Y5 Peek at the Week HISTORY

Y

YEAR5

TERM1 / 2011

WEEK2 /

students nameSUBJECTHistory

SCORE

HISTORY

I Circle the words which remind you of Ancient Greece.

Each answer is worth 1 point.Score17

II Which of these pieces of information about Athens are true (T) and which are false (F)?

In the early 500s BC a new way of government was invented inAthens.

Democracy means power to the slaves.

Athens was divided into ten tribes.

Only a femalecitizenhad a say in how the city was run.

Men could not be citizens.

Slaves and foreigners could be citizens as well.

The Council made all the laws.

The citizens met to vote on new laws put forward by the Council.

Each answer is worth 2 points.Score16

III Read the text and answer the questions below.

WhileAthenswas tryingdemocracyas a form of government, its rivalSparta had two kings. One king might stay at home, while the other was away fighting battles. Fighting battles was what the Spartans did best. Greeks said that in a battle one Spartan was worth several other men. The Spartans spent so much time training for battle that they would have starved withoutslavescalled helots. The helots worked on the Spartans' farms. They grew the food for the Spartan soldiers and their families.

1. How many kings were there in Sparta? __________________________________________2. What were the kings doing?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. How did the Spartans use their time? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. Who were HELOTS? _________________________________________________________5. What did the helots do?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IV Read carefully What is wrong in this story? Circle 9 mistakes and write corrected answers in the box to the right. One is done for you.

The Greek states often fought each other.SpartaandAthensfought a long war, called the Peloponnesian War, from 431 to 404 BC. Athens won. Only the threat of invasion by a foreign enemy made the Greeks forget their quarrels and fight on the opposite side. Their main enemy wasTurkey. The wars against Persia lasted on and off from 490 to 449BC. The Persian kings tried to conquer Greece and make it part of the Persian Empire. In the end, Persia defeated Greece in the 330s BC.

The Battle ofMarathonwas a famous Greek defeat against thePersians. About 10,000 Greeks, mostly from Athens, fought an army of 20,000 Persians led by Archimedes. The Greeks surprised their friends by charging downhill straight at the Persians. Marathon is remembered for the heroism of a Greek named Pheidippides. Before the battle, he had run for 2 days and nights - over 240 km - from Athens toOlympiato fetch help. Then he fought at Marathon. After the battle, he ran 3,672 km non-stop to Athens, but died as he gasped out the news of victory. The modern Marathon race is over the same distance as his epic run from Marathon to Athens.

Sparta

samePersia

Greece defeated Persia

victory

King Dariusenemies

Sparta42 km


V Read carefully What is wrong in this story? Circle 9 mistakes and write corrected answers in the box to the right. One is done for you.

Most Greek houses were small, with a yard at the back. The house was made of sun-dried stone brick. The house had a roof of clay tiles, and small windows, with no glass, but wooden shutters to keep out the hot sun. There was a lot of furniture in most Greek homes. People sat on wooden chairs or stools. Rich people decorated the walls of their homes with graffiti.

Apart from having separated roles in the society, men and women had common rooms in their home. The female area was called andron and the male part was called gunaikon. Married women stayed at work much of the time. At home, Greek women spent much of their time spinning thread and weaving cloth. They looked after the slaves and prepared food.

Slaves did the hard work, on the farm, in the fields and workshops and in the house too. Sometimes 50 slaves worked for a rich family.in the middle

mud

little

frescos

separated, malefemale , home

children


VI Read the article about growing up in Greece and then sort out the cards into the table below, showing the differences between Athens and Sparta.

Children in AthensGreek families in Athens were very large but parents preferred to have boy children. A father had a right to decide whether or not the family would keep a new baby. Unwanted or weak babies were sometimes left to die outdoors. Anyone finding an abandoned baby could adopt it and take it home, perhaps to raise it as a slave. If a couple were rich, they might hire a poor neighbour or a slave to nurse a new baby. At 3, children were given small jugs - a sign that babyhood was over. Until age 6 or so, boys were taught at home by their mother or by a male slave.

