Ya Shika

NAME:YASHIKA.SONI

CLASS:FYBMS B

ROLL NO:119

SUBJECT:INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

DEFORESTATION

INTRODUCTIONDeforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use.More than half of the animal and plant species in the world live in tropical forests.

CAUSESAccording to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat, the overwhelming direct cause of deforestation is agriculture. Subsistence farming is responsible for 48% of deforestation; commercial agriculture is responsible for 32% of deforestation; logging is responsible for 14% of deforestation and fuel wood removals make up 5% of deforestation.One study found that population increases due to high fertility rates were a primary driver of tropical deforestation in only 8% of cases.Other causes of contemporary deforestation may include corruption of government institutions , the inequitable distribution of wealth and power, population growth and overpopulation ,and urbanization. Globalization is often viewed as another root cause of deforestation, though there are cases in which the impacts of globalization (new flow of labour, capital, commodities, and ideas) have promoted localized forest recovery.

ILLEGAL CUTTING OF TREES

Leading to DEFORESTATION.

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FOREST PLANTATIONSTo meet the world's demand for wood, it has been suggested by forestry writers Botkins and Sedjo that high-yielding forest plantations are suitable. It has been calculated that plantations yielding 10 cubic meters per hectare annually could supply all the timber required for international trade on 5% of the world's existing forestland. By contrast, natural forests produce about 1–2 cubic meters per hectare; therefore, 5–10 times more forestland would be required to meet demand. Forester Chad Oliver has suggested a forest mosaic with high-yield forest lands interpersed with conservation land.In the country of Senegal, on the western coast of Africa, a movement headed by youths has helped to plant over 6 million mangrove trees. The trees will protect local villages from storm damages and will provide a habitat for local wildlife. The project started in 2008, and already the Senegalese government has been asked to establish rules and regulations that would protect the new mangrove forests.

HYDROLOGICAL EFFECT

Trees, and plants in general, affect the water cycle significantly: Their canopies intercept a proportion of precipitation, which is

then evaporated back to the atmosphere (canopy interception); Their litter, stems and trunks slow down surface runoff; Their roots create macropores – large conduits – in the soil that

increase infiltration of water; They contribute to terrestrial evaporation and reduce

soil moisture via transpiration; Their litter and other organic residue change soil properties that

affect the capacity of soil to store water. Their leaves control the humidity of the atmosphere by

transpiring. 99% of the water absorbed by the roots moves up to the leaves and is transpired.

As a result, the presence or absence of trees can change the

quantity of water on the surface, in the soil or groundwater, or in the atmosphere. This in turn changes erosion rates and the availability of water for either ecosystem functions or human services.

REGIONS

ENDANGEREDFOREST

REGION

REMAININGHABITAT

PREDOMINATEVEGETATIONTYPE

Eastern Afromontane AFRIC

A 11%

Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forestsMontane grasslands and shrublands

Indo-Burma Asia-Pacific

5%Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

New Caledonia

Asia-Pacific

5%Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

Sundaland Asia-Pacific

7% Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

TOP FOUR MOST ENDANGERED FOERSTS 2011

FOREST MANAGEMENT

Efforts to stop or slow deforestation have been attempted for many centuries because it has long been known that deforestation can cause environmental damage sufficient in some cases to cause societies to collapse.

In Tonga, paramount rulers developed policies designed to prevent conflicts between short-term gains from converting forest to farmland and long-term problems forest loss would cause , while during the 17th and 18th centuries in Tokugawa, Japan, the shoguns developed a highly sophisticated system of long-term planning to stop and even reverse deforestation of the preceding centuries through substituting timber by other products and more efficient use of land that had been farmed for many centuries.

In 16th century Germany landowners also developed silviculture to deal with the problem of deforestation. However, these policies tend to be limited to environments with good rainfall, no dry season and very young soils (through volcanism or glaciation).

This is because on older and less fertile soils trees grow too slowly for silviculture to be economic, whilst in areas with a strong dry season there is always a risk of forest fires destroying a tree crop before it matures.

FARMINGNew methods are being developed to farm more intensively, such as high-yield hybrid crops, greenhouse, autonomous building gardens, and hydroponics. These methods are often dependent on chemical inputs to maintain necessary yields. In cyclic agriculture, cattle are grazed on farm land that is resting and rejuvenating. Cyclic agriculture actually increases the fertility of the soil. Intensive farming can also decrease soil nutrients by consuming at an accelerated rate the trace minerals needed for crop growth.The most promising approach, however, is the concept of food forests in permaculture, which consists of agroforestal systems carefully designed to mimic natural forests, with an emphasis on plant and animal species of interest for food, timber and other uses. These systems have low dependence on fossil fuels and agro-chemicals, are highly self-maintaining, highly productive, and with strong positive impact on soil and water quality, and biodiversity.

THE NATURE OF OUR FUTURE DEPENDS ON THE FUTURE OF OUR NATURE.

TO HAVE A GOOD SCENERY , THERE SHOULD BE ENOUGH GREENERY.

THE END