Year 8 Geog Readings For Starter Sheets
Year 8 Geog Readings For Starter Sheets. Year 8 Geog Skills No. 1 Grid References Use the map A to answer the following. (1) Who lives in the small houses.
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Year 8 Geog Readings
For Starter Sheets
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 1Grid ReferencesUse the map A to answer the following.(1) Who lives in the small houses in B2 and C2?_________________(2) How far would the church congregation have to travel after a service to enjoy a barbecue in Royal Park?____________________(3) Which railway line would have been the more expensive to build, the the western line or the northern line? Give reasons for your answer_________________________________________________________________________________________________(4) In which general direction does the River Tir flow? __________ (5) At which Area Reference do three roads meet up? ____________________________________________________(6) What would be a good fishing spot in C5? __________________(7) Which road does the council have plans to improve? ____________________________________________________(8) What is the Grid Reference of a kiosk in the south west corner of Royal Park?_________________________________________(9) Is it true or false that the church is north of one railway line and west of the other?_____________________________________(10) Identify three natural physical features shown on the map. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A B C D E F
Use the map B to answer the following questions (1) If you travel from the church to the lake, in what direction would you travel? __________________________________________(2) Why are there no houses in the south west?___________________________________________________________________(3) What is the highest point in the area?_____________________(4) Why do most residents live in the eastern region? ________________________________________________________________(5) What facility that would help tourists is to the west of the town? ____________________________________________________(6)What features may attract tourists to this area?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 2Grid References
Plot and join the following points:-1. 131 393 join to 209 4692. 131 469 join to 209 3933. 108 430 to 153 447 to 4. 170 494 to 187 447 to 5. 234 430 to 187 414 to 6. 170 367 to 153 414 and back to 108
430.7. 139 441 to 131 469 to 158 4618. 181 461 to 209 469 to 201 4419. 201 419 to 209 393 to 182 40110. 159 399 to 131 393 to 139 419
11. Now Label the compass you have made. Remember
12. Never 13. Entertain 14. Sexy15. Women
Year 8 Geog Skills No.3aIntroduced Species
Our early settlers introduced many European and domestic animals to Australia. These have caused great environmental damage. Some compete with and kill native animals and cause soil erosion and changes in plant communities. The two main villains are the rabbit and the fox. Attempts to control the rabbit plague with myxomatosis were successful at first but the rabbits developed resistance. Foxes are believed responsible for the extinction of 11 small native mammals already. They have also pushed several endangered species to the brink of extinction. Scientists from CSIRO are working on a virus to prevent foxes from reproducing.
Year
8 G
eog
Skills
No.3
b
1 W
hic
h a
nim
als
were
intr
oduce
d into
Aust
ralia
for:
a s
port
or
hunti
ng?
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b f
ood?
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c tr
ansp
ort
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_2
a W
hat
is t
he m
ost
com
mon m
eth
od o
f att
em
pte
d c
ontr
ol?
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____
b W
hy is
contr
ol of
these
anim
als
desc
ribed a
s 'a
ttem
pte
d'?
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____
c W
hic
h a
nim
als
are
shot
from
helic
opte
rs?_
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3 W
hic
h f
era
l anim
als
are
lik
ely
to b
e f
ound in t
he f
ollo
win
g e
nvir
onm
ents
,a t
ropic
al ra
info
rest
s of
Nort
h Q
ueensl
and _
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____
b c
entr
al A
ust
ralia
n d
ese
rts
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c K
aka
du w
etl
ands
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d s
heep w
heat
farm
lands
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__e u
rban _
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__4
Mark
tru
e o
r fa
lse (
T o
r F)
for
each
of
these
sta
tem
ents
: a R
abbit
s are
found a
ll over
Aust
ralia
. _
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____
b C
am
els
are
rest
rict
ed t
o t
he a
rid c
entr
e o
f A
ust
ralia
. __
____
____
____
____
___
c Fe
ral pig
s ca
n h
ave u
p t
o 1
2 y
oung a
year.
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____
__d T
he r
ed f
ox is
not
found in W
est
ern
Aust
ralia
. __
____
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___
e A
ngora
goats
were
intr
oduce
d f
or
their
mohair.
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____
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____
_ f
Donke
ys
were
not
fera
l unti
l 1
86
6.
____
____
____
____
____
_g R
abbit
s to
day a
re s
ucc
ess
fully
contr
olle
d b
y m
yxo
mato
sis.
___
____
____
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____
__h F
oxes
have c
ause
d 1
1 s
mall
mam
mal exti
nct
ions.
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____
__i B
uff
alo
are
shot
for
their
meat
and s
kins.
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____
__j Fe
ral ca
ts a
re f
ound o
nly
aro
und h
um
an s
ett
lem
ents
. __
____
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____
___
5.
Choose
any t
wo a
nim
als
(exc
ept
rabbit
s and f
oxes)
and e
xpla
in w
hy t
hey a
re
dangero
us
to t
he e
nvir
onm
ent.
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___
6 N
am
e s
om
e o
ther
intr
oduce
d a
nim
als
not
menti
oned in t
he
table
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7 It
has
been s
aid
that
foxe
s ca
use
the e
xti
nct
ion o
f nati
ve a
nim
als
speci
es
but
rabbit
s ch
ange t
he n
atu
ral envir
onm
ent.
Expla
in w
hat
this
means.
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8 W
hic
h is
the o
nly
Aust
ralia
n S
tate
that
does
not
have t
he r
ed f
ox.' W
hy?
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_9
aW
hy a
re s
om
e c
ounci
ls c
onsi
deri
ng c
urf
ew
s on d
om
est
ic c
ats
? __
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b F
rom
an e
nvir
onm
enta
l poin
t of
vie
w,
why is
it im
port
ant
to d
ese
x p
et
cats
? __
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10
Severa
l endangere
d m
am
mal sp
eci
es
are
bein
g b
red in c
apti
vit
y a
nd r
ein
troduce
d
into
their
form
er
habit
at.