Children in SpartaWhen babies were born in ancient Sparta, Spartan soldiers would come by the house and check the baby. If the baby did not appear healthy and strong, the infant was taken away, and left to die on a hillside, or taken away to be trained as a slave (ahelot). Babies who passed this examination were assigned membership in a brotherhood or sisterhood, usually the same one to which their father or mother belonged.

Education in AthensIn ancient Athens, the purpose of education was not only to produce citizenstrained in the arts but also to prepare citizens for both peace and war.

Boys went to school at age 7. One of the most popular schools was Academy, founded by a famous philosopher Plato. Only children from rich families went to school because the teachers were paid by their parents. A wealthy family sent a slave to walk to school with the boys. The slave stayed at school to keep an eye on them during lessons. Most Greeks schools had fewer than 20 boys, and classes were often held outdoors. Boys at school learned reading, writing, arithmetic, music and poetry. Books were very expensive and rare, so subjects were read out-loud, and the boys had to memorize everything. They wrote on wooden tablets covered with soft wax, using a pointed stick called a stylus. The wax was melted and reapplied from time to time. They used an abacus, with beads strung on wires or wooden rods, to help with maths. Part of their lessons included learning stories and poems by heart. Boys did also athletics, to keep fit and prepare them for war as soldiers. They ran, jumped, wrestled and practised throwing a spear and a discus. They trained on a sports ground called a gymnasium. At the age of 14, children of tradesmen began to learn a trade. Most boys had to work hard as farmers, sailors, fishermen and craftworkers (potters, builders, metalworkers and stone-carvers). The children of rich Athenians went to the Assembly, the market place and the gymnasium to watch, listen to and learn from the older men. When they turned 18, they entered military school for two additional years. At age 20, they graduated.

Athenian girls were not allowed to go to school and were often educated at home by their mothers. A few girls learned to read and write, but many did not. Girls learned housework, cooking and skills such as weaving at home. Most girls were only 13-16 years old when they married. Often their fathers chose husbands for them. A girl's husband was often older, in his thirties. The day before she married, a girl sacrificed her toys to the goddess Artemis, to show she was grown-up. In most of the other Greek city-states, women were required to stay inside their homes most of their lives. They could not go anywhere or do anything without their husband's permission, not even visit a woman who lived next door. They had no freedom.Education in SpartaIn ancient Sparta, the purpose of education was to produce a well-drilled, well-disciplined marching army. Spartans believed in a life of discipline, self-denial, and simplicity. They were very loyal to the state of Sparta.Every Spartan, male or female, was required to have a perfect body.

All fit and healthy Spartan boys were sent to military school at age 6 or 7. In Spartan schools, science or math were not considered important subjects, students could hardly read even after they were out of school.Only warfare mattered. Teachers mostly cared about raising good soldiers, taught to obey all orders, and to be ready to endure all kind of hardship. They lived, trained and slept in the barracks of their brotherhood where they had to sleep on the ground, shave their heads, and march barefoot. They were taught survival skills and other skills necessary to be a great soldier. School courses were very hard and often painful. The boys were not fed well, and were told that it was fine to steal food as long as they did not get caught stealing. If they were caught, they were beaten. It was a disgrace to show any sign of fear or pain. The boys marched without shoes to make them stronger. It was a brutal training period. Somewhere between the age of 18-20, Spartan males had to pass a difficult test of fitness, military ability, and leadership skills. Any Spartan male who did not pass these examinations became degraded to a middle class. They were allowed to own property, have business dealings, but had no political rights and were not citizens. If they passed, they became a full citizen and a Spartan soldier. Spartan citizens were not allowed to touch money. That was the job of the middle class. Spartan soldiers spent most of their lives with their fellow soldiers.They ate, slept, and continued to train in their brotherhood barracks. Even if they were married, they did not live with their wives and families.They lived in the barracks. Military service did not end until a Spartan male reached the age of 60. At age 60, a Spartan soldier could retire and live in their home with their family.

