WHII.14 YAY!!! We are FREE!
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WHII.14
YAY!!! We are FREE!
After World War II.... DRAMATIC political changes began to take place
across the world
Colonialism was questioned
Countries began to question the practice
Many leaders argued no country should control another nation
Questioned high cost and commitment
After World War II.... DRAMATIC political changes began to take place
across the world
Besides that… the countries under harsh control were fed up!
Independence in India British policies and India’s demand for self-rule led to
the rise of the Indian independence movement, resulting in the creation of new states in the Indian
sub-continent
The Republic of India, a democratic nation, developed after the country gained independence.
Independence in India Regional setting for the Indian independence
movement
Indian sub-continent
British India
India
Pakistan (formerly West Pakistan)
Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan)
Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon)
Rule in India Britain ruled India
Almost two centuries (1700s-1900s with East India Trading Company)
Indian resistance began to intensify in 1939
Were forced to fight in WWII
Involvement in WWII Sparked Nationalist movements
Mohandas Gandhi launched a non-violent campaign of non-cooperation with the British
Gandhi and Non-Violence Important proponent for India’s independence
Mohandas Gandhi
Proponent of non-violence and passive resistance
Practiced and suggested civil disobedience
Gandhi and Non-Violence Important proponent for India’s independence
Mohandas Gandhi
Proponent of non-violence and passive resistance
Practiced and suggested civil disobedience
Civil Disobedience
Refusal to obey laws or pay taxes as a peaceful political protest (must accept the
consequences)
Gandhi and Non-Violence Important proponent for India’s independence
Mohandas Gandhi
Proponent of non-violence and passive resistance
Practiced and suggested civil disobedience
Passive Resistance
Nonviolent opposition to the law
Gandhi and Non-Violence Important proponent for India’s independence
Mohandas Gandhi
When the British put a heavy tax on salt, Gandhi led the “Salt March”
He led several people on a walk to the sea to get salt from the saltwater free
Many times Gandhi was arrested and he went on hunger strikes as protest
Indian National Congress Indians struggled with the British and each other
Two religions: Hindus and Muslims
Both wanted their own country free from the British
The Indian National Congress (Congress Party) was India’s national political party
Most members were Hindus with a few Muslims
All-India Muslim League Indian Muslims created their own organization to
promote independence from Britain and a Hindu India
India Today Modern India
Republic of India
World’s largest democratic nation (2 billion)
Federal system, giving many powers to the states
Religious Issues
Political division along Hindu-Muslim lines — Pakistan (Muslim) / India (Hindu)
India Today
Indian Democracy Indian democracy
Jawaharlal Nehru, a close associate of Gandhi, supported western-style industrialization.
1950 Constitution sought to prohibit caste discrimination
Ethnic and religious differences caused problems in the development of India as a democratic nation.
New economic development has helped to ease financial problems of the nation.
African Independence The charter of the United Nations guaranteed colonial
populations the right to self-determination.
Independence movements in Africa challenged European imperialism.
African Independence The United Nations Charter gave Africa the right to
self-determination Peaceful and violent revolutions after World War II
Pride in African cultures and heritage
Resentment of imperial rule and economic exploitation
Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal; influence of superpower rivalry during the Cold War
Who Wants Independence? Examples of independence movements and
subsequent development efforts
West Africa: Peaceful transition to self-determination
Algeria: War of Independence from France
Kenyan Independence Kenya (Britain): Violent struggle under leadership of
Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya=KENYAtta)
South Africa South Africa:
Black South Africans’ struggle against apartheid
Apartheid - system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994
The rights of the majority non-white inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained
Fight for black independence Led by Nelson Mandela
First black president of the Republic of South Africa
…another African rights leader Stephen Biko
"black is beautiful“
"man, you are okay as you are, begin to look upon yourself as a human being“
…another African rights leader Protested the African government
and Apartheid in the 1970s
He was arrested by police, beaten and tortured, and died becoming a martyr for the Apartheid cause
Nelson Mandela said, "They had to kill him to prolong the life of apartheid."
The Mandate System The mandate system established after World War I was
phased out after World War II. With the end of the mandates, new states were created in the Middle East.
The Mandate System
Gave old areas that belonged to the Ottoman Empire and German to the other European powers
Idea that eventually they would give areas like the Middle East their independence
Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by religious differences
The Mandate System French mandates in the Middle East
Syria
Lebanon
British mandates in the Middle East
Jordan (originally Transjordan)
Palestine (a part became independent as the State of Israel)
Golda Meir Golda Meir
Prime Minister of Israel
After initial setbacks, led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War
Sought support of United States
Gamal Abdul Nasser Gamal Abdul Nasser
President of Egypt from 1956-1970 at his death
Nationalized Suez Canal
Established relationship with Soviet Union
Built Aswan High Dam
1. The European Union—
• Political union in Europe consisting of many Europeans nations
• Many trade benefits (the Euro)
• What’s a Euro?
• Type of currency that you can spend anywhere in these nations!
2. United Nations—
• Mission: prevent/solve conflicts all over the world
3. International Monetary Fund—
• Gives loans to developing nations(roads, bridges, industry) in order to help them improve
1. European Union--trade benefits/economic and political union (Euro--currency)
Answers
2. United Nations--mission: prevent/solve conflicts
3. International Monetary Fund-- gives loans to developing nations(roads,
bridges, industry)
4. World Trade Organization--
4. World Trade Organization—
• Promotes free trade/trade agreements between countries
• 5. North American Free Trade Agreement–
• Free trade (no tariffs) between U.S., Mexico, and Canada.
6. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
• Military alliance--Former Warsaw Pact countries join in 1990s.
WHII.16
Margaret Thatcher Former British Prime Minister
Established free trade and less government regulation of business
Close relationship with the US and US foreign policy
Asserted the United Kingdom’s military power
Indira Gandhi Closer relationship between India and the Soviet
Union during the Cold War
Developed a nuclear program in India
Mikhail Gorbachev Glasnost and Perestroika
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Last president of the Soviet Union
Because now it is called???
Russia
Oversaw a peaceful transition to democracy
Deng Xiaoping Reformed Communist economy to a market economy
(CAPITALISM) which led to China’s very RAPID economic growth
So the economy is NOT communist
What about the government control??
STILL COMMUNIST today!
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