Suggest
ways
that
rangers
can p
revent
these
fra
gile
popula
tions
from
bein
g d
est
royed b
y f
era
l anim
als
. __
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_
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 4Biodiversity Graph SkillsBiological diversity' is the term used for the variety of life on earth. It includes all species of plants, animals and micro organisms as well as the ecosystems they create. Australia's biodiversity is significant in two ways: (1) its contribution to global (worldwide) biodiversity; and (2) the high percentage of living things which are unique to Australia
2 Many plants and animals are unique to Australia. a Using the diagram name the categories and the percentage of species that are unique to Australia. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b Give some reasons why this percentage is so high for most plants and animals. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ c Where else in the world would you find the same species as those in Australia? ___________________________________________________________________________ d Why are 30 per cent of Australian birds found elsewhere in the world? (Hint: Some birds escape winter.) ________________________________________________________3 Rank Australia's biodiversity from highest to lowest according to the number of species in each category.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Extension Questions1 Some species are extinct over most of Australia but still live in small, isolated areas called `refuges'. Why do these refuge areas need conserving?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2 Describe some land use activities that have caused
habitat loss. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 a Which organisms are the most numerous in Australia? ___________________________________________ b Why don't scientists know the exact species numbers of these organisms? _______________________________
1 a
How
many A
ust
ralia
n a
nim
als
have
beco
me e
xti
nct
sin
ce t
he a
rriv
al of
Euro
peans,
just
over
20
0 y
ears
ago?
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____
____
_
b W
hic
h c
ate
gori
es
of
anim
als
have
suff
ere
d e
xti
nct
ion?
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___
2 a
How
many a
nim
als
are
cla
ssifi
ed a
s endangere
d?_
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____
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____
____
b
Whic
h c
ate
gori
es
have e
ndangere
d
anim
als
? __
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_3
a W
hic
h t
ype o
f anim
al is
the m
ost
vuln
era
ble
? __
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____
____
___
b
How
many m
am
mals
are
regard
ed
as
vuln
era
ble
?___
____
____
____
____
____
4 W
hy w
ould
it
be p
oss
ible
for
the
num
bers
of
exti
nct
anim
als
to b
e
hig
her
than t
hat
liste
d?
(Hin
t: L
ook
at
the k
ey.
)__
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_
Year
8 G
eog
Skills
5Te
xt
Typ
es s
kills
Change t
he v
erb
s fr
om
past
tense
to
is/a
re/a
m _
____
____
__
ing.
1.
Sci
enti
sts
(conduct
ed)
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____
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____
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
exte
nsi
ve
rese
arc
h o
n A
nta
rcti
ca.
2.
Docu
menta
ries
and m
ovie
s about
Anta
rcti
ca (
beca
me)
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_popula
r. 3
. The A
ust
ralia
n g
overn
ment
(pla
ced)
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
m
any
rese
arc
h p
ers
onnel in
their
faci
lity in
Anta
rcti
ca.
4
. Sci
enti
sts
work
ing in A
nta
rcti
ca a
re c
ut
off
fro
m t
he r
est
of
the w
orl
d d
uri
ng
w
inte
r, s
o t
hey (
got)
___
____
____
____
____
use
d t
o t
he iso
lati
on.
5.
Many p
eople
(v
isit
ed)
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
_Anta
rcti
ca t
o s
ee its
uniq
ue landsc
ape
6.
Som
e (
left
) __
____
____
____
____
____
fro
m
Tasm
ania
, w
hile
oth
ers
(em
bark
ed)
____
____
____
____
____
____
__ f
rom
South
A
meri
ca.
7.
Many e
xplo
rers
(m
ade)
____
____
____
____
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
_the t
rip t
o
Anta
rcti
ca b
y h
elic
opte
r. 8
. In
the A
rcti
c th
e Inuit
people
(liv
e)
____
____
____
____
____
____
_acc
ord
ing
to t
heir
tra
dit
ional w
ays.
9.
Even t
oday,
the Inuit
whic
h m
eans
“the
people
” (m
ade)
____
____
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___
their
hom
es
out
of
blo
cks
of
ice in t
he t
undra
. 1
0.
Inuit
moth
ers
(to
ld)
___
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
_ anci
ent
stori
es
to t
heir
ch
ildre
n t
o k
eep t
he Inuit
tra
dit
ion a
live.
11
. The Inuit
people
(m
ain
tain
ed)
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
a
harm
onio
us
rela
tionsh
ip w
ith t
he
envir
onm
ent.
12
. M
any indiv
iduals
who w
ant
to e
xperi
ence
a p
rist
ine,
natu
ral envir
onm
ent
(vis
ited)
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
the f
asc
inati
ng
pola
r re
gio
ns
of
the w
orl
d.