In Sparta, girls also went to school at age 6 or 7. They lived, slept and trained in their sisterhood's barracks. No one knows if their school was as cruel or as rugged as the boys school, but the girls were taught wrestling, gymnastics, and combat skills. Some historians believe the two schools were very similar, and that an attempt was made to train the girls as thoroughly as they trained the boys. In any case, the Spartans believed that strong young women would produce strong babies. At age 18, if a Sparta girl passed her skills and fitness test, she would be assigned a husband and allowed to return home. If she failed, she would lose her rights as a citizen, and became a member of the middle class.Women in Sparta were free to move around, and visit neighbors without permission.

NOW ASK YOUR TEACHER TO GIVE YOU THE CARDS. Look at the cards and sort them out according to the input from the text, then glue them. Be careful, some might be tricky!

ATHENSSPARTA


A father had a right to decide whether or not the family would keep a new baby.When babies were born, soldiers would come by the house and check the baby.

Anyone finding an abandoned baby could adopt it and take it home, perhaps to raise it as a slave.If the baby did not appear healthy and strong, the infant was taken away, and left to die on a hillside, or taken away to be trained as a slave.

Only children from rich families went to school because the teachers were paid by their parents.All fit and healthy Spartan boys were sent to military school.

Boys at school learned reading, writing, arithmetic, music and poetry.Science or math were not considered important subjects, students could hardly read even after they were out of school.

Boys ran, jumped, wrestled and practised throwing a spear and a discus on a sports ground called a gymnasium.Boys lived, trained and slept in the barracks of their brotherhood where they had to sleep on the ground, shave their heads, and march barefoot.

When they turned 18, they entered military school for two additional years.Somewhere between the age of 18-20, young men had to pass a difficult test of fitness, military ability, and leadership skills.

The purpose of education was not only to produce citizenstrained in the arts but also to prepare citizens for both peace and war.The purpose of education was to produce a well-drilled, well-disciplined marching army.

Girls were not allowed to go to school and were often educated at home by their mothers.Girls went to school at age 6 or 7, where they lived, slept and trained in their sisterhood's barracks.

Women could not go anywhere or do anything without their husband's permission, not even visit a woman who lived next door.Women were free to move around, and visit neighbors without permission.

VII Read the text and answer the questions below - T if they are true or F if they are false.

Most Greek cities had a theatre. It was in the open air, and was usually a bowl-shaped arena on a hillside. Some theatres were very big, with room for more than 15,000 people in the audience. Only men performed the plays! Women were not allowed. Dancers and singers, called the chorus, performed on a flat area called the orchestra. Over time, solo actors also took part, and a raised stage became part of the theatre.

The plays were comedies (funny) or tragedies (sad). Greek actors wore masks, made from stiffened linen, with holes for eyes and mouth. The opening for mouth was large to help make the actors voice louder. Actors also wore wigs. They wore thick-soled shoes too, to make them look taller, and padded costumes to make them look fatter or stronger. The masks showed the audience what kind of character an actor was playing (sad, angry or funny). Some masks had two sides, so the actor could turn them round to suit the mood for each scene.

In the beginning, the plays were performed as a sacrifice to the gods, since Greek lives basically revolved around them. As the centuries progressed, they added stages and two or three actors. Interestingly, they had painted boards that they used for scenes and loud drums that they used for thunder effects. A machine for lifting and raising the gods, which was called Deus-ex-machina was also used. Having rules, the plays were always required to follow a specific form. The plays were very interesting and complex and many of them had talented writers.T or F

1. A few Greek cities had a theatre.

2. The theatre was in a closed room called arena.

3. Only women played in the theatre.

4. Orchestra was a flat area in front of the stage.

5. Greek actors wore masks without holes for eyes and mouth.

6. In the beginning, the plays were dedicated to the slaves.

7. Deus-ex-machina was a machine for lifting gods.


VIII Fill in the gaps using words from the box.

pentathlon religious four 776 BC war month Heraia days feast wreath attend punished theatre safety olive

