{~cgfekew k`o` uhc }ew{`hc luwïnikc(
Kucfsuiew `wjchi|ckiûh ne}ehne eh ocy`w ` oeh`w jwcn` ne f`{ oc~ewicfe{ y ne f`{
{ewtiki`{ {uoihi{~wcn`{ }`w ~wc{ wjchi|cki`he{( Hihjuhc wjchi|ckiûh e{
cu~`{udikieh~e& }`w f` ~ch~` f`{ c}w`ti{i`hcoieh~`{ k`h{~i~uyeh uhc ne fc{ duhki`he{
k`ouhe{ gã{ikc{ ne kucfsuiew wjchi|ckiûh(‡
Uhc niwekkiûh edikc| ne f`{ c}w`ti{i`hcoieh~`{ k`h~wiguye ne d`woc {ijhidikc~itc cf
éqi~` ne fc je{~iûh eo}we{cwicf( Fc cnsui{ikiûh ne oc~ewicfe{& {uoihi{~w`{& {ewtiki`{ yesui}`{ keh~wc fc c~ehkiûh ne ouka`{ niwek~it`{ ne ~`n`{ f`{ {ek~`we{(‡
3;( Ne{kwi}kiûh nef esui}` jewehkicf y ne fc huetc
uhincn ne hej`ki`<
Fc ne{kwi}kiûh gã{ikcoeh~e ne hue{~w` esui}` e{ sue }`w e{~cw ~wcgclchn` gcl` ef wéjioeh
jehewcf {`f` acgwã uh jeweh~e jehewcf sue ~cogiéh {e ehkcwjcwc nef ãwec ne dihch|c{& uh lede
cnoihi{~wc~it` sue c {u te| ~ehnwã ef ãwec f`jï{~ikc y dihcfoeh~e ef ãwec k`oewkicf y ef
tehnen`w& fc{ u~ifincne{ y jchchkic{ {ewãh nitininc{ eh~we f`{ ~we{ c}`w~ch~e{ }cwc fc ihikickiûh
nef }w`yek~`(
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Geffe|c․․ k`h ~wcnikiûh }ewuchc ]ãjihc 93
Gigfi`jwcdïc<
[UHC^< ]cwc fc k`h{~i~ukiûh ne fc eo}we{c& wejfcoeh~`{ y }w`ke{`{ c {ejuiw
neh~w` ne fc oi{oc(
ZZZ([UHC^(J@G(]E
IHEI< ]cwc f`{ kucnw`{ e{~cnï{~ik`{& ~cfe{ k`o` fc ne~ewoihckiûh ne ]EC&
}`gfckiûh eh f`{ ni{~wi~`{ cfencó`{ c hue{~wc ~iehnc& gã{ikcoeh~e }cwc
ne~ewoihcw ef }ügfik` `gle~it` hcki`hcf(
ZZZ(IHEI(J@G(]E
OIHKE^UW< ]cwc fc ne~ewoihckiûh nef }ugfik` ~uwi{~c y fc dwekuehkic ne e{~e eh
ef ni{~wi~`{ ne Oiwcdf`we{ y |`hc{ cfencóc{& c{ï k`o` }cwc ef chãfi{i{ ne fc
ihnu{~wic cw~e{chcf eh ef ]ewü(
ZZZ(OIHKE^UW(J@G(]E
GCHK@ KEH^WCF NE WE[EWTC[ NEF ]EWU !GKW])< ]cwc fc
ne~ewoihckiûh ne fc ihdfckiûh eh ef ]ewü(
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