ýl ýALAy, ý, I9 ýti s ý 9ý w9 ýý ýý V, aim ý rtiu n ITfl IMPACTS OF OIL PALM PROJECT ON LIVELIHOOD OF THE BIDAYUH COMMUNITY IN KAMPUNG SENAH RAYANG DARUL EHSAN PADAWAN, SARAWAK Awang Dulhadi Bin Awang Mat Master of Environmental Management (Development Planning) 2013
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ýl ýALAy, ý, I9
ýti s ý 9ý w9 ýý ýý
V, aim
ý rtiu n ITfl
IMPACTS OF OIL PALM PROJECT ON LIVELIHOOD OF THE BIDAYUH COMMUNITY IN KAMPUNG SENAH RAYANG DARUL
EHSAN PADAWAN, SARAWAK
Awang Dulhadi Bin Awang Mat
Master of Environmental Management (Development Planning)
2013
Pusat Khidmat Maktumat Akademik UV7VERS1T1 MALAYSIA SARAWAK
P, KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK UNIMM
1111111111111111111111111 1000245991
IMPACTS OF OIL PALM PROJECT ON LIVELIHOOD OF THE BIDAYUH COMMUNITY IN KAMPUNG SENAH RAYANG DARUL EHSAN
PADAWAN, SARAWAK
AWANG DULHADI BIN AWANG MAT
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Environmental Management
(Development Planning)
Faculty of Social Sciences UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
2013
ABSTRACT
(Kampung Senah Rayang Darul Ehsan is a Bidayuh village, located in Padawan District, Kuching Sarawak and comprises of 81 households. A study has been carried out to assess the impacts of oil palm establishment on the livelihood among 37 participant families in the studied area. Three specific objectives of the study are (1) To identify the types of changes in the livelihood strategies in relation to the diversification of livelihood strategies and migration, (2) To assess to what extent that the project has given the impacts on income and food security in the studied area and (3) To investigate the effectiveness of Ahli Jawatankuasa Pembangunan Peserta (AJKP) in defending the right of the participant families in the studied area. In order to collect the information for the study, several social science methods were used. These include, key informants interview, in-depth household interview and some PAR/PRA methods. The findings from the study shows that this project failed to improve the households' standards of living. Based on the result obtained, this project failed in stabilizing the households' monthly income. This subsequently, has led to 20 of 25 families understudied diversified their livelihood strategies by retaining their past livelihood as well as reconstructing the new livelihood strategies in order to sustain their living in the area rather than only depending on the benefits from the farm. This project also failed to stop 60 persons of 144 beneficiaries who form 25 participant families understudied from migrating out of Senah Rayang to engage in off-farm employment in the major towns. This because the wages paid by working in the farm and the yearly dividend received from the farm are very low and quite unsustainable. However, this project does not affect the level
of income of the participants for most of the months except for the month that they receive dividend from FELCRA which is paid yearly. The project also does not affect the food
supply as the area was converted from idle land to oil palm plantation. Apart from that, even though there is a committee that was established by FELCRA Berhad to represent the participants to claim their rights but this committee seen failed in overcoming the main issues that were faced by the participants. These issues include: (1) Unreasonable rate of yearly dividend, (2) Nepotism in the farm as well as (3) The land title issue but this committee was seen failed to play their role effectively. These findings show great contradiction with the goals of land development by the Ministry of Land Development, Sarawak that establishment of oil palm would eradicate poverty, reducing rural-urban migration and increase the standard of living in the rural area.