TheOlympic Gamesbegan in 1)____________________ in Olympia, in southwest Greece. The Games were a 2)____________________ festival held in honour ofZeus, king of the gods, and were staged every 3)____________________ years at Olympia, a valley near a city called Elis, where a flame would be lit to symbolise the death and rebirth of Greek heroes. People from all over the Greek world came to watch and take part. Only men, boys and unmarried girls were allowed to 4)____________________ theOlympic Games. Married women were not allowed into the Olympic Games. Any women caught sneaking in were 5)____________________ . Women could own horses in the chariot race though. Thecity-statesof Greece were often at 6)____________________. This made travel between them dangerous. So messengers sent out from Elis announced a 'sacred truce lasting one 7)____________________ before the Games began. This meant people could travel to Olympia in 8)____________________. The Olympic Gameswere more important than wars because they were a religious festival. At the first one-dayOlympic Games, the only event was a short sprint from one end of the stadium to the other. Gradually more events were added to make four 9)____________________ of competitions. They included wrestling, boxing, long jump, throwing thejavelinanddiscus, and chariot racing. In the 10)____________________, there were five events: running, wrestling, javelin, discus and long jump. The Games ended with a 11)____________________. Lots of oxen were roasted in a giant barbecue. Traders came to do business, entertainers such as jugglers and acrobats performed, andpoliticians made speeches to the crowds. Winners were given a 12)____________________ of olive leaves, and a hero's welcome back home. Winners might marry rich women, enjoy free meals, invitations to parties, and the best seats in the 13)____________________. Unmarried women had their own festival at Olympia every four years. This was called the 14)____________________, held in honour of Hera, wife ofZeus. Women could compete in running races, though only unmarried girls took part. Winners were awarded crowns of sacred 15)____________________ branches, the same as men. As a rule Greek women did not go in for sport, unless they wereSpartans.Each answer is worth 2 points.Score30

IX Your teacher is going to give you cards with the parts of the myth about Minotaur. Put the cards into the right order to tell the myth. Some parts are given to you

1. 7.

2. 8.

Minos's daughter, the princess,Thought Theseus was cool.She decided to help him in his questAnd gave him a ball of wool.

3. 9.

4. 10.

5.

Every now and thenHe'd give the monster a treat.He'd throw some people into the mazeFor the monster to eat.11.

6. 12.


Thousands of years agoBefore history had really begun,There was a king called Minos.He wasn't a very nice one.He volunteered to be sacrificedTo the giant with the bull's headBut he did not plan to be eaten,He planned to kill it instead.

King Minos had a pet monster,A giant with the head of a bull.This monster liked to eat peopleIts hunger was insatiable.Minos's daughter, the princess,Thought Theseus was cool.She decided to help him in his questAnd gave him a ball of wool.

This scary creature had a nameIt was called the Minotaur.It had sharp teeth that could biteAnd pointy horns that could gore.Theseus let out the woolBehind him, as he explored,So he knew he could find his way out again.He also carried a sword.

The Minotaur lived in the labyrinth,A maze of long corridors.The king kept it locked up thereBehind big strong oak doors.When Theseus found the MinotaurIt gave a terrible bellow.But our hero was not afraidHe was a courageous fellow.

Every now and thenHe'd give the monster a treat.He'd throw some people into the mazeFor the monster to eat.The Minotaur lowered its horns and chargedTheseus jumped aside.He stabbed the monster with his swordThe monster fell down, and died.

One day, a hero called Theseus,A very brave young manDecided to put a stop to this,And came up with a plan.Then Theseus followed the trail of woolAnd found the way out once more.And nobody ever was againEaten by a Minotaur.

X What was happening in Greece on these dates? Read the text below and fill in the boxes on the timeline with the letter of the corresponding paragraph. Some are done for you.

