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X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

Jul 29, 2018

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Page 1: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

TETANUS

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Page 2: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

INTRODUCTION 

• Historically called as locked jaw • Acute often fatal,severe  exotoxin‐mediated infection‐clostridium tetani

• Rosenbach‐1886‐first time demonstrated these bacilli

• Carlie and Rattone –first described the disease• Passive immunuzation used for treatment and prophylaxis during world war one

• Tetanus toxoid first widely used durind world war 2

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ETIOLOGY 

• Clostridium tetani • Gram positive, anaerobic sporeforming organism• Terminal Spores‐ tennis racket type • Tetanospasmin‐neurotoxin• Tetanospasmin 2nd most powerful toxin after   botulinum toxin

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Page 4: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

EPIDEMIOLOGY • One of the leading cases of death in developing countries 

• Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths each year 

• 80% of deaths in just 12 tropical asian and african countries

• Maternal tetanus ‐15,000‐30,00 unimmunized women die each year

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Page 5: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

MODE OF TRANSMISSION 

• Wound contaminated by tetanus spores • Pin prick, Animal bite, intrauterine death ,                ear piercing ,tattooing , 

• Unsterile cutting of umbilical cord,• Lack of aseptic care during and after delivery,• Illicit drug injection

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Page 6: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

INCUBATION PERIOD•  2‐14 days (may be as long as months after the injury) •  Lesser the incubation period more the mortality

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IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16

ENESIS

• Anaerobic conditi 7

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IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16

TETANUS

• Generalized tetan 8

Page 9: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

 GENERALIZED  TETANUS  CLINICAL FEATURES  

•  Descending pattern• Generalized tetanus,  trismus is 1st sign•  Headache, irritability, restlessness  •  Neck stiffness, locked jaw, dysphasia  •  Risus sardonicus face•  Abdominal, lumbar, Hip muscles involved •  Opisthotonous ( Bow like) in extension‐Rigidity and spasm of back and abdominal muscles

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Page 10: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

 CLINICAL FEATURES – Contd..

• Board like rigidity of abdomen• Touch sound light exacerbates seizures • Sensory system totally Normal • Consciousness well maintained • Urinary retention • Paralysis is evident in the 1st week‐stabilizes in 2nd week‐ameliorates in the next 1 to 4 weeks

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IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16

D TETANUS

•  Pain and spasm of t 11

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IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16

C TETANUS

• Wounds  of the head,f 12

Page 13: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

DIAGNOSIS• Mainly clinical features are diagnostic• Proper history, Immunization status • Other tests are normal • Clostridium tetani can be isolated from wound only in 1/3rd cases   

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Page 14: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS• Para pharyngeal, Retropharyngeal abscess • Rabies • Hypocalcaemia• Strychnine poisoning • Acute encephalitis

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Page 15: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

TREATMENTWound management • Washing, debridement of Necrotic material, foreign body removal 

Eradication of Cl. tetani• Penicillin, Metronidazole • Erythromycin, tetracycline in penicillin allergic patient

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IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 16

Page 17: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

NEUTRALIZATION OF TETANUS TOXIN• Human anti tetanus immunoglobulin long T ½ 30 days allergy absent  

• Equine or horse ATS T ½ 10 days allergy present

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Page 18: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

• Diazepam sedation 

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Page 19: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

INTENSIVE SUPPORTIVE CARE • Dark environment • Minimal sound & touch • Endotrachcal intubation may be required for assisted ventilation & to prevent aspiration 

• Cardio respiratory monitoring • Maintain airway • Maintain fluid, electrolyte, calorie requirement

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Page 20: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

COMPLICATIONS• Aspiration pneumonitis • Laryngeal spasm, apnea• Mouth, tongue laceration• Rhabdomyolysis, Myoglobinuria, renal failure • Spinal fracture

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Page 21: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

PREVENTION ‐ ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION 

By tetanus toxoid • Protective level of antitoxin 0.01Iu /ml • Two types of vaccine availableCombined vaccine‐ DPT • Routinely used in Universal immunization 

programme• Contain diphtheria toxoid tetanus toxoid, killed 

pertussis organism. Given in 5 doses

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Page 22: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 22

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PREVENTION ‐ PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION  Human tetanus hyper immunoglobulin • Best for prophylaxis• Gives protection for 30 days Equine anti tetanus serum• Protect for 8‐10 days • Serum sickness, anaphylaxis, allergy common

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Page 24: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

Combined active & p

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Page 25: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

TETANUS NEONATORUM • Also called as 8th day disease • Rare before 2 days & after 2 weeks • C/F:‐ Excessive cry, refusal to feed apathy, mouth slightly kept open due to pull of neck muscles 

• Opisthotonus in extension • Constipation,  Apnea• Touch provoked seizure

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IN INDIA DISTRICTS CLASSIFIED FOR NEONATAL TETANUS AS

NT high risk • Rate > 1/1000 live birth• TT coverage < 70% • Attended deliveries < 50%NT Control  • Rate < 1/1000 live birth• TT coverage >70% • Attended deliveries >50%

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Page 27: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

NT Elimination   

• Rat

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Page 28: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

TRANSMISSION• Unsterile cutting of cord • Applying cow dung on cord • Unclean delivery surface

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Page 29: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

TREATMENT SAME AS ADULT TETANUS• Antibiotic penicillin & Erythromycin • Diazepam sedation & muscle relaxation • Intensive supportive care • Avoid light, sound, touch

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Page 30: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

PREVENTION OF NT• Clean delivery practice • “5 cleans”‐  clean hands, clean delivery surface , clean cord, clean thread & clean blade

• 2 dose of TT to un immunized mother between 16‐36 weeks of gestation

• Minimum 4‐6 weeks gap between 2 doses• Infant born to unimmunized mother give human antitetanus immunoglobulin with in 6hours after birth 

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Page 31: X:VIMSUPDATES 6AprilNew IAP UG Teacing Module … · EPIDEMIOLOGY •One of the leading cases of death in developing countries •Neonatal tetanus‐world wide 3,00,000 infant deaths

PROGNOSIS • 40‐80% mortality in diseasedGood prognostic signs • Early diagnosis, long incubation period, absence of fever 

• Hypoxic brain injury can lead to cerebral palsy • Cephalic tetanus poor prognosis • Otogenic tetanus better prognosis

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