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ABSTRAK
Kampung Senah Rayang adalah sebuah perkampungan Bidayuh dalam pentadbiran Daerah Padawan yang mempunyai sebanyak 81 buah isi rumah. Satu kajian telah dilakukan bagi
mengkaji kesan-kesan pembangunan kelapa sawit terhadap kehidupan 37 keluarga peserta di kawasan berkenaan. Tiga objektif khusus kajian telah ditetapkan iaitu, (1) Untuk
mengenalpasti jenis-jenis perubahan ke atas strategi kehidupan berhubungkait dengan diversifikasi strategi kehidupan komuniti Bidayuh serta migrasi di Kampung Senah Rayang Darul Ehsan (2) Untuk mengenalpasti sejauh manakah projek ini memberi kesan kepada
pendapatan dan juga jaminan bekalan makanan di kawasan tersebut dan (3) Untuk menyiasat keberkesanan Ahli-ahli Jawatankuasa Pembangunan Peserta (AJKP) di dalam
mempertahankan hak-hak peserta projek di kawasan kajian. Bagi mengumpul maklumat berkaitan kajian ini, beberapa metodologi Sains Sosial telah digunakan termasuklah temuduga dengan pemberi maklumat utama, temuduga dengan ketua isi rumah dan beberapa kaedah PAR/PRA. Dapatan kajian mendapati bahawa projek pembangunan kelapa sawit ini
telah gagal dalam memperbaiki taraf hidup isi rumah di kawasan berkenaan. Berdasarkan kepada keputusan-keputusan yang diperolehi, projek ini dilihat gagal di dalam menstabilkan pendapatan bulanan isi rumah peserta kerana 20 daripada 25 isi rumah peserta telah mempelbagaikan atau mendiversifikasikan strategi penghidupan mereka dengan
mengekalkan strategi penghidupan sedia ada dan membina strategi baru bagi tujuan untuk meneruskan kehidupan mereka di kawasan berkenaan daripada hanya bergantung kepada faedah-faedah daripada projek tersebut. Projek ini juga telah gagal dalam mengekang 60 daripada 144 orang penerima faedah yang membentuk 25 isi rumah yang dikaji daripada keluar dari Kampung Senah Rayang dan bekerja di sektor bukan pertanian disebabkan kadar
upah di ladang dan dividen tahunan yang sangat rendah dan tidak mampan. Walau bagaimanapun, projek ini didapati tidak mempengaruhi kadar pendapatan peserta untuk kebanyakan bulan dalam setahun kecuali bulan yang mana peserta menerima dividen yang hanya dibayar setahun sekali oleh FELCRA. Projek ini juga tidak mempengaruhi jaminan jaminan makanan memandangkan kawasan yang ditanam dengan kelapa sawit ini adalah tanah kosong sebelum ini. Selain daripada itu, walaupun terdapat sebuah jawatankuasa yang ditubuhkan oleh FELCRA Berhad bagi mewakili para peserta untuk menuntut hak-hak
mereka namun, jawatankuasa ini dilihat gagal dalam menangani beberapa isu-isu pokok yang dihadapi oleh para peserta. la termasuk (1) Kadar dividen tahunan yang tidak begitu
munasabah (2) Amalan nepotisme di ladang dan (3) Isu surat hak milik tanah. Penemuan kajian ini amat bertentangan dengan matlamat pembangunan tanah sepertimana yang ditetapkan oleh Kementerian Pembangunan Tanah Sarawak yang menyatakan bahawa tujuan
perladangan kelapa sawit adalah untuk mengurangkan kemiskinan dan meningkatkan taraf hidup masyarakat di kawasan Iuar bandar.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude and heartfelt appreciation for the guidance,
contribution of ideas, cooperation and support from all parties who were involved either
directly or indirectly for the success completion of this field course study to meet the
requirements for CMD 6056 in order to get Master Degree in Environmental Management
(Development Planning). My appreciation also goes specifically to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gusni
Saat, who has helped me a lot in preparing this project paper. Besides that, I would also like
to give my appreciation to:
The Headman of Kampung Senah Rayang : Mr. Roslee Abdullah
Chairman of Mosque Committee : Mr. Amin Abdullah
And all the committee members of "Ah!! Jawatankuasa Pembangunan Peserta" (AJKP)
for the FELCRA Project, Rayang Farm.
My warmest appreciation also goes to the villagers of Senah Rayang for their corporation
throughout the research period. I am really and greatly indebted to all of you. A special
appreciation to my wife, Mdm. Noor Azidah Binti Ngatidjo for her understanding on my task
as a student of UNIMAS. Apart from that, an appreciation also goes to my parent for
providing me the opportunities to further my study until now. Finally, to my friend Mr.