HEA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A During the 7th century BC, the 'city-state' Corinth was taken over by Kypselos and he made himself the ruler. This kind of leader is called a tyrant. B In the 4th century BC, Philip II, the king of Macedonia, took control of Greece. After his death, his son Alexander the Great took the throne.C In the 8th century BC, the Greeks started the practice of the Olympic games, which were held every 4 years in Olympia, in honour of the god Zeus. During this period, all the city-states announced truce.D In the 6th century BC, democracy began in Athens. Male citizens were given the chance to vote in order to decide how the city-state should be run. This is often said to be one of their greatest ideas.E In the 2nd century BC, Rome conquered Greece, which becomes part of the Roman Empire.F In the 5th century BC, the Greeks defeated Persian invaders at the battles of Marathon. G At the beginning of 5th century, Greek theatres first became popular in Athens. Greeks found entertainment by visiting theatres to see magicians, jugglers and plays. The actors often wore masks to show the audience if they were happy or sad.H During the 'Classical Period', which was in the 5th century, in Greece there was a lot of interest in arts, science and architecture especially in the city-state Athens. I The Parthenon in Athens was a huge temple, built to house a statue of the Goddess Athena in the 5th century. She was put there to look over and protect the city-state.Each answer is worth 2 points.Score12

XI Circle the correct answer.

YEAR 5 TERM 1

1.

_________________page 5 of 242. Hades was a god ofA the Underworld.B the Death.C the Souls.

3. Hades and Zeus wereA friends.B enemies.C brothers.

4. Hades wife wasA Hada.B Persephone.C Athena.

5. Hades lived A in the temple.B in the Mount Olympus.C in the Underworld.

6. Hades dog, Cerberus, hadA one head.B two heads.C three heads.

7. Orpheus played aA flute.B lyre. C guitar.

8. The name of his love wasA Eurydice.B Jasmin.C Madusa.

9. Orpheus played his instrument and A sent his wife to the Underworld.B saved his wife from the Underworld.C could have saved his wife if he had not turned to see if she was following.

10. Sisyphus job in the Underworld was toA roll a bog rock up the hill.B feed Cerberus. C row the boat on the river Styx.

11. To do a Sisyphean task means to do something:A very difficult.B very boring.C over and over again without any concrete result.


XII Read the text and circle the right answer.

The history of the Persian Wars was first written down by a Greek, Herodotus, in his 'Histories'. This was in fact the first ever book of history, and Herodotus is sometimes called 'the father of history.' Herodotus travelled widely and interviewed lots of people for his book. It was first published (and read aloud in public) around 424 BC - about 55 years after the last battle of the Persian Wars. In his book Herodotus talks about the Battle of Marathon, which affected the course of the Persian Wars.

The story holds that in 490 BC 10,000 Greek hoplites fought the Persian army of 25,000 warriors (including men from various parts of the Persian Empire) and won. But the war between Greece and Persia did not happen out of the blue. In 491 BC, Darius decided to try to take over Greece without fighting. He sent heralds to each polis in Greece, asking for soil and water, which was a symbol for submission (giving over your land and sea to Persia). At Sparta, King Kleomenes pushed the heralds into a well, saying 'Get your soil and water there.' At Athens, general Miltiades persuaded the Athenian citizens to vote for executing the heralds. Like the Spartans, they pushed them into a hole on the ground. Now the war was inevitable! King Darius had been getting ready for an invasion of Greece. He ordered the construction of hundreds of ships and summoned a great army.

In 490 BC, a few days before the battle the Athenian lookouts spotted a fleet of Persian ships approaching the coastline of Peloponnesian peninsula. Although the Athenians expected the Persian charge, they thought that King Darius would attack from the sea just off Athens, but he was cleverer than that. The fleet disembarked some 40 km away from Athens, in the Bay of Marathon.

Under the guidance of Miltiades, the Athenian general, the Athenian army marched quickly to block the two exits from the plain of Marathon, and prevent the Persians moving inland. At the same time, Athens's greatest runner, Pheidippides, had been sent to Sparta to request that the Spartan army march to the aid of Athens. However, Pheidippides arrived during the festival of Carneia, a divine period of peace, and was informed that the Spartan army could not march to war until the full moon rose. This meant that Athens could not expect reinforcement for at least ten days.

According to Herodotus, Greeks had sacrificed a goat to the goddess Artemis before the battle and sworn that if they won the battle each year they would sacrifice one goat for every Persian killed. Their belief was their strength throughout the battle.