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 6aLand DegradationThe clearing of the native vegetation for crops and timber has resulted in land degradation. This is one of the most serious environmental problems in Australia. When land is cleared of vegetation there is a rise in the ground water level (the water table). This may then lead to salinity (saltiness), either dry land salinity or irrigated land salinity. When the soil is exposed it can be removed by wind and water. This is called erosion. The decaying, organic protective layer of top soil is called humus. When this is reduced, soil structure is changed and fertility declines. Use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers can lead to land and water pollution, algal blooms and soil acidity. Vegetation degradation also occurs with clearing and overgrazing by animals. Disturbed areas are often invaded by weeds and introduced plants. The graph in this unit shows the extent of degraded agricultural land in Australia by State. About 70 per cent of Australia is arid and only 30 per cent is farmed. The graph shows the degradation of the 30 per cent of agricultural land, not of the State as a whole.Graph Skills1 a Which State has the most land requiring treatment?______________________________________________b Give some reasons. (Hint: The length of time of settlement and the climate will give you a clue.) _________________________________________________________________2 a Which State has the least amount of degraded
agricultural land? _____________________________b Give some reasons for this. __________________________________________________________________3 a Estimate the % of land requiring treatment in:i Northern Territory; _____________________________ii South Australia.________________________________b Estimate the % of land requiring no treatment in :i Victoria; _______________________________ii Western Australia._______________________
4 Rank the States and Territories from highest to lowest according to the percentage of land requiring treatment.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5Using a calculator, calculate the percentage of agricultural land requiring treatment for the whole of Australia (the totals of each of the eight States and Territories = 8).______________________________________________6What percentage of land required treatment as a result of water erosion in:a New South Wales?______________________________b Australian Capital Territory?______________________7 a Which State had the highest percentage of land with vegetation degradation? ___________________________ b Give the percentage of land with vegetation degradation for that State. __________________________________8What percentage of land requires treatment for the following:a wind erosion in South Australia _____________________b salinity in Victoria ______________________________9Which States are affected by:a wind erosion?__________________________________b wind and water erosion?__________________________c salinity?______________________________________10 a Which type of degradation has the highest percentage of land requiring treatment for all the States? ______________________________________________ b Why would this type be more obvious to an observer than salinity? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 6b
Extension Questions1. Classify the degradation problems of each state under the following headings: i. Minimal, ii Moderate, iii Serious2. Draw 8 circles and construct pie graphs one for each state and territory showing the percentage of land requiring treatment
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 6Tourist planning Skills
It is your job to plan a major tourist centre in this area.Facilities you should include in yourplan are:• a large hotel with a swimming
pool;• an area of small residential
chalets;• guest houses run by local people;• a quay for boats used in water
skiing• and fishing;• a theatre for entertainments;• a tourist trail through the old
town• and market;• a footpath to a local vantage
point,• where a hilltop bar can be• established;• closed areas of the beach where• tourists can sunbathe and swim;• facilities fur tourists to visit the
old• plantation house:• car parks and access roads where• necessary.
Imaginary site for a tourist development on a Whitsunday island.
b. Now consider the response of the local people to this development. What reaction would the following individuals have to your plan? Give their reasons for liking or disliking your plan1. a trader in the local market; _____________________________________________________________________2. a fisherman in the village by the bay; _______________________________________________________3. a worker on the sugar cane plantation; _____________________________________________________________4. a local farmer producing fruit and vegetables;________________________________________________________5. a garage mechanic in the town;___________________________________________________________________6. an unemployed youth;__________________________________________________________________________7. a school child;_________________________________________________________________________________8. a wife in the fishing village.______________________________________________________________________
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 7Key InterpreatationWhat do you get if you saw a comedian in half?
Above is a map with a key. The statements below are about that map. Next to each of the statements write F if it is false and T if it is true. Then use the code to find the answer to the question above.
Code
FFF A FTF H TTT L TFT UFFT F FTT I TTF T TFF W
1 The headhunters live on the west side of the mountains. 2 The buried treasure is next to a palm tree.3 There is a cave in the rainforest.4 The shipwreck is on the west side of the island.5 There are mountains across the middle of the island.6 The signal fire is on the south side of the island.7 The headhunters live south of the rainforest.8 There is just one rainforest on the island.9 The quicksand is on the northern tip of the island.10 The buried treasure lies south west from the shipwreck survivors' camp.11 There are two caves on the island.12 There are sixteen palm trees on the island.13 The headhunters live east of the shipwreck survivors.14 The signal fire is north of the shipwreck survivors' camp.15 The signal fire is on the sandy beach.16 The quicksand is on the south west corner of the island.17 The caves are found to the east of the mountains.18 The mountains run from the west to the east side of the island.19 The headhunters' village has four huts in it.20 The swamp is north of the quicksand.21 The buried treasure is in a swamp.22 The shipwreck is next to the sandy beach.23 The shipwreck lies to the south east of the shipwreck survivors' camp.24 There are palm trees on the south east corner of the island.
Year
8 G
eog
Skills
No.
8M
ap
In
terp
eta
tion
1.W
hic
h t
ow
n is
hig
her
above s
ea level, A
mar
or
Era
d?
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____
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____
_2
.Whic
h r
oad,
West
Road o
r N
ort
h R
oad,
would
have m
ore
hill
s?
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3.S
hade in b
lue t
he s
ect
ion o
f ro
ad t
ouri
sts
would
enjo
y.4
.What
had t
o b
e d
one in t
he s
outh
and w
est
of
the r
egio
n b
efo
re r
oads
could
be
const
ruct
ed?
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__5
.What
appro
xim
ate
heig
ht
above s
ea level is
Aro
n?
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___
6.If
you w
ent
on a
gentl
e h
ike o
f about
15
km
to E
rad f
rom
Ald
o,
show
your
route
wit
h
a g
reen lin
e.
7.C
olo
ur
in r
ed t
hat
part
of
Nort
h R
oad w
here
there
may b
e d
anger
from
falli
ng r
ock
s.8
.Nort
h R
oad f
ollo
ws
part
of
an o
ld c
ara
van r
oute
. W
hy d
id t
he o
ld c
am
el ro
ute
s go
thro
ugh t
his
part
of
the r
egio
n?
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
__9
.Mark
wit
h a
n X
a p
oin
t fr
om
whic
h y
ou w
ould
have p
anora
mic
vie
ws
tow
ard
s th
e
east
.1
0.
In w
hat
indust
ry d
o p
eople
in t
he s
mall
SW
sett
lem
ents
work
?
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
__-
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 9Key SkillsAlmost all the petrol and other oil products Australia uses are made in the country's own refineries. The largest are at Geelong (Victoria), Kurnell (Sydney), Kwinana (W.A.) and Altona (Melbourne). The biggest oilfields are Kingfish, Halibut and Barrow Island. These and others can produce about two thirds of Australia's oil needs. The rest has to be imported. Study the map below, then try to answer these questions
1. How many oil refineries does Australia have?_________________________2. Where do pipelines now carry crude oil long distances to refineries? ________________________________3. How long is the longest natural gas pipeline now in use in Australia? ________________________________4. Which capital cities now receive natural gas by pipeline?________________________________5. Which producing oilfield is not connected to a refinery by pipeline? ________________________________
6. Oil is a non renewable resource. What renewable resources can be use to produce energy. List as many as you can.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Year
8 G
eog
Skills
No.