Ramzi Razak, a highest appreciation and thank you to him for lending his hand in preparing
this research project. May God bless you all.
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Pusat Khidmat Makluinat Akademik UKIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background Of The Study
1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Objectives Of The Study
1.4.1 General Objective
1.4.2 Specific Objectives
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Livelihoods
2.3 The Concept Of Land Tenure
2.4 Conclusion
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Population
3.3 Sample
3.4 Key Informants Interview
Page
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xiv
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3.5 Head Of Household Interview
3.6 Focus Group Interview
3.7 Data Analysis
4.0 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
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30
33
4.1 Introduction 34
4.2 Participants Family Characteristics 34
4.2.1 The Numbers Of Families Involved In FELCRA's Project, Ladang 34
Rayang
4.2.2 Numbers Of Household's Member In Every Household 36
4.2.3 Age Distribution 37
4.2.4 Gender Distribution 38
4.2.5 Level Of Education 39
4.2.6 Profession 40
4.2.7 Amount Of Time Spent In Senah Rayang 41
4.2.8 FELCRA Project Participants in Ladang Rayang 42
4.3 Type Of Main Livelihood Strategies Practiced By Participant Families
4.3.1 Main Sources of Income 43
4.3.2 Group of Crop Cultivated 44
4.3.3 Non-Farming Sources Of Income 45
4.3.4 Monthly Income For Both Activities 46
4.3.5 Land Tenure And Usages 47
4.3.6 Total Area Of Land Owned 48
4.3.7 Types Of Crops Cultivated 49
4.3.8 Year Cultivation Started 50
4.3.9 Motivation For Cultivating Each Crop 51
V
4.3.10 Average Monthly Income 52
4.3.11 Frequency On Income Obtained 53
4.3.12 Changes In Land Use Since Five Years Ago 60
4.3.13 Reason For Changes 61
4.4 The Information Of Participation In The Oil Palm Project In Senah
Rayang
4.4.1 Year Participation In The FELCRA Project 62
4.4.2 Total Area Of Land Involved In The FELCRA Project, Kampung 63
Rayang Farm
4.4.3 Total Dividend Obtained 64
4.4.4. Types Of Land Use Involved In The FELCRA Project, Kampung 66
Rayang Farm
4.4.5 Type Of Land Tenure Involved In The FELCRA's Project 67
4.4.6 Leasehold Tenure For The FELCRA Project, Kampung Rayang 68
Farm
4.4.7 Benefits Promised From The Project 68
4.4.8 Form Of Promises 69
4.4.9 Benefits Received After The Implementation Of The Project 70
4.5 The Effectiveness Of Participant's Development Committee (AJKP)
4.5.1 The Establishment Of The Participant's Development Committee 72
(AJKP)
4.5.2 Knowledge About The Existence Of AJKP 74
4.5.3. Membership in AJKP 74
4.5.4. Frequency Meeting with AJKP 75
4.5.5 Perception on Effectiveness of AJKP 76
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4.6 Impacts Of The Project On Livelihood Strategies And Security In Senah
Rayang
4.6.1 Worrying In Losing Land Right
4.6.2 Impact Of Land Use
4.6.3. Reason for Land Use Changes
4.6.4. Impacts on Rice Production
4.6.5. Impacts on Cash Crop
4.6.6. Impacts on Monthly Income
4.6.7. Reason for Diversification
4.6.8. Perception on Migration
4.6.9. Relationship between Migration and the Project
4.6.10. Satisfaction with the Project
4.6.1 I. Reason for Satisfaction/ Unsatisfy
4.6.12. Project Continuation
4.6.13. Reason for Continuation
4.7 Discussion
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4.7.1 The Type Of Changes In Livelihood Strategies In Relation Of The 95
Diversification And Migration In The Area
4.7.2 The Impacts Of Oil Palm Establishment Project On Income And 99