The huge Persian army lined up on the plain confronting their enemy. The Persians were expecting individual, hand-to-hand fighting. The Athenians gave them a mass, united charge. The Persian force was large but scattered and poorly organized. The Athenian force was not intimidated by the larger numbers of their opponents. Miltiades thinned the centre of the army and strengthened the flanks (sides). As the Persians charged, the Greeks surrounded them and attacked united. The armies fought for a long time, according to Herodotus. The first sign of progress came when the Greek left flank defeated the Persian right flank. The Greeks chased their enemies into the Great Marsh, where many drowned or were cut down. Many also ran back to their ships which began to weigh anchor and leave. This was the turning point of the battle - the first point at which the Greeks began to win. Pheidippides was fighting along with other hoplites but when Athens won, Miltiades ordered him to run to Athens as quickly as he could and deliver the news of their victory. Pheidippides was running 42 km from the Bay of Marathon to Athens in intense summer heat without stopping. As he reached Athens, he exclaimed Nike! and collapsed dead from exhaustion.

Greek custom was to raise a trophy at the turning point. In fact, the word trophy comes from the Greek tropaion- which means turning point. Usually arms like helmet, sword or shield were fixed to a tree stump as a trophy. After Marathon the Athenians raised a white column at the turning point. A replica of this column has been built in modern times at the same point.The Athenians had won a stunning victory. Despite being outnumbered two to one, their strength, bravery, better arms, and superb battle formations had won the day. The number of dead was finally counted, and the result was amazing. According to Herodotus, 6,400 Persians were killed. In fact so many Persians had been killed that the Athenians could not keep their promise to Artemis, and instead sacrificed 500 goats every year. And how many Athenians lost their lives? Only 192.

YEAR 5 TERM 2 / 2011 Test 1

1.

_________________page 18 of 24

2. Who first wrote about the Persian Wars?A Herodotus.B Hercules.C Hellespont.

3. What was Herodotus called?A Hero of Dotus.B Mother of storytelling.C Father of history.

4. When did the Battle of Marathon happen?A In 490 AD.B In 490 BC.C In 940 BC.

5. How many hoplites took part in the Battle of Marathon?A 10 thousand.B 10 million.C 10 thousand million.6. How many Persian soldiers took part in the Battle of Marathon?A 25 thousand millionB 25 thousandC 25 million

7. Who was the Persian King?A Papirus.B Marius.C Darius.

8. Who did the Persian Kings send to Greece?A His friends.B His heralds.C His wife.

9. What did the Persian King want Greece city-states to do?A Dig soil and drink water.B Harvest soil and water the crops.C Symbolically give some soil and water.10. What was the meaning of soil and water?A Land and sea.B Food and drinks.C Walking and swimming.

11. Where did the Persian King land?A In Sparta.B In Athens.C In Marathon.

12. Who was Miltiades?A Spartan king.B Hoplite.C Athenian general.

13. Who did the Athenians ask for help?A Sparta.B All city-states.C No one.

14. Who did the Greeks sacrifice a goat to?A Athena.B Artemis.C Arena.

15. What was the Greek strategy?A To run at the Persians.B To wait for the Persian attack.C To thin the centre and strengthen the flanks.

16. Why did Pheidippides run?A To inform Athens about the victory.B To escape certain death.C To find the Spartans.

17. How many Greeks lost their lives?A 6,400.B 500.C 192.


XIII Read the text then mark the statement with either a tick or a cross .

Aristotle's father was adoctor who lived near Macedon, in the north of Greece. So unlikeSocratesandPlato, Aristotle was not originally from Athens. He was not from a rich family like Plato, though his father was not poor either.

Figure 1: Aristotle is teaching young prince AlexanderWhen Aristotle was a young man, about 350BC, he went to study at Plato's Academy. Plato was already quite old then. Aristotle did very well at the Academy but he never got to be among its leaders, so when Plato died, the leaders chose someone else instead of Aristotle to lead the Academy. Soon afterwards, Aristotle left Athens and went to Macedon to be thetutorof the young prince Alexander, who grew up to beAlexander the Great. When Alexander grew up and becameking, Aristotle went back to Athens and opened his own school there, the Lyceum, in competition with Plato's Academy. Both schools were successful for hundreds of years.

