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Introduction to Aircraft Flight Mechanics:Performance, Static Stability, DynamicStability, and Classical Feedback Control
Thomas R. YechoutwithSteven L. MorrisDavid E. BossertWayne F. Hallgren
EDUCATION SERIESJoseph A. SchetzSeries Editor-in-ChiefVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, Virginia
Published by -JAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4344
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Table ofContents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Chapter 1 A Review of Basic Aerodynamics 11.1 Fundamental Concepts and Relationships 11.2 The Standard Atmosphere 131.3 Airfoil Fundamentals 151.4 Finite Wings 421.5 Aircraft Aerodynamics. 471.6 Historical SnapshotThe AC-13 OH Drag Reduction
Effort 53References 55Problems 56
Chapter 2 A Review of Basic Propulsion 592.1 Types of Propulsion Systems 592.2 Propulsion System Characteristics 642.3 Historical SnapshotAircraft Performance Modeling and
the Learjet Model 35 76Reference 78Problems 78
Chapter 3 Aircraft Performance 813.1 Airspeed 813.2 Equations of Motion for Straight, Level, and Unaccelerated
Flight 853.3 Thrust and Power Curves 873.4 Takeoff and Landing Performance 913.5 Gliding Fight 1023.6 Climbs 1083.7 Endurance 1103.8 Range 1163.9 Turn Performance and V-n Diagrams 1273.10 Historical Snapshot 135
References 140Problerni 140
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x TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 4 Aircraft Equations of Motion 1454.1 Aircraft Axis Systems 1454.2 Coordinate Transformations 1474.3 Aircraft Force Equations 1534.4 Moment Equations 1554.5 Longitudinal and Lateral-Directional Equations of Motion 1644.6 Kinematic Equations 1644.7 Historical SnapshotGenesis 2000 Flight Simulator 169
Reference 170Problems 170
Chapter 5 Aircraft Static Stability 1735.1 Static Stability Overview 1735.2 Stability, Control Power, and Cross-Control Derivatives,
and Control Deflection Sign Convention 1745.3 Longitudinal Applied Forces and Moments 1775.4 Longitudinal Static Stability 1915.5 Lateral-Directional Applied Forces and Moments 2025.6 Lateral-Directional Static Stability 2155.7 Summary of Steady-State Force and Moment Derivatives 2295.8 Historical SnapshotThe X-38 Mid-Rudder Investigation 230
References 233Problems 233
Chapter 6 Linearizing the Equations of Motion 2396.1 Small Perturbation Approach 2396.2 Developing the Linearized Aircraft Equations of Motion 2416.3 First-Order Approximation of Applied Aero Forces and
Moments 2446.4 First-Order Approximation of Perturbed Thrust Forces and
Moments 2796.5 Recasting the Equations of Motion in Acceleration
Format 2856.6 Historical SnapshotThe X-38 Parafoil Cavity
Investigation 291References 296Problems 296
Chapter 7 Aircraft Dynamic Stability 3037.1 Mass-Spring-Damper System and Classical Solutions of
rdinary Differential Equations 3037.2^Root Representation Using the Complex Plane 316lib Transforming the Linearized EOM to the Laplace(f Domain 321
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TABLE OF CONTENTS xi
7.4 Dyanmic Stability Guidelines 3567.5 Cooper-Harper Ratings 3717.6 Experimental Determination of Second-Order Parameters 3727.7 Historical SnapshotThe A-10A Prototype Flight
Evaluation 377References 380Problems 380
Chapter 8 Classical Feedback Control 3898.1 Open-Loop Systems, Transfer Functions, and Block Diagrams . . 3898.2 Closed-Loop Systems 3928.3 Closed-Loop Analysis of a Second-Order System 3948.4 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions 3998.5 Time Response Characteristics 4038.6 Root Locus Analysis 4058.7 Historical SnapshotThe C-l Autopilot 427
Problems 428
Chapter 9 Aircraft Stability and Control Augmentation 4339.1 Inner-Loop Stability and Control 4339.2 Outer-Loop Autopilot/Navigation Control 4449.3 Compensation Filters 4519.4 Combined Systems 4579.5 Historical SnapshotThe A-7D DIGITAC Digital
Multimode Flight Control System Program 463References 469Problems 469
Chapter 10 Special Topics 47310.1 System Type and Steady-State Error 47310.2 Frequency Response 49210.3 Digital Control 54410.4 Advanced Control Algorithms 54910.5 Reversible and Irreversible Flight Control Systems 55110.6 Spins 55410.7 Historical SnapshotThe F-16 Fly-by-Wire System 558
Problems 567
Appendix A Conversions 571
Appendix B Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere 573
Appendix C Airfdil Data 577
Appendix D T-38 Performance Data 589
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Appendix E Selected Laplace Transforms 603Appendix F Cramer's Rule 605Appendix G Development of Longitudinal and Lateral-Directional
Transfer Functions 609Appendix H Stability Characteristics of Selected Aircraft 613Bibliography 623Index 625Series listing 631