Food Security Of The Bidayuh Community In The Area
4.7.3 The Effectiveness Of Development Participant's Committee Or 101
AJKP In Delivering Their Responsibilities In Defending The Right
Of Participant's Families In The Studied Area
4.0 CONCLUSION
4.1 Introduction 103
vii
4.2 Conclusion
4.3 Research Implication
5.0 REFERENCES
6.0 APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: Questionaires
APPENDIX B: Letter to the Headman
103
105
106
VIII
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Total of Household Member in every Household
Table 4.2 Age Distribution
Table 4.3 Gender Distribution
Table 4.4 Education Level
Table 4.5 Types of Profession
Table 4.6 Amount of Time Spent in Senah Rayang
Table 4.7 FELCRA's Participants
Table 4.8 Main Sources of Income
Table 4.9 Group of Crop Cultivated
Table 4.10 Non- Farming Sources Of Income Groups
Table 4.11 Monthly Income
Table 4.12 Access on Land
Table 4.13 Types Of Access
Table 4.14 Total Area Of Land Owned By Every Participant's Families
Table 4.15 Land Tenure
Table 4.16 Types Of Land Use
Table 4.17 Year Cultivated
Table 4.18 Motivation For Cultivating Each Crop
Table 4.19 Average Of Income Obtained
Table 4.20 Frequency Of Income Obtained
Table 4.21 Changes In land Use Since Five Year Ago
Table 4.22 Reason For Changes In Land Use
Page
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46
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60
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Table 4.23 Year Participation Started 62
Table 4.24 Total Area Of Participant's Land Involved In The Project 63
Table 4.25 Total Dividend Obtained 64
Table 4.26 Correlation between the Number of acres and Total Dividend Obtained 65
Table 4.27 Type Of Land Use Before Converted To Oil Palm Project 66
Table 4.28 Ownership Of Land 67
Table 4.29 Leasehold Tenure For The Project 68
Table 4.30 Benefits Promised 68
Table 4.31 Form Of Promises 69
Table 4.32 Benefits Received From The Project 70
Table 4.33 List Of AJKP Members 73
Table 4.34 Knowledge About The Existence Of AJKP 74
Table 4.35 Membership In AJKP 74
Table 4.36 Frequency In Meeting With AJKP 75
Table 4.37 Perception On Effectiveness In Delivering Roles 76
Table 4.38 Worrying Of Losing Land 77
Table 4.39 Influence On Land Use 78
Table 4.40 Reason Of Land Use Changes 78
Table 4.41 Impacts On The Rice Production 79
Table 4.42 Impact On Cash Crop Production 80
Table 4.43 Impact On Monthly Income 82
Table 4.44 Reason in Diversifying Livelihood Strategies 83
Table 4.45 Perception On Migration Out Of Senah Rayang 87
Table 4.46 Relationship The Phenomena Of Migration With The Project 90
Table 4.47 Correlation between Age Distribution and Amount of Time Spent in SR 91
x
Table 4.48 Satisfaction On The Project
Table 4.49 Reason Of Satisfaction/ Unsatisfied
Table 4.50 Continuation Of The Project For Second Cycle
Table 4.51 Reason For Continuation Of The Project
LIST OF FIGURES
92
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Page
Figure 3.1 The Livelihood Framework 14
Figure 3.1 Village Mapping Process 27
Figure 3.2 Key Informants Interview 28
Figure 3.3 Indepth-Interview with the Head of Household 30
Figure 3.4 Focus Group with AJKP 31
Figure 3.5 Focus Group with Youngsters 31
Figure 3.6 Focus Group with Woman 32
Figure 4.1 Village Map for Kampung Senah Rayang 35
Figure 4.2 Seasonal Calendar 54
Figure 4.3 Chamber for storing Paddy after cleaning process 55
Figure 4.4 Scatter Plot for Correlation between the Number acres of Land and the 66
Total Dividend Obtained
Figure 4.5 Market Price for Black Pepper (1995 - 2011) 81