Aristotle was more interested in sciencethan Socrates or Plato, maybe because his father was a doctor. He wanted to use Socrates' logical methods to figure out how the real world worked. Therefore Aristotle is really the father of today's scientific method. Aristotle was especially interested inbiology, in classifyingplants andanimalsin a way that would make sense. This is part of the Greek impulse to make order out of chaos: to take the chaotic natural worldand impose a man-made order on it. When Alexander was traveling all overWestern Asia, he had his messengers bring strangeplantsback to Aristotle for his studies. Aristotle also made efforts to create order in peoples'governments. He created a classification system of monarchies, oligarchies, tyrannies, democracies and republics which we still use today.

Figure 2: "We can not learn without effort."When Alexander died in 323BC, though, there were revolts against Macedonian rule in Athens. People accused Aristotle of being secretly on the side of the Macedonians (and maybe he was). He left town quickly, and spent the last years of his life back in the north again where he had been born.

1. Aristotle came from a poor family.

Each answer is worth 2 point2.Score18

2. Plato was Aristotles teacher.

3. Alexander the Great was Aristotles tutor.

4. Aristotle is said to be a father of scientific method.

5. Aristotle was interested in classifying numbers.

6. Alexander planted strange plants in Western Asia.

7. Aristotle classified the types of governments.

8. Athenians accused Aristotle of treason.

9. Aristotle died in prison.

XIV Read the text and answer the questions below.

The Greeks developed philosophy as a way of understanding the world around them, without resorting to religion, myth, or magic. Early Greek philosophers, some influenced by nearby Babylonians and Egyptians, were also scientists who observed and studied the known world, the earth, seas, and mountains here below, and the solar system, planetary motion, and astral phenomena, above.

Astronomy, which began with the organization of the stars into constellations, was used, for practical purposes, to fix the calendar. The Greeks estimated the size of the earth, they figured out how a pulley and levers work, they studied refracted and reflected light, as well as sound. In medicine, they looked at how the organs worked, and studied how a disease progresses. They learned to make inferences from observations. Their contributions in the field of mathematics went beyond the practical purposes of their neighbors.

Many of the ancient Greeks' discoveries and inventions are still used today, although some of their ideas have been overturned. At least one, the discovery that the sun is the center of the solar system, was ignored and then rediscovered.

Although the Greeks were the first Europeans to consider questions of astronomy, mathematics, physics and biology, it was not until the time of Aristotle that they recognised science as a discipline distinct from philosophy.

hypotenusePythagoras not only pioneered the study of mathematics in the western world, but was also a reputed miracle worker. His famous theorem for calculating the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is well known.

Hippocrates, a physician and medical writer, is the father of modern medicine. He established a renowned school of medicine on the island of Cos, where students learned to diagnose illness through observation rather than theory. It was from this school that the first version of the Hippocratic oath derived.

Archimedes is most famous for running through the streets shouting Eureka! when he discovered the principle of specific gravity while sitting in his bath. But we can also credit him with the invention of the Archimedean screw a device still used to draw water upwards and many important theories of geometry.


1.

_________________page 20 of 242. The Greeks developed philosophy as a way ofA understanding the world around themB understanding the world beneath themC understanding the world above them3. The early Greek philosophers were influenced byA Babylonians and PhoeniciansB Egyptians and PhoeniciansC Babylonians and Egyptians4. Astronomy began withA organization of the stars into constellationsB organization of the stars into collectionsC organization of the stars into combinations5. Astronomy was used to A fix the calendarB fix the starsC fix the constellations6. The Greeks estimatedA the size of starsB the size of moonC the size of earth7. The Greeks studiedA light and soundB reflection and recreationC sound and contribution8. The Greeks discovered thatA the Sun is the center of universeB the Sun is the center of solar systemC the Sun is the center of constellation9. Pythagoras came up with A a theorem for calculating the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangleB a theorem for calculating the length of a right angleC a theorem for calculating the angle of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle10. Hippocrates taught how toA to diagnose observation through illness rather than theoryB to diagnose illness through observation rather than theoryC to diagnose theory through observation rather than illness11. Archimedes was running through the streets shouting A Eureka!B Europe!C Eurepan!


