Year grammar book

Libro de Gramática

Toño Wineman

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Table of Contents3………………………………………………………..…………..…………Constructions of se4…………………………………………………………………………………….…Adverbs5……………………………………………………………………………...Preterite vs. Imperfect6………………………………………………………….………………………..…Por vs. Para7……………………………………………...Stressed Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns8……..…. Commands informal/formal/nosotros/irregulars/affirmative/negative9……………………………………………….. Object Pronoun Placement (IOP/DOP/SE)10………………………………………………………………………………Present Subjunctive11………………………………………….…Subjunctive with verbs of will and influence12…………………………………………………………………………………………Works Cited

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Constructions of se• se = impersonal (passive voice)• Singular with singular nouns• Plural with plural nouns• Used in signs, advertisements, directions• Se = accident, unplanned event• Common verbs: caer danar olividar perder (e:ie) • (Unplanned Event) Se + indirect object pronoun + verb +

subject

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• You use se so that you don’t have to specify a person

• You have to use the 3rd person

• It can be used in all tenses

Adverbs• You use them to describe when, how, or where an action takes place• They usually end in –mente• To form take femine form of adjective and add mente• Ex. Felizmente• When you have two or more adverbs in a sentence, only the last one has

mente

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• Don’t forget accents on the adverb

Preterite vs. Imperfect

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• These are completed actions that have a definite beginning and ending

• It is used for events that have happened in the past for a set number of times and is completed

• It is used for habitual actions or events that have not been completed.

• It is also used for events that don’t have a definite ending or to describe when you were young or to tell time

J- Verbs

Por vs. Para

• Uses– Motion or general

location– Duration– Reason for an action– Object that is being

looked for– By way something is done– In exchange

– Ex. We are looking por that.

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• Uses• Toward a destination• Deadline in the future• In order to • Something is used for

something• Recipient of something• Comparison with others• Employment

• Ex. This is para you.

Stressed Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Adjectives• They are used in place

of of mine, your, or someone elses…

• They have to agree with gender and the number of the subject

• They are used with un or una

• They are used for emphisis 7

Pronouns• They have to agree in number and

gender with the noun it replaces• You don’t use definite articles with

them• You use them to replace nouns

Commands• Used to give advice or tell people what to do• Use usted and ustedes commands for formal situations• formed by dropping the –o of the yo form of the present tense.

For –ar verbs, add –e or –en. For –er and –ir verbs, add –a or –an.• Ex. Sientense• Informal: put in first person, drop the o, use opposite ending in the

second person• Formal: put in yo form, drop the o, use opposite ending in the

usted/ustedes form• Still have car, gar, zar verbs• Put no in front of the verb to make it negative• Maintain the sound with accents

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Object Pronoun Placement

• They attach to• Infinitives + IOP/DOP/Se

• Ex. comerlo• Affirmative commands + IOP/DOP/Se

• Ex. hazlo• Gerunds + IOP/DOP/Se

• Ex. comiéndolo•They go BEFORE the conjugated verb if it is negative•Ex. No lo corres

• When there are double object pronouns (IOP + DOP), the IOP would be the one to go first.• Example: Pablo me lo da•add accent marks if you add a 3rd syllable to a verb•Ex. dímelo

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Present Subjunctive• To for the subjunctive, you drop the o in the yo form and you replace it with the

subjunctive verb form• Still have car, gar, zar verbs, irregular yo forms, and stem changers• They are used to express will and influence, emotion, and attitude towards things• Impersonal Expressions

– It expresses the attitude towards certain events– Expressions: es Bueno que, es malo que, es major que, es importante que, es necesario

que, es urgente que

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Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence

• They are used to help influence the behaviors of other people• When using a verb of will and influence and have a clause in front of it,

you need to add que• It is also used for Will and Influence

– Sugerir, aconsejar, importer, insister, mandar, prohibir, recomendar, rogar

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Works Cited• http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/pret6.htm• http://www.cliffsnotes.com/foreign-languages/spanish/spanish-i/adverbs-and-com

parisons/~/media/1EBF2D72B4F442F481E0E2BB6A6796DC.ashx

• http://www.netplaces.com/spanish-grammar/in-the-past/what-you-were-doing-the-imperfect.htm

• http://image.slidesharecdn.com/preterite-imperfect-100724231522-phpapp02/95/preterite-imperfect-26-728.jpg?cb=1280031387