10
Au
str
alia a
nd
Sou
th E
ast
Asia
1.
Colo
ur
the c
ountr
ies
usi
ng t
he c
ode .
Label th
e f
ollo
win
g p
lace
s and o
ceans.
Darw
inM
anila
Colo
mbo
Toky
oN
ew
Delh
iSeoul
Beiji
ng
Hong K
ong
Jaka
rta
Bangko
kKuala
Lum
pur
Sin
gapore
Paci
fic
Oce
an
India
n O
cean
Year
8 G
eog
Skills
No.
11
Lin
es o
f Lati
tud
eIn
ord
er
to loca
te p
lace
s in
the w
orl
d,
mapm
ake
rs p
lace
im
agin
ary
lin
es
aro
und t
he
eart
h o
n m
aps
and g
lobes.
One s
et
of
these
lin
es
are
calle
d lin
e o
f la
titu
de.
These
im
agin
ary
lin
es
run e
ast
and w
est
aro
und t
he e
art
h.
The lin
e o
f la
titu
de a
t th
e e
art
h's
w
idest
part
(it
's c
ircu
mfe
rence
) is
the e
quato
r. It
is labelle
d 0
*(d
egre
es)
. The lin
es
that
run e
ast
and w
est
and a
re n
ort
h o
f th
e e
quato
r are
labelle
d b
y t
heir
degre
e a
nd
dir
ect
ion.
For
exam
ple
, th
ere
are
30
°N,
31
°N
, 7
4°N
. and 8
6°N
. There
is
noth
ing
beyond 9
0°N
. The lin
es
.that
run e
ast
and w
est
and a
re s
outh
of
the e
quato
r are
la
belle
d lik
ew
ise.
as
in 4
5°S
, 6
0°S
, and 9
0°S
.
1.
____
_Pa
sses
thro
ugh t
he U
nit
ed S
tate
s and A
fric
aa.
60
° N
2.
____
_N
ort
h P
ole
b.
60
° S
3.
____
_Pa
sses
thro
ugh C
anada,
Euro
pe,
and t
he S
ovie
t U
nio
nc.
15
° N
4.
____
_Pa
sses
thro
ugh A
ust
ralia
, A
fric
a,
and S
outh
Am
eri
ca
d.
0°
5.
____
_Pa
sses
nort
h o
f A
nta
rcti
ca,
south
of
South
Am
eri
cae.
30
° N
6.
____
_South
Pole
f. 9
0°
S7
. __
___
Pass
es
thro
ugh India
and A
fric
ag.
75
° N
8.
____
_ P
ass
es
thro
ugh t
he U
nit
ed S
tate
s and E
uro
pe
h.
45
° N
9.
____
_ P
ass
es
thro
ugh G
reenla
nd
i. 9
0°
N1
0.
___
__
Cir
cum
fere
nce
of
the w
orl
dj. 3
0°
S
Year
8 G
eog
Skills
No.
12
Lin
es o
f Lon
git
ud
eLi
nes
of
longit
ude, lik
e t
hose
of
lati
tude,
are
im
agin
ary
. They c
ircl
e t
he g
lobe in a
nort
hso
uth
d
irect
ion.
Un
like lin
es
of
lati
tude,
lines
of
lon
git
ud
e m
eet.
They m
eet
at
the p
ole
s. L
ines
of
longit
ude a
lso h
elp
tell
loca
tion
. Z
ero
degre
es
longit
ude is
the m
eri
dia
n r
un
nin
g t
hro
ugh
Gre
enw
ich, Engla
nd.
It is
labelle
d 0
*lo
ngit
ude a
nd is
calle
d t
he p
rim
e m
eri
dia
n. Th
e lin
es
of
longit
ude e
ast
of
it a
re labelle
d t
hro
ug
h 1
80
degre
es.
Th
us
there
are
10
°E,
45
°E, 1
10
°E, an
d
18
0°E
. Th
e lin
es
west
of
it a
re a
lso lab
elle
d t
hro
ugh 1
80
deg
rees.
They b
eco
me 1
0°W
, 4
0°W
, 9
0°W
, an
d s
o o
n. T
he 1
80
deg
ree lin
e is
both
east
and w
est
, ju
st a
s 0
° is
both
east
and w
est
.
TF
1.
The p
rim
e m
eri
dia
n p
ass
es
thro
ugh A
fric
a.
TF
2.
90
° W
pass
es
thro
ugh t
he S
ovie
t U
nio
n.
TF
3.
18
0°
is in t
he P
aci
fic
Oce
an.
TF
4.
30
° W
pass
es
thro
ugh G
reenla
nd a
nd t
he A
tlanti
c O
cean.
TF
5.
12
0°
E p
ass
es
thro
ugh E
uro
pe.
TF
6.
15
0°
E p
ass
es
thro
ugh t
he S
ovie
t U
nio
n a
nd A
ust
ralia
,T
F
7.
All
of
the lin
es
pass
thro
ugh t
he S
outh
Pole
.T
F
8.
12
0°
W p
ass
es
thro
ugh t
he U
nit
ed S
tate
s and C
anada.
TF
9.
If y
ou s
tood a
t 3
0°
E,
you c
ould
be in t
he n
ort
hern
or
south
ern
hem
isphere
.T
F
10
. If
you s
tood a
t 1
80
°, y
ou c
ould
be in t
he A
tlanti
c or
Paci
fic
O
cean.
T
F
11
. It
you s
tood a
t th
e p
rim
e m
eri
dia
n a
nd f
ace
d w
est
, you
would
be looki
ng t
ow
ard
the A
tlanti
c O
cean
Matc
h t
he c
orr
ect
pair
s.9
0 º
N.
lat.
66
º 3
0' N
. la
t.2
3º
27
N.
lat
0º
long.
18
0º
East
or
West
long.
Oº
lat.
23
º 2
7’S
. la
t.6
6º
30
' S.
lat.