XV Answer the questions below.

1. Where was Alexander the Great born?__________________________________________2. What was the name of his father?_____________________________________________3. Where was his mother from?_________________________________________________4. Why was Alexander the Great thought to have been divine?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What was the name of Alexanders horse?______________________________________6. What was the horse afraid of?________________________________________________7. How did Alexander tame the horse?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________8. Why do you think Alexander loved his horse so much?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________9. Who did Aristotle learn from?______________________________________________10. Why was the school set outside Pella?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________11. Who wrote Iliad?_________________________________________________________12. Why do you think it was important for Alexander to learn the meaning of justice and the skills of rhetoric?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13. What was the name of the river where the Macedonian and the Persian armies met for the first time?____________________________________________________________14. Who was the Persian King of the Kings?_________________________________________15. What was the Persian capital back then?_______________________________________16. What is a Macedonian phalanx? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________17. What is a sarissa?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________18. When did the Battle of Issus happen? __________________________________________19. Why do you think Alexander treated Darius family so nobly? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________20. In his reply to Darius, Alexander said Do not write to me as an equal. Why do you think he said so? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________21. Do you think that Alexander sent the Darius family back?__________________________22. How did Alexander the Great cut the Gordian knot? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________23. Ancient Tyre was part of Phoenicia. What is this country called today?________________24. How long did the siege of Tyre last?____________________________________________25. Why do you think Alexander was so cruel to the people of Tyre?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________26. People say that Alexander changed Tyre forever. How come?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________27. In terms of religion and power, what does it mean to be a pharaoh? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________28. What was the name of the pharaoh Alexander succeeded?_________________________29. Which animals did Dairius use in the Battle of Gaugamela?__________________________30. Why was Alexander disappointed when he found that Darius was dead?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________31. Why did Alexander choose the hardest way, over the Hindu Kush mountains, to get to Bactria?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________32. Who was Roxanne?__________________________________________________________33. What was the name of the famous King of Punjab?________________________________34. What was the name of the desert that Alexander and his army had to walk through on their way back to Balylon?_____________________________________________________35. How old was Alexander when he died?__________________________________________


XVI

XVII Answer the questions below.


1.

_________________page 24 of 242. The first battle Alexander fought wasA Battle at Chareonea.B Battle at Persia.C Battle at Thebes.

3. This battle happened in 338 BC. How old was Alexander at that time?A 12B 27C 18

4. Phillip and OlympiasA lived happily.B divorced quickly.C killed each other.

5. Why was Alexander angry at his fathers wedding?A Because he did not like the new queen.B Because he was afraid of his father.C Because he was insulted by Attalus words.

6. How did Phillip die?A He was killed by Olympias.B He was killed by Alexander.C He was killed by one of his guards.


XVIII Circle the right answer.

1. 2. The name of Alexanders horse wasA BucephalusB BorofolusC Busefalum3. Alexanders horse was afraid ofA being ridden.B shadow.C carrots.4. How old was Alexander when he first fought in a battle?A 12B 18C 205. Why was Alexander thought to have been divine?A Because his name means divine.B Because his father was god.C Because his mother was goddess.

6. What was Alexanders first battle?A Battle at Chareonea.B Battle at Persia.C Battle at Thebes.7. The first polis Alexander conquered wasA AthensB SpartaC Thebes8. How did Alexander start invading Persia?A He crossed the Hellespont.B He walked to Troy.C He rode Bucephalus.9. Why did Alexander want to conquer Persia?A Because he wanted to be Persian.B Because he wanted to become rich.C Because he wanted to conquer the largest kingdom in the world.


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