• http://www.forspanishteachers.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Por-vs-para-1.jpg

• http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/spanish-grammar-por-vs-para.html#lesson

• http://www.cliffsnotes.com/foreign-languages/spanish/spanish-i/direct-and-indirect-object-pronouns/~/media/DB2A9894C79D4EB8BA8CF6056541A411.ashx

• http://www.musicalspanish.com/tutorial/newsletters/subjunctive.gif 12

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2nd Semester Grammar Book

Tony Wineman

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Table of Contents15…….Present Subjunctive16…….. Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence17…..Subjunctive with emotions18…...subjunctive with doubt and certainty19….subjunctive with conjunctions20….subjunctive with adverbial clauses21….commands22……past participles used as adjectives23….present perfect24….past perfect25….. acabar de + infinitive AND ya26……future27…..conditional28…….past subjunctive

Present Subjunctive• To for the subjunctive, you drop the o in the yo form and you replace it with the

subjunctive verb form• Still have car, gar, zar verbs, irregular yo forms, and stem changers• They are used to express will and influence, emotion, and attitude towards things• Impersonal Expressions

– It expresses the attitude towards certain events– Expressions: es Bueno que, es malo que, es major que, es importante que, es necesario

que, es urgente que

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Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence

• They are used to help influence the behaviors of other people• When using a verb of will and influence and have a clause in front of it,

you need to add que• It is also used for Will and Influence

– Sugerir, aconsejar, importer, insister, mandar, prohibir, recomendar, rogar

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Subjunctive w/emotions

• Any personal reaction to a situation is emotional• Since how a person feels is always subjective, you use

the subjunctive.• Ex. Me alegro de que sonrías. (It makes me happy

that you smile.)

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subjunctive w/doubt + certainty

• an aspect of ignorance or doubt in the sentence would trigger the subjunctive

• Certainty would use the indicative in a Spanish sentence

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Subjunctive w/conjunctions

• the subjunctive mood is used whenever the speaker feels uncertain about the action of the sentence, or when the speaker is expressing a subjective opinion

• They are used with actions that have not yet been completed

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Subjunctive w/adverbial clauses

• You use subjunctive when you do not know if the subject you are describing actually exists

• You use indicative when you know the subject exists• Ex. I like the restaurant that serves good food.

Indicative• I like a restaurant that serves good food. Subjunctive

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IYF (in your face) commands including nosotros commands.

• Commands are used when ordering, or telling someone to do something• The formal commands are formed the same way as the present

subjunctive:• Start with the yo form of the present indicative.• Then drop the -o ending.• Add the opposite ending• Nosotros commands are used when the speaker is included, and are used

to express the idea "let's + verb”• To form the negative command, place the word no before the same verb

form (present subjunctive).

To form the negative command, place the word no before the same verb form (present subjunctive)

The only exception is the verb ir(se), which uses the present indicative for the affirmative command only.

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past participles used as adjectives

• To form the past participle, simply drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add -ado (for -ar verbs) or -ido (for -er, -ir verbs).

• they agree in gender and number with the nouns that they modify.

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present perfect

• The present perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the past participle.

• the present perfect tense is formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle.

• the past participle is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and adding either -ado or -ido.

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past perfect

• The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle

• the past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle

• the past participle is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and adding either -ado or -ido.

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acabar de + infinitive AND ya

• Adding “ya” to the sentence means that it has occurred already

• The first verb which is acabar is conjugated, while the second verb remains in the infinitive form

• Ex. Ellos ya acaban correr en el ciudad.

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future

• Used to tell what will or shall happen• Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by

adding the these endings to the infinitive form of the verb: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án.

• There are irregulars, but they have the same endings• Ex. Estará viajando solo.

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conditional

• the conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture

• It is the would, should, or could• Ex. Estaría en su casa.• The irregulars in the future are also irregular

in the conditional tense

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past subjunctive

• It indicates a completed action that "had" happened before another action in the past in all cases the subjunctive is used.

• Formed by putting it into the third person preterite. Then you drop –ron and add appropriate ending

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Works Cited

• http://www.spanish.bz/newsletters/participles.gif

• http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/31• http://

www.studyspanish.com/lessons/presperfect.htm

• http://mariaortegagarcia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ishot-2.jpg

• http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/pastperfect.htm