90
º S
. la
t.
Pri
me M
eri
dia
nA
nta
rcti
c C
ircl
eEquato
rTr
opic
of
Cance
rA
rcti
c C
ircl
eSouth
Pole
Nort
h B
ole
To
pic
of
Capri
corn
Inte
rnati
onal D
ate
Lin
e
1.Describe what you can see in Area Reference :¬ 8424__________________________________________8425__________________________________________ 2.Give Map References for the following:¬Council Chambers _______________________________Sale Yards ____________________________________Factory _______________________________________High School ____________________________________Hospital ______________________________________Primary school __________________________________Olympic Pool ____________________________________Post Office ____________________________________3.Name the features at:¬826246____________________________________835248____________________________________833276____________________________________826251____________________________________838253____________________________________849252____________________________________836245____________________________________
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 13Map References/Legends Major road
Minor road
Embankment; cutting
Bridge
Railway line;
station Track
Building
School; church
Sand; water Rock ledge
Tank
Contour lines
Cliff
Trig station; spot heightWindpump
Mine; quarry
Swamp
Orchard or vineyardForest; scrub
State forest ‑ pine
Rock; lighthouse
Land subject to flooding
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 14Key Skills
Statement True or False
(a) Bowen has a population of 600.(b) Cloncurry has a population of 10 850.(c) Cooktown has a population of 5856.(d) Rockhampton and Toowoomba could have similar populations (e) Mt Isa is bigger than Mt Morgan.(f) Gympie is bigger than Kingaroy.(g) Mackay has a population over 20 000.(h) Charleville and Cunnamulla are about the same size.(i) Mareeba has a population of 11 500.(j) Roma and Emerald are about the same size.(k) The Gold Coast is bigger than Brisbane.(1) Bundaberg has a population of 19 800.(m) Cairns and Mt Isa could have populations of about 32 000.(n) Longreach is smaller than 5000.(o) Ingham is bigger than Innisfail.(p) Wyandra has a population of about 200.(q) Goondiwindi and St George are about the same size.(r) Townsville has a population of 70 000.(s) Charters Towers has a population of 10 300.(t) Ipswich is bigger than Gladstone.(u) Blair Athol has less than 1000 people.(v) Winton has more than 5750 people.(w) Blackall is half the size of Townsville.(x)The Gold Coast is twice as big as Emerald.(y) Cloncurry is a large city.(z) Mackay is a small village.
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 15ApostrophesAn apostrophe and "s" are used to show ownership. eg engineer's computerFor a plural noun, the apostrophe comes after the "s“ eg ten engineers' computerUse an apostrophe and s to rewrite these and show that these things belong together.Australia oceans __________________________________________________A nation/ identity __________________________________________________All citizen / rights __________________________________________________The world/ health __________________________________________________A country / borders _________________________________________________3 nation / problem __________________________________________________An individual / rights ________________________________________________A conservation group / actions__________________________________________
Draw a tick or a cross in the box if the apostrophe is correct.
1 . A good global citizen is well informed about the worlds' problems.
2. All citizens should respect each other's rights and property.
3. People cannot cross another country's border without permission.
4. The worlds' oceans are not owned by one particular country but are common shared areas.
5. There have been many disputes over some countrie's use of oceans for whaling.
6. Many treaties and international agreements have been made to protect the world's ocean species from being depleted.
7. An individual citizens' actions can help to promote global environmental issues.
8. The United Nation's Declaration of Human Rights sets out everyone's basic human rights, regardless of where they live.
9. A Geography student's understanding of the world's issues and problems should be continually updated by reading newspapers and watching relevant television programs.
10. International cooperation is needed to protect the Earth's environments.
Year
8 G
eog
Skills
No.
16
Sketc
h T
hin
kin
g S
kills
For
each
of
the f
ollo
win
g g
roups
of
people
, sa
y w
hat
they m
ight
do t
o h
elp
cle
an u
p
the r
iver.
• F
arm
ers
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
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___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
• T
he loca
l auth
ori
ty _
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
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___
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___
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____
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____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
• T
he g
overn
ment
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
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____
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____
____
____
____
____
____
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____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
• O
rdin
ary
people
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
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___
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____
____
____
___
• S
chool ch
ildre
n _
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
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___
____
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___
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_
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 17aGraphsThere are five main types of graphs: line graphs, column or bar graphs, histograms, pie graphs and pyramid graphs. Graphs usually present quantitative information. They may be used to present changes over time, for example birch races, to show the frequency of a particular variable by using a histogram, or to show the relationship between two variables such as height and weight as in a line graph or a column graph.Histograms, column graphs and line graphs have a vertical axis, often labelled the y axis and a horizontal axis often labelled the x axis. The dependent variable is usually plotted on the y-axis and the independent variable is plotted on the x axis. Line graphsIn Fig. 2.3 the dependent variable is the number of criminal offences and the independent variable is time, as time is independent of the number of criminal offences. This graph shows a variation in the number of criminal offences over a period of time. Line graphs are useful for depicting changes over time but they must be read carefully to ensure chat the intervals on the graph have not distorted the data. That is, by increasing the size of the vertical intervals the changes can be made to appear more dramatic than they really are and similarly, by increasing the size of the horizontal intervals the changes in a variable over time will appear less obvious.HistogramsFig. 2.4 is presented as a histogram. The x axis represents intervals in terms of age groups and the y axis represents the proportion of non-family individuals living alone: those born in Australia; those born in English speaking countries and those born in Non English speaking countries.
Fig. 2.3 Line graph: Selected offences becoming known to police and offences cleared, 1972 73 to 1981 ,82.
Column or bar graphsThese are similar to histograms and the x axis often has the variable of time. Pie(Sector)graphsA pie graph consists of a circle divided into parts; each part representing the value o component or variable. The information is presented in a visual manner and is desirable to have the numerical proportion presented as well.
Fig. 2.4 Histogram
Year
8 G
eog
Skills
No.
17
bG
rap
hs
Dra
w G
raphs
in t
he s
pace
s pro
vid
ed.
Table
1
Lin
e G
raph.
Table
2
Colu
mn G
raph (
leave a
sp
ace
betw
een t
he c
olu
mns)
. Ta
ble
3
Sin
gle
Bar
Gra
ph.
TAB
LE 1
G
RO
WTH
OF
PO
PU
LATIO
N O
F N
EW
SO
UTH
WA
LES
TAB
LE 2
SELE
CTED
A
IRPO
RTS IN
NEW
SO
UTH
WA
LES :
SC
HED
ULE
D
DO
MESTIC
TR
AFF
IC
CA
RR
IED
, 1
98
0
TAB
LE 3
P
RO
PO
RTIO
N O
F
PO
PU
LATIO
N O
F A
USTR
ALI
A (
per
cent)
, 1
98
0
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 18Antartic ClimateScientists and explorers have done much research on the weather and climate of Antarctica. If we want to compare the weather of Antarctica with our own, we shall need to understand how we measure the elements of weather.A list of the key weather elements would include items such as:PrecipitationSunlight HoursWind SpeedCloud CoverWind DirectionAir PressureHumidity Air Temperature. Using the following tables, construct a graph comparing the weather of Canberra or your city or town with that of Mawson Station.Choose one or two factors to compare. For example, compare the mean temperatures of Mawson and Canberra. (Compare too many factors and the graph will be too crowded.)MAWSON STATION
June JanuaryMean Temperature: (C)
- 15.2 + 0.9
Maximum Temperature: (C)
- 2.4 + 5.9
Minimum Temperature: (C)
- 29.6 - 6.3
Mean Pressure: (MB) 990.5 990.8Mean Wind Speeds: (knots)
17.0 20.8
Days Rain/Snow:
0.0 2.0
Mean Daily Sunshine Hours:
0.0 7.5
CANBERRA June JanuaryMean Temperature: (C)
6.4 20.2
Maximum Temperature: (C)
11.9 27.7
Minimum Temperature: (C)
0.9 12.8
Mean Pressure: (MB) 1020.
1 IOU.
1Mean Wind Speed:
(knots) 3.6 5.1Days Rain/Snow
5.0 6.5
Mean Daily Sunshine Hours:
4.6 9.1
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 19GraphsA Climatic Graph (“Climograph”) contains both a line graph and a bar graph, the line graph (showing temperatures) always being drawn about the bar graph (which shows rainfall).Notice that the graph has a title. All of the axes are labelled, the rainfall bars are shaded in, and that the annual rainfall is shown on the completed graph.
TASK 1:Draw a climatic graph for Adelaide using the following temperatures and rainfall figures:
Diagrams (or Sector Graphs)EXAMPLE:Notice that the diagram has a heading and that each of the sectors of the circle is labelled. this could be done by using a key if you wish.) The diagram could be further improved by showing the percentage of total ocean area each ocean represents.The correct way to draw a pie diagram is to start at 12 o'clock and then proceed clockwise the largest first and in descending order. Comparison of Ocean Areas
TASK 2:Draw a pie diagram to show the following information. Japanese exports by areas South and East Asia 30% North America 25% Europe 15% Middle East 10% Africa 10% Australia and Oceania 5% South and Central America 5%Total Exports U.S. $55,000 million (Hint: 10% will be represented by an angle of 369)
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 20Climate Graphs
1.(a) Use the climatic data given in the table on the left to draw a graph for Mawson. i. Colour the column graph for rainfall in blueii. Draw the line connecting the temperatures in red
(b) Describe the climate of the area in as much detail as possible.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 21Text type: RecountA sequence of events can be more difficult when the events are complicated. Sometimes you need to sort through a lot of information to find the most important facts. This passage is about a geography field trip. 1. Read the passage.2. Circle all the past tense words 3. Underline the sentences which contain important information. Our Geography Field Trip.
Mr Wilson, our Geography teacher, told us about a field trip planned for all Year 9 Geography students. We were going to the beach to study a coastal ecosystem, investigating damage humans may have caused.
On the day of the field trip our teachers checked off our names. We got on the bus, sang a few songs, ate some junk food and in no time we were there. It was a beautiful sunny day, warm enough for a swim. However we had many things to learn about before we could go into the water.
We made several field sketches of the beach features, including the shoreline, rock formations, and types of grasses. We also noted the fine texture of the sand on the beach. We observed that parts of the path to the beach had been eroded during a recent storm.
Unfortunately, there was a lot of rubbish on the beach. In our books, we noted the types of litter we saw, including plastic bottles, cans, cigarette butts and food containers. Most of the rubbish seemed to be located near a storm water canal. We concluded that during the storm, litter must have washed from the streets into the storm water canal and then onto the beach.
After lunch, we had a game of beach volleyball and finally we were allowed to swim in the ocean baths. The water was crystal clear because the recent high tides had cleaned the seaweed out. On the way home the teachers gave us an observation quiz, with prizes for the winners. Our notes and diagrams were collected for marking.
The next day in Geography Mr Wilson asked everyone to form small groups and prepare a short presentation about the field trip. Our presentation was titled "How pollution is destroying Australia's coastal environments and we got full marks.
4. Write the sequence of events in point form. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 22African Desert symbolsIn general, the desert areas of the world have very few people living in them, except where there is an oasis or other permanent supply of water. This fact is clearly seen by looking at Africa's desert areas.
1 Carefully read the statements below and use the maps to help you tick the ones you think are true.• Many people live in area A.• Area A has moderate rainfall.• A few scattered settlements would be found in area A.• Area A has heavy rainfall.• It would be easy to survive in area A.• Area A is a desert.• Many cities would be found in area A.• The people who live in area A would probably move around in search of water.• Very few people live in area A.• It would be difficult to survive in area A.• Area A has little rainfall.
2Carefully read the statements below and use the maps to help you tick the ones you think are true.• Many people live in area B.• Area B has moderate rainfall.• A few scattered settlements would be found in area B.• Area B has heavy rainfall.• It would be easy to survive in area B.• Area B is a desert.• Many cities would be found in area B.• The people who live in area B would probably move around in search of water.• Very few people live in area B.• It would be difficult to survive in area B.• Area B has little rainfall.
Year
8 G
eog
Skills
No.
23
Pla
ce L
ocati
on
Ocean
sIn
realit
y t
here
is
only
one o
cean,
since
all
the o
ceans
are
connect
ed.
How
ever.
diff
ere
nt
sect
ions
of
this
oce
an a
re
giv
en d
iffere
nt
nam
es.
They a
lso h
ave
diff
ere
nt
chara
cteri
stic
s. T
he A
tlanti
c,
for
exam
ple
, is
rough a
nd c
old
co
mpare
d t
o t
he P
aci
fic.
Use
the c
lues
on t
his
page t
o label th
e o
ceans
on
Mast
er
26
.1
.The N
ort
h A
tlanti
c lie
s betw
een
Euro
pe a
nd N
ort
h A
meri
ca.
2.T
he S
outh
Atl
anti
c lie
s betw
een
Afr
ica a
nd S
outh
Am
eri
ca.
3.T
he M
edit
err
anean S
ea lie
s betw
een
nort
hern
Afr
ica a
nd s
outh
ern
Euro
pe.
4.N
ort
heast
of
the M
edit
err
anean is
the B
lack
Sea.
5.S
outh
east
of
the M
edit
err
anean is
the n
arr
ow
Red S
ea.
6.B
etw
een A
fric
a,
India
, and A
ust
ralia
lie
s th
e India
n O
cean.
7.B
etw
een India
and A
rabia
is
the
Ara
bia
n S
ea.
B.T
he B
ay o
f B
engal lie
s betw
een India
and T
haila
nd.
9.T
he C
ora
l Sea lie
s east
and n
ort
h o
f A
ust
ralia
, but
south
of
New
Guin
ea.
10
.The N
ort
h P
aci
fic
lies
betw
een t
he
U.S
.S.R
. and N
ort
h A
meri
ca.
11
.The S
outh
Paci
fic
lies
betw
een A
ust
ralia
and S
outh
Am
eri
ca.
12
.The A
rcti
c O
cean lie
s nort
h o
f th
e U
.S.S
.R.
and C
anada.
13
.The B
eaufo
rt S
ea lie
s nort
h o
f A
lask
a a
nd
Canada.
14
.Baffi
n B
ay lie
s betw
een G
reenla
nd a
nd
Canada.
15
.The B
alt
ic S
ea lie
s betw
een S
weden a
nd
Pola
nd.
16
.The S
ea o
f O
khots
k lie
s nort
h o
f Ja
pan,
surr
ounded b
y land o
f th
e U
.S.S
.R.
17
.The S
ea o
f Ja
pan lie
s betw
een Japan a
nd
Kore
a.
18
.The B
eri
ng S
ea lie
s betw
een A
lask
a a
nd
the U
.S.S
.R.
19
.The C
ari
bbean S
ea lie
s nort
h o
f South
A
meri
ca a
nd e
ast
of
Centr
al A
meri
ca.
20
.Hudso
n B
ay lie
s in
east
ern
Canada,
wholly
surr
ounded b
y C
anadia
n t
err
itory
.
Extr
a A
ctiv
ity:
Fin
d t
he f
ollo
win
g fi
ve b
odie
s of
wate
r in
an a
tlas
or
ency
clopedia
and a
dd
them
to y
our
map.
Use
a d
iffere
nt
colo
r pen
to label th
ese
five.
(1)
Wendell
Sea.
(2)
Yello
w S
ea,
(3)
Gulf o
f M
exic
o,
(4)
Bare
nts
Sea,
(5)
Nort
h S
ea.
Year
8 G
eog
Skills
No.
24
aM
ap
Read
ing
Lan
d U
se
1.B
y t
he r
iver
the land is
not
well
dra
ined a
nd t
he p
addock
s are
gra
ss.
These
are
th
eir
refe
rence
s. fi
nd t
hem
and c
olo
ur
them
gre
en:
(a)1
51
5(e
)25
45
(i)2
16
8(m
)30
70
(q)4
24
5(b
)30
20
(f)2
05
5(j
)20
75
(n)3
06
7r)
45
35
(c)3
03
0(g
)25
50
(k)1
55
5(o
)30
60
(s)5
23
5(d
)30
40
(h)2
26
3(1
)30
78
(p)3
55
5and b
y t
he s
chool
(t)6
54
5(u
)65
36
and t
he o
pen s
pace
s in
the t
ow
n.
2.T
he f
ollo
win
g a
re m
ark
et
gard
ens,
find t
hem
and c
olo
ur
them
purp
le:
(a)5
34
4(c
)53
48
(e)5
03
8(g
)50
55
(b)5
34
6(d
)53
50
(f)5
04
2(h
)60
45
3.T
his
is
moorl
and (
yello
w):
(a)6
55
5(c
)15
25
(e)1
35
5(9
)15
75
(b)6
57
0(d
)15
40
(f)1
56
54
.The r
est
of
the land is
plo
ughed a
nd s
hould
be b
row
n,
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 24bMap ReadingFirst complete this key with the symbols used in this map:Churches Signal Box Pond School Railway Embankment Marsh Quarry Lighthouse Ferry Terminus Map ReferencesNotice that the straight lines on the map, called the grid, are numbered for reference. The end of the jetty has the reference 4/1 as the bottom number should be read first. To be more accurate we can imagine the space between the lines to be divided into tenths. The house marked 'Ho' will then have a map reference 2.5/1.5 or, as it is more usually given 2515. The quarry at the top is 6775 (6.7/7.5) and the railway station is 5040. Write the map references of the following:The signal box ______________The school._______________ The island _____________The railway bridges ________________Which objects are situated at these points ?:6030______________ 2667__________________ 5020 _____________ 1838__________________5523______________ 5757_______________________DistanceTo measure distance fairly accurately use a pair of compasses and set them at 250m, using tie scale on the map, then walk them along the road counting every step as 250m. What are the following distances by road or track ?:1. From the railway station to the quarry _________________________________2. From the railway station to the village (5560) ____________________________3. From the school to the house 'Ho' (a) using the ferry ______________________________(b) going by road _______________________________DirectionMeasurements for direction are in a straight line, not along roads. What are the following buildings?:1. One km East of the farm 2030 __________________2. Half a km North of the lighthouse________________
Year
8 G
eog
Skills
No.
25
Dir
ecti
on
The m
ain
poin
ts o
f th
e c
om
pass
are
nort
h,
south
, east
and
west
. H
ow
ever,
there
are
poin
ts b
etw
een e
ach
of
these
.
They a
re n
ort
h-e
ast
and s
outh
east
, and n
ort
h w
est
and
south
west
. They a
re e
asi
ly r
em
em
bere
d a
s th
ey a
re n
ort
h o
f east
, or
nort
h o
f w
est
, or
south
of
east
or
south
of
west
.The a
ngle
betw
een t
he f
our
main
poin
ts is
90
degre
es;
the
angle
betw
een t
he 8
poin
ts is
only
45
degre
es.
W
hen d
oin
g t
his
exe
rcis
e a
lways
rem
em
ber
to s
tart
at
the
pla
ce t
hat
is m
enti
oned a
fter
the w
ord
FR
OM
.
Exe
rcis
e.
What
dir
ect
ion is
1.
The p
laygro
und f
rom
the o
val?
____
____
___1
1.
The s
uperm
ark
et
from
the w
harf
?
____
__2
. The n
ew
sagent
from
the p
ost
offi
ce?_
____
__1
2.
The o
val fr
om
the s
tati
on?
___
____
_3
. The s
tati
on f
rom
the h
ouse
s?
____
____
_13
. The s
tati
on f
rom
the b
ank?
___
____
4.
The lib
rary
fro
m t
he p
laygro
und?
___
____
_14
. The d
enti
st f
rom
the g
ara
ge?
___
____
5.
The n
ew
sagent
from
the d
enti
st?
___
____
__1
5.
The b
ridge f
rom
the c
ar
park
? _
____
_6
. The b
ridge f
rom
the n
ew
sagent?
__
____
__1
6.
The s
tati
on f
rom
the c
hem
ist?
__
____
_7
. The o
val fr
om
the c
ar
park
? _
____
____
17
. The o
val fr
om
the p
ost
offi
ce?
___
____
8.
The p
ark
fro
m t
he lib
rary
? _
____
___1
8.
The b
utc
her
from
the g
ara
ge?
___
____
_9
. The b
utc
her
from
the s
uperm
ark
et?
__
____
_19
. The b
ank
from
the p
laygro
und?
__
____
10
. The T
AB
fro
m t
he p
ost
offi
ce?
___
____
__2
0.
The b
ake
r fr
om
the b
arb
er?
_
____
____
2. What are the grid references of the places below?a. Police station __________________________b. School _______________________________c. Post Office ___________________________d. Dam _________________________________e. Mine _________________________________EXTENSION
1Which is higher above sea level:a The mine or the top of the railway cutting?b The pine plantation or the church?c The dam or the post office?2What is the length of the section of railway shown on the map? _________________________________________
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 26Topographical Maps
1. Write each of the letters on the map in the appropriate space below.What are the grid references of the places below?
a. House ________________________________b. Main road _____________________________c. Orchard or vineyard _____________________d. Swamp _______________________________e. Cutting _______________________________f. Embarkment ___________________________g. Dam _________________________________h. Mine _________________________________i. Pine plantation __________________________j. Bridge ________________________________
Exercise 2What size is: Paddock 3? ____________________The garden?___________________
Exercise 3a. These distances involve half a
centimetre which is a real distance of 50 metres.
e.g. 2½ cm=250 metres and 11½ cm=1150 metres.What is the distance from:-1. Trough 4 to dairy?_____________________________2. Gate 4 to gate 2?_____________________________3. Gate 5 to car shed?_____________________________4. Trough 3 to trough 2?_____________________________5. Main gate to trough 2?_____________________________
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 27ScaleExercise 1How far is the shortest route from: a. Trough 3 to trough 1?___________________________b. Trough 1 to trough 2?___________________________
c. Paddock 5 to paddock 2?___________________________d. The main gate to the house?___________________________e. The garden to paddock 1?___________________________f. The house to the garden gate?___________________________
g. The dairy to paddock 5?___________________________h. The house to trough 1?___________________________i. Gate 4 to trough 1?___________________________j. Trough 3 to trough 4? ___________________________
C
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 28Map JigsawCut out the jigsaw and put it together.Label what you can.States cities, oceans and seas
Year 8 Geog Skills No. 29Map JigsawCut out the jigsaw and put it together.Label what you can.States cities, oceans and seas
Year 8 Geog Skills No.30Graphs InterpretationLook at the graph showing mobile phone use by age [8.8].1. What does the graph tell you about mobile phone use and age? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.Which age group has the highest use? _______________________3. Suggest reasons for this. ______________________________________________________________________________________4.Which age group has the least use?__________________________5.Suggest reasons for this. _______________________________________________________________________________________6.What is the total use of mobile phones between the age of 14 and 24? ______________________________________________________7.What is the scale used on this graph? ________________________
Extension Activity: Use the following Data, draw a column graph
Look at the graph showing Major Cities in Malaysia [9.17].1.What is Malaysia’s largest city? ____________________________2.What is Malaysia’s smallest city?____________________________3.What is the total population of the 5 listed cities?______________________________________________________4.What is the difference in population between Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya?___________________________________________5.Which city would likely to be the Capital of Malaysia? Why________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Australia’s Population ‘By State & Territory June 2009 (‘000)ACT 351 South Australia 1 622Northern Territory
224 Queensland 4 406
Tasmania 502 New South Wales
7 099
Western Australia